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"Pendahuluan: Bidang ortodonti selalu mengalami kemajuan, termasuk di bidang teknologi. Salah satunya adalah berkembangnya model studi digital tiga dimensi yang menggantikan peran model studi konvensional yang terbuat dari stone. Tujuan Penelitian: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan hasil pengukuran lebar mesio-distal, jarak interkaninus, dan jarak intermolar gigi pada model studi digital 3D dengan model studi konvensional. Material dan Metode: Dua belas subyek dengan geligi tidak berjejal dicetak hanya pada rahang atas sebanyak dua kali, dengan menggunakan bahan cetak alginat dan polivinylsiloxane. Cetakan alginat dicor dengan stone untuk memperoleh model studi konvensional, sedangkan cetakan polivinylsiloxane dipindai untuk memperoleh model studi digital 3D. Pemindaian dilakukan menggunakan piranti pemindai laser triangulasi yang dirakit oleh Sekolah Teknik Elektro dan Informatika ITB dan perangkat lunak David Laser Scan. Pengukuran lebar mesio-distal gigi, jarak interkaninus, dan jarak intermolar pada model studi konvensional diukur menggunakan kaliper digital, sedangkan pada model studi digital 3D menggunakan software pengukur. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara pengukuran lebar mesio-distal, jarak interkaninus, dan jarak intermolar pada model studi konvensional dengan model studi digital 3D (p>0.05). Kesimpulan: Pengukuran pada model studi digital 3D sama akurat dengan model studi konvensional.

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Introduction: Orthodontics always develop, including in the field of technology. One of the orthodontic technologies is the development of 3D digital study models that replaces the conventional study models made by stone.

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the measurements of mesio-distal teeth width, intercanine width, and intermolar width between the 3D digital study models and the conventional study models.

Materials and Methods: Twelve sets of upper arch dental impressions were taken from subjects with non-crowding teeth. The impressions were taken twice, one with alginate and the other with polivinylsiloxane. The alginate impressions were made into conventional study models, whereas polivinylsiloxane impressions scanned to obtain 3D digital study models. Scanning was performed using laser triangulation scanner device assembled by the School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics ITB and David Laser Scan software. Measurements of mesio-distal width, intercanine width, and intermolar width measured on conventional study models using digital calipers, while the 3D digital study models using the measurement software.

Results: There were no significant differences between the measurements of mesio-distal width, intercanine width, and intermolar width between the conventional and 3D digital study models (p> 0.05).

Conclusion: The measurements on 3D digital study models are as accurate as conventional study models."

"Terlepasnya pasak tuang karena fitness yang tidak baik terhadap permukaan saluran akar, menyebabkan retensi pasak tidak optimal. Penelitian ini adalah suatu kwasi eksperimental laboratorik yang membandingkan akurasi pola pasak resin akrilik dan pola pasak inlay wax berdasarkan waktu penyimpanan. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap celah marginal antara master die dengan spesimen menggunakan Electric Measuring Microscope MM-40 Nikon. Waktu penyimpanan yang diamati adalah 15 menit, 30 menit dan 24 jam. Secara deskriptif terbukti kontraksi inlay wax lebih besar dibandingkan kontraksi resin akrilik. Hasil uji ANOVA 2 arah menunjukkan interaksi antara waktu penyimpanan dan jenis bahan pola, sedangkan hasil ANOVA 1 arah menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antar waktu penyimpanan masing-masing bahan pola pada P 0.000. Hasil uji Limit Significant Difference pada masing-masing bahan pola menyimpulkan adanya perbedaan bermakna antar waktu penyimpanan, sedangkan uji menyimpulkan pula perbedaan bermakna pada masing-masing waktu penyimpanan antara kedua bahan pola. Disimpulkan akurasi pola pasak resin akrilik lebih baik dibandingkan pola pasak inlay wax."

"Perawatan ortodontik terus berkembang seiring dengan perkembangan tuntutan masyarakat. Fasial merupakan bagian yang penting bagi manusia, demikian pula dengan profil fasial sehubungan dengan kebutuhan estetis. Pertimbangan perawatan ortodontik terkait erat dengan perubahan jaringan lunak profil fasial. Dibutuhkan perangkat yang relatif sederhana dan terjangkau secara luas untuk memprakirakan perubahan fasial dan menjelaskannya kepada pasien. Tujuan: Memperoleh cara memprakirakan perubahan jaringan lunak profil fasial pasien pasca perawatan ortodontik yang terjangkau secara luas. Tempat dan Waktu: Penelitian dilakukan di Departemen Ortodonti dan Klinik Radiologi Kedokteran Gigi, Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, bulan November 2010 sampai dengan September 2011. Metode: Radiograf sefalometri lateral standar sebelum dan sesudah perawatan dari 133 paseien pasca perawatan ortodontik sejak tahun 1995 sampai dengan tahun 2005, yang diambil secara konsekutif. Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua tahap, yaitu penelitian pendahuluan pada 29 radiograf sefalometri untuk mengevaluasi keandalan (reliability) pengukuran dan kesahihan (validity) metode pengukuran menggunakan uji Bland-Altman. Penapakan dan pengukuran terhadap landmarks dilakukan secara manual pada radograf sefalometri analog dan secara digital pada radiograf sefalometri yang telah didigitasi menggunakan alat pindai Medi 2000. Penapakan dan pengukuran secara manual menggunakan pinsil mekanik dan kaliper digital, serta piranti lunak Adobe Photoshop Extended CS4 untuk penapakan dan pengukuran digital. Penelitian kedua untuk memperoleh formula indeks perubahan jaringan lunak profil fasial lateral, melalui analisis uji t, analisis korelasi dan regresi linier terhadap landmarks jaringan lunak, jaringan keras, ketebalan jaringan lunak, posisi gigi, serta faktor risiko terkait. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji manova untuk memperoleh indeks tiap titik jaringan lunak profil fasial setelah perawatan ortodonti. Hasil: Uji reliabilitas dan validitas pengukuran pada penelitian pendahuluan menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara pengukuran manual dan digital. Pada penelitian kedua terdapat perubahan pada landmarks jaringan lunak: Labrale superior, Stomion superior, Stomion inferior, Labrale mental, dan Pogonion. Pada komponen dento-kraniofasial terdapat perubahan pada: jaringan keras titik A, ketebalan Labrale superior, ketebalan Pogonion, posisi geligi insisif sentral atas, insisif sentral bawah, molar atas dan molar bawah. Dari analisis regresi linier diperoleh formula indeksperubahan jaringan lunak profil fasial lateral pasca perawatan ortodontik. Dari uji manova diperoleh formulasi indeks perubahantiap titik yang berpengaruh terhadap perubahan jaringan lunak profil fasial. Kesimpulan: Indeks perubahan jaringan lunak profil fasial pasca perawatan ortodontik dapat dilakukan melalui pengukuran radiograf sefalometri yang telah didigitasi, dengan menggunakan piranti lunak yang tersedia secara umum, menggunakan formulasi hasil analisis terhadap jaringan lunak, komponen dento-kraniofasial, komponen karakteristik dan komponen perawatan. Indeks ini dapat digunakan secara luas, sekaligus untuk menjelaskan perubahan jaringan lunak pada pasien.

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Orthodontic treatment continues to develop along with the community demand. Facial is an important part of human body, as well as facial profile with respect to aesthetic needs. Orthodontic treatment considerations are associated with changes in soft tissue facial profile. It requires a relative simple and easy method to predict changes in patient?s facial profile and to explain possible treatment result to the patient.

Objective: The aim of this study is to obtain the method to predict patient?s facial profile soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment.

Time and place of study: The study was conducted at the Department of Orthodontics and the Dento-maxillofacial Radiology Clinic, Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, from November 2010 to September 2011.

Method: Good quality standard lateral cephalometric radiographs before and after treatment of 133 patients who had completed the orthodontic treatment from 1995 until 2005, were consecutively taken from the medical records. The study was conducted in two stages. The preliminary study on 29 radiographs that aimed to evaluate the reliability and the validity of measurement as the intra and inter observer agreement value, using the Bland-Altman test. Tracing of landmarks and measurements are carried out manually and digitally on lateral cephalometric radiograph that had been digitized using the Medi2000 scan tool. Tracing and measurements manually using mechanical pencil and digital calipers. Digital tracing and measurements were performed by the image-editing using the Adobe Photoshop CS4 Extended software. The second as the main study was to obtain index of the lateral soft tissue facial profile, using t test, correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis of the soft and hard tissue landmarks, the soft tissue thickness, position of the teeth, as well as the related risk factors. Manova test were then performed to obtain the index of each soft tissue facial profile landmark points after treatment.

Results: Reliability and validity test of the measurements on preliminary research showed no significant differences between the manual and digital measurements. In the main study there were changes of the soft tissue landmarks: superior Labrale, Stomion superior, Stomion inferior, Labrale mental, and Pogonion. In the dento-craniofacial components there were changes in: hard tissue A-point, the thickness of the Superior Labrale, Pogonion thickness, position of the upper and lower central incisivus, upper and lower anchorage molars. The index of the lateral soft tissue facial profile changes after orthodontic treatment, the index of the lateral soft tissue facial profile landmark points during treatment were obtained. The manova test on the twelve landmark points were then performed to obtain the index of the each soft tissue facial profile points.

Conclusions: The index of the soft tissue facial profile after fixed orthodontic treatment could be acquired from digitized lateral cephalometric radiograph, using the available and common image editing software. The index formulation consist of the analysis of the soft tissues, dento-craniofacial components, characteristics components and treatment components. This index could then be used widely, as well as be used to explain the possible alterations in soft tissue after orthodontic treatment to the patient."

"Latar belakang: Penggunaan alat ortodonti lepas dapat menyebabkan retensi plak dan bakteri yang menyebabkan menurunnya derajat keasaman saliva. Agen anti mikroba diperlukan untuk mengurangi jumlah plak dan bakteri tersebut. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui efektivitas perendaman alat ortodonti lepas dengan bahan pembersih gigi tiruan terhadap perubahan pH saliva pada pasien di RSGM-P FKG UI. Metode: Dua puluh subjek dibagi menjadi dua kelompok K1 dan K2 dilakukan perendaman alat ortodonti lepas menggunakan aquabides untuk kelompok (K1) dan larutan bahan pembersih gigi tiruan untuk kelompok (K2). Perendaman dilakukan 5 menit selama 4 hari berturut-turut. Subjek diinstruksikan membersihkan alat ortodonti lepas dua kali sehari dan mengurangi konsumsi makanan manis, asam, dan soda. Dilakukan pengukuran pH saliva pada awal dan hari kelima pemakaian alat ortodonti lepas. Hasil: Berdasarkan analisa statistik uji t, perubahan pH saliva sebelum dan setelah alat ortodonti lepas direndam dengan aquabides dan bahan pembersih gigi tiruan menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan dengan nilai p < 0,01. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa bahan pembersih gigi tiruan efektif membersihkan plak dan bakteri serta menjaga kestabilan pH saliva. Kesimpulan: Perendaman alat ortodonti lepas menggunakan bahan pembersih gigi tiruan efektif menjaga kestabilan pH saliva di rongga mulut pada pasien pengguna alat ortodonti lepas.

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Background: The usage of removable orthodontic appliance can cause plaque retention and bacterias can decrease pH level of saliva. Antimicrobial agent is needed to reduce the number of plaque and bacterias.

Aim: To know the submersion’s effectivity of removable orthodontic appliances with prothese’s cleansing agent towards patient’s alteration of pH saliva in RSGMP-FKG UI.

Methods: Twenty subjects are divided into two groups, K1 and K2. For group K1, removable orthodontic appliances is submerged in aquadest and prothese’s cleansing agent for group K2 for five minutes and four days (once per day). Subjects are instructed to clean removable appliance twice per day and to reduce the consumption of sweet and sour dietary and soda. The measurement of pH saliva is done on the first and the fifth day of removable orthodontics appliance’s usage.

Result: Based on statistic analysis, the alteration of pH level of saliva percentage after removable orthodontic appliance is submerged with aquadest and Polident prothese’s cleansing agent show a significant result with p<0.01. It shows that the prothese`s cleaning agents is effective for plaque and bacterical cleaning and keep the pH level of saliva`s normally.

Conclusion: Removable orthodontic appliance submersion using prothese’s cleansing agent is effective to maintain pH level of saliva’s stability in normal condition."

"Model studi digital 3D diperkenalkan seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi digital. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menilai keandalan model studi digital yang dipindai dengan menggunakan perangkat pemindai laser yang dikembangkan oleh STEI ITB. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan model studi digital 3D dengan model studi konvensional. Dua belas subyek dengan geligi berjejal ringan sampai sedang dicetak sebanyak dua kali dengan menggunakan alginat dan polyvinylsiloxane. Cetakan alginat dicor untuk menghasilkan model studi konvensional dan cetakan polyvinylsiloxane dipindai untuk menghasilkan model studi digital. Kemudian dilakukan pengukuran lebar mesiodistal gigi dan indeks ketidakteraturan Little (LII) pada model studi konvensional secara manual dengan kaliper digital dan pada model studi digital secara digital. Lalu analisa Bolton dilakukan pada masing-masing studi model menggunakan data pengukuran lebar gigi. Setiap pengukuran dilakukan dua kali untuk menguji variasi antar pengukuran (uji intra-observer). Pengukuran pada model studi konvensional dan digital dibandingkan dengan menggunakan uji t tidak berpasangan. Ditemukan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara pengukuran lebar mesiodistal gigi pada model studi konvensional dengan model studi digital (p>0.05). Uji t tidak berpasangan juga tidak menemukan perbedaan bermakna antara model studi konvensional dan digital pada analisa Bolton (p=0.603) dan LII (p=0.894). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengukuran pada model studi digital sama akurat dengan model studi konvensional.

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Three-dimensional digital study models were introduced following advances in digital technology. This study was carried out to assess the reliability of digital study models scanned by laser scanning device assembled by STEI ITB. The aim of this study was to compare digital study models and conventional models. Twelve sets of dental impressions were taken from patients with mild to moderate crowding. The impressions were taken twice, one with alginate and the other with polyvinylsiloxane. The alginate impressions were made into conventional models and the polyvinylsiloxane impressions were scanned to produce digital models. Mesiodistal tooth width and Little?s irregularity index (LII) were measured manually with digital callipers on the conventional models and digitally on digital study models. The Bolton analysis was performed on each study models. Each method was carried out twice in order to check for intra-observer variability. The reproducibility (comparison of the methods) was assessed by using independent samples t test. Mesiodistal tooth width between conventional and digital models were not significantly different (p>0.05). Independent samples t test did not identify statistically significant differences for Bolton analysis and LII (p=0.603 for Bolton and p=0.894 for LII). The measurements on digital study models are as accurate as the measurements on conventional study models."

"Pendahuluan: Kehadiran jenis braket sistem self-ligating pasif menambah variasi jenis braket yang digunakan dalam perawatan ortodonti saat ini, sehingga timbul pertanyaan mengenai efektifitasnya terhadap perawatan ortodonti. Salah satu parameter yang menentukan efektifitas tersebut adalah durasi waktu perawatan yang dibutuhkan untuk memperbaiki maloklusi, misalnya kecepatan penutupan ruang secara en-masse menggunakan elastomeric chain. Tujuan: Mengetahui efektifitas perawatan ortodonti yang dilakukan menggunakan sistem braket self-ligating pasif dan sistem braket konvensional selama tahap penutupan ruang secara en-masse. Metode: Penelitian prospective randomized controlled clinical trial dengan teknik split mouth ini dilakukan selama 11 bulan. Sebelas subyek (3 pria dan 8 wanita usia minimal 15 tahun) dengan pencabutan premolar satu rahang atas dan akan memasuki tahap space closure diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Setiap subyek dipasangkan braket konvensional di satu sisi rahang dan self-ligating pasif di sisi lainnya, dimana penentuannya dilakukan secara random, kemudian diberikan gaya sebesar 150 g dengan powerchain pada kawat SS .019 x .025. Pengukuran jarak penutupan ruang dan kehilangan penjangkaran dilakukan pada T0, T1 (4 minggu), dan T2 (8 minggu). Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan rata-rata kecepatan penutupan ruang yang signifikan antara kelompok sistem braket self-ligating pasif dan kelompok sistem braket konvensional (p=0,010) dimana kelompok braket self-ligating pasif memiliki kecepatan yang lebih besar dibandingkan kelompok braket konvensional, namun tidak terdapat perbedaan rata-rata kehilangan penjangkaran yang signifikan secara statistik antara kedua kelompok tersebut. Kesimpulan: Sistem braket self-ligating pasif memiliki efektifitas yang lebih baik karena dapat mempercepat durasi waktu perawatan ortodonti.

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Introduction: The presences of passive self - ligating bracket system add variety of bracket type used in today's orthodontic treatment, so that raised question in regard to the effectiveness of the treatment. One of the parameters that determines the effectiveness of the treatment is the time required to fix malocclusion, e.g. rate of en - masse closing space using elastomeric chain.

Objectives: To study the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment using passive self - ligating system and conventional system during space closure stages.

Methods: Prospective randomized controlled clinical trial with a split mouth technique was carried out for 11 months. Eleven subjects (3 men and 8 women with age minimum of 15 year old) with the extraction of the first premolars, where it will enter the space closure stage were included in this study. Each subject was bonded with conventional bracket on one side of the arch and with passive self - ligating on the other side which was determined randomly, was given a force of 150 g with power chain on .019 x .025 SS wire. The measurement of space closure and loss of anchorage were performed at T0, T1 (4 weeks), and T2 (8 weeks).

Result: There was significant differences of the average rate of closing space between passive self - ligating system and conventional system group (p = 0.010), for which a group of passive self - ligating system has a greater speed compare than conventional group, though there was no difference in loss of anchorage between the two groups.

Conclusion: The passive self - ligating system is more effective because it can reduce the duration of orthodontic treatment."

"Penggunaan model studi digital di Indonesia saat ini belum populer, akan tetapi adanya permasalahan kebutuhan penyimpanan ruangan, kebutuhan penyajian rencana perawatan yang akurat dan belum adanya teknologi model studi tiga dimensi digital di Indonesia menjadi alasan dilakukan penelitian ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan merakit pemindai laser dan ?benchmark? software tiga dimensi untuk kemudian membandingkan pengukuran pada model studi secara manual dengan digital. Material dan metode : Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 12 pasang model gigi paska perawatan ortodonti yang memiliki hubungan molar kelas I. Setiap model studi dipindai menggunakan pemindai laser tiga dimensi. Hasil pemindaian kemudian dilakukan pengukuran jarak mesiodistal, interkaninus, dan intermolar. Pengukuran pada model studi konvensional menggunakan kaliper digital dengan ketelitian 0,01mm dan menggunakan software pada model digital. Masing-masing nilai pengukuran dilakukan pengujian realibilitas (uji intraeksaminer) dengan uji T-test berpasangan, kemudian nilai pengukuran secara digital dibandingkan dengan pengukuran secara manual untuk dilakukan uji validitas menggunakan uji T-test tidak berpasangan. Hasil : Hasil uji intraeksaminer menunjukan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara penghitungan pertama dan kedua dengan nilai p antara 0,07-0,701. Hasil T-test tidak berpasangan menunjukan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara pengukuran model studi digital dengan pengukuran model studi konvensional dengan nilai selisih rata-rata lebar mesiodistal sebesar 0,09mm (SD=0,07), nilai rata-rata selisih pengukuran jarak interkaninus 0,10 mm (SD=0,03) dan nilai rata-rata selisih pengukuran jarak intermolar 0,08 mm (SD=0,03) dengan nilai p untuk semua jenis pengukuran antara 0,62-0,99. Kesimpulan : Perbandingan pengukuran secara manual dengan pengukuran pada model studi digital hasil pemindaian laser 3D menunjukan perbedaan yang tidak bermakna secara statistik.

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The use of digital study models in Indonesia is not popular, but problem such as space required for study models storage, the needs of accurate treatment planning and the absence of 3D digital study model technology in Indonesia is the reason to do this research. This study is an experimental study by assembling a 3D laser scanner with a 3D software "benchmark" and comparing the manual and digital study models measurements.

Material and methods: The amount of samples used in this research was 12 pairs of post-orthodontic treatment study models with class I molar relationship. Each of the conventional study model was scanned and the mesiodistal, intercanine, and intermolar width was measured. Measurement were made with a digital calliper to the nearest 0.01 mm from conventional study models and with the software from the digital model. Each measurement value was tested to know the realibilility (intraexaminer test) using paired T-test, then the measurements of digital were compared with measurements performed manually using unpaired t-tests to kwow the validity.

Results: The intraexaminer test showed no significant difference between the first and second measurements with p values between 0.07 to 0.701. The unpaired T-test showed no significant difference between measurements of digital study models with measurements of conventional models with the mean difference in mesiodistal width 0.09 mm (SD = 0.07), the mean difference of intercanine distance 0.10 mm (SD = 0.03) and the mean difference of intermolar distance 0.08 mm (SD = 0.03) with p values for all types of measurement between 0.62 to 0.99.

Conclusion: Comparison of measurements between conventional study models with digital study models from 3D laser scanning showed no significant difference."

"Pendahuluan: Retainer merupakan alat ortodonti yang bertujuan untuk menjaga stabilitas paska perawatan ortodonti aktif. Retainer thermoplastic sudah banyak digunakan pada saat ini. Pemeliharaan retainer penting untuk menjaga kesehatan rongga mulut. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efektifitas penggunaan dua bahan disinfektan sebagai bahan disinfeksi retainer thermoplastic (merek Essix) yang ditinjau dari hitung koloni bakteri gram positif (Streptococcus mutans). Bahan dan cara: Pada penelitian ini digunakan sebanyak 35 retainer yang terbagi menjadi 3 kelompok perendaman, yakni kelompok kontrol (aquadest) sebanyak 12 retainer, kelompok perendaman obat kumur berbahan dasar Chlorhexidine 1% sebanyak 12 retainer dan kelompok bahan perendam retainer sebanyak 11 retainer. Retainer dipakai selama 15 hari. Dilakukan hitung koloni bakteri sebelum dan sesudah perendaman. Hasil: Penelitian memperlihatkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna hitung koloni bakteri gram positif (streptococcus mutans) antara retainer yang direndam dengan bahan disinfektan dan tanpa bahan disinfektan. Kedua disinfektan sama efektifnya dalam menurunkan hitung koloni bakteri gram positif pada retainer thermoplastic. Kesimpulan: Penggunaan bahan disinfektan terbukti efektif menurunkan hitung koloni bakteri gram positif pada retainer thermoplastic.

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Introduction: Retainer is an orthodontic appliance which applied to maintain stability the post- active treatment of orthodontic. Recently, thermoplastic retainer has been widely used. It is important to have retainer maintenance so that a good oral hygiene can be achieved.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two disinfectans used as disinfection material for thermoplastic retainer measured by gram positive bacterial colony unit count, especially streptoccus mutans strain.

Materials and method: There were 35 thermoplastic retainers used in this study which were divided into three soaking groups ; 12 retainers in control group, 12 retainers in mouthwash group which contain Chlorhexidine 0,1% and 11 retainers in denture cleanser tablet group. The retainers were worn for 15 days. The gram positive bacteria were counted at two periods of time which were before and after the retainers were soaked.

Results: This study showed that there were significant difference at bacterial colony count between the retainers which were soaked in disinfectant group and non disinfectant group (control group). Both disinfectants could reduce gram positive bacterial count at thermoplastic retainers.

Conclusions: The use of disinfection material had proven effective in reducing gram positive bacterial count for thermoplastic retainer."

"Latar Belakang: Salah satu faktor yang menentukan keberhasilan restorasi proksimal resin komposit adalah adaptasi yang rapat tepi restorasi dan dinding gingiva kavitas. Restorasi resin komposit akan mengalami kontraksi saat polimerisasi sehingga terdapat celah antara tepi restorasi dan kavitas. Celah ini dapat menimbulkan kebocoran mikro sehingga menyebabkan bakteri, cairan, molekul, dan ion masuk kedalamnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan tingkat kebocoran mikro dinding gingiva restorasi proksimal resin komposit nanohibrid antara teknik inkremental, bulk-fill yang diaktivasi sonik, dan tanpa aktivasi sonik.Metode: Kavitas kelas II dipreparasi pada tiga puluh gigi premolar rahang atas dan bawah, kemudian dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok. Kelompok pertama ditumpat dengan RK bulk-fill yang diaktivasi sonik, kelompok kedua dengan RK bulk-fill tanpa aktivasi sonik, dan kelompok ketiga dengan RK yang diletakkan secara inkremental. Selanjutnya spesimen direndam dalam air distilasi selama 24 jam dan kemudian dilakukan uji thermocycling, yang diikuti perendaman dalam metilen biru 1% selama 24 jam. Gigi selanjutnya dibelah longitudinal dan dilakukan pengamatan menggunakan mikroskop stereo pembesaran 25x dan dinilai dalam skala ordinal (0-3). Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov.Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik di antara tiga kelompok.Kesimpulan: Tidak ada satupun dari kelompok RK bulk-fill yang diaktivasi sonik, bulk-fill tanpa aktivasi sonik dan yang diletakkan secara inkremental yang dapat menghilangkan kebocoran mikro pada dinding gingiva kavitas kelas II.Kata kunci: kebocoran mikro, teknik peletakan resin komposit, kontraksi

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Background One of the factor that determine the success of proximal composite restoration is a good marginal adaptation at the interface area Composite resin will undergo contraction during polimerization which may result gap formation between the wall cavity and restoration. The gap can cause a microleakage and resulting a passage for bacteria fluid molecules and ions The purpose of this study is to analize the microleakage of gingival wall nanohybrid composite restoration that filled using sonic activated bulk bulk without sonic activation and incremental techniques.

Methods Standardized class II cavities were prepared on 30 extracted human upper and lower human teeth and randomly assigned to three groups The first group were filled with sonicactivated bulk fill composite resin the second group were filled with bulk fill composite resin without sonic activation and the third group were filled incrementally. The specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours and then subjected to thermocycling followed by immersion in 1 methylene blue dye for 24 hours. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally and evaluated for microleakage under 25x magnification stereomicroscope and scored in ordinal scale 0 3 Statistical analysis was performed with the Kolmogorov Smirnov test.

Results There was no statistically significant difference among the three groups Conclusion None of the the techniques was capable of eliminating the microleakage on gingival wall cavity preparations."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Salah satu bagian dalam menentukan diagnosis dan rencana perawatan ortodonti adalah analisis profil jaringan lunak pasien. E-line & Profil wajah merupakan metode yang dapat dipakai dalam menentukan profil jaringan lunak. Pengukuran E-line dan Profil Wajah dinyatakan dapat dilakukan antara Sefalogram dan foto Ekstra Oral. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan posisi Ls, Li dari E-line dan Profil Wajah pada Sefalogram dan foto Ekstra Oral. Metode Penelitian: Didapatkan 55 sampel penelitian berupa Sefalogram lateral dan foto Ekstra Oral lateral. Dilakukan tabulasi data dan diuji komparatif sederhana dengan Chi-square untuk membandingkan posisi Ls, Li dari E-line dan Profil Wajah pada sefalogram dan foto ekstra oral. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna untuk posisi Ls terhadap garis E-line antara Sefalogram dan foto Ekstra Oral (p< 0,05), terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna untuk posisi Li terhadap garis E-line antara Sefalogram dan foto Ekstra Oral (p<0,05). Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna untuk Profil Wajah antara Sefalogram dan foto Ekstra Oral (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Posisi Ls, Li dari E-line dan Profil Wajah pada Sefalogram dan foto Ekstra Oral adalah berbeda.ABSTRACTBackground: Factors in determining the diagnosis and orthodontic treatment plan is the analysis of soft tissue profile of the patient. E-line measurement and profile can be done in the face of otherwise sefalogram and extra-oral photos. Purpose: To determine differences in position Ls, Li from E-line and soft tissue profile on sefalogram and extra-oral photos. Methods: There were 55 samples of research in the form of sefalogram lateral and lateral extra-oral photos. Conducted a comparative tabulation of the data and then tested with Chi-square to compare the position Ls, Li from E-line and soft tissue profile on sefalogram and extra-oral photos. Results: There were significant differences Ls position to the line E-line at sefalogram and extra-oral photograph (p <0.05), there were significant differences Li position to the line E-line at sefalogram and extra-oral photograph (p <0.05 ), there were significant differences in the facial profile and photo sefalogram extra-oral (p <0.05). Conclusion: The position Ls, Li from E-line and soft tissue profile on sefalogram and extra-oral photograph is different.;Background: Factors in determining the diagnosis and orthodontic treatment plan is the analysis of soft tissue profile of the patient. E-line measurement and profile can be done in the face of otherwise sefalogram and extra-oral photos. Purpose: To determine differences in position Ls, Li from E-line and soft tissue profile on sefalogram and extra-oral photos. Methods: There were 55 samples of research in the form of sefalogram lateral and lateral extra-oral photos. Conducted a comparative tabulation of the data and then tested with Chi-square to compare the position Ls, Li from E-line and soft tissue profile on sefalogram and extra-oral photos. Results: There were significant differences Ls position to the line E-line at sefalogram and extra-oral photograph (p <0.05), there were significant differences Li position to the line E-line at sefalogram and extra-oral photograph (p <0.05 ), there were significant differences in the facial profile and photo sefalogram extra-oral (p <0.05). Conclusion: The position Ls, Li from E-line and soft tissue profile on sefalogram and extra-oral photograph is different., Background: Factors in determining the diagnosis and orthodontic treatment plan is the analysis of soft tissue profile of the patient. E-line measurement and profile can be done in the face of otherwise sefalogram and extra-oral photos. Purpose: To determine differences in position Ls, Li from E-line and soft tissue profile on sefalogram and extra-oral photos. Methods: There were 55 samples of research in the form of sefalogram lateral and lateral extra-oral photos. Conducted a comparative tabulation of the data and then tested with Chi-square to compare the position Ls, Li from E-line and soft tissue profile on sefalogram and extra-oral photos. Results: There were significant differences Ls position to the line E-line at sefalogram and extra-oral photograph (p <0.05), there were significant differences Li position to the line E-line at sefalogram and extra-oral photograph (p <0.05 ), there were significant differences in the facial profile and photo sefalogram extra-oral (p <0.05). Conclusion: The position Ls, Li from E-line and soft tissue profile on sefalogram and extra-oral photograph is different.]"