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"This book investigates whether the effects of economic integration differ according to the size of countries.The analysis incorporates a classification of the size of countries, reflecting the key economic characteristics of economies in order to provide an appropriate benchmark for each size group in the empirical analysis of the effects of asymmetric economic integration. The formation or extension of Preferential Trade Areas (PTAs) leads to a reduction in trade costs. This poses a critical secondary question as to the extent to which trade costs differ according to the size of countries.The extent to which membership of PTAs has an asymmetric impact on trade flow according to the size of member countries is analyzed by employing econometric tools and general equilibrium analysis, estimating both the ex-post and ex-ante effects of economic integration on the size of countries, using a data set of 218 countries, 45 of which are European. ​"

"Sejak pertengahan 1990-an, semakin banyak negara berkembang yang menempuh Integrasi Ekonomi Regional (REI) dengan negara maju melalui Perjanjian Perdagangan Regional (RTA). Negara anggota perjanjian tersebut memberikan perlakuan yang lebih menguntungkan terhadap satu sama lain daripada terhadap mitra dagang lainnya yang bukan negara anggota. Perlakuan diskriminatif ini jelas tidak konsisten dengan kewajiban perlakuan Most Favoured Nation (MFN) WTO. Meskipun kewajiban perlakuan MFN merupakan prinsip dasar, namun WTO memperkenankan anggotanya untuk mengesampingkan prinsip tersebut dan menempuh REI berdasarkan Pasal XXIV GATT 1994 untuk RTA, Pasal V GATS untuk Perjanjian Integrasi Ekonomi (EIA) dan Klausul Enabling. Penelitian ini menganalisa mengapa WTO memberikan pengecualian tersebut. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi kecenderungan di kalangan negara berkembang menempuh REI dengan negara maju serta meneliti bagaimana negara berkembang dapat mengambil keuntungan tanpa mengucilkan sistem perdagangan multilateral WTO. Berdasarkan analisis hukum, REI sangat bermanfaat bagi negara berkembang WTO. Penelitian ini mendesak KTT APEC ke-21 dan Konferensi Tingkat Menteri ke-9 WTO di Bali untuk digunakan sebagai kesempatan untuk menunjukkan peran aktif dari masing-masing negara berkembang terutama tuan rumah, Indonesia, dalam mempromosikan liberalisasi perdagangan dan investasi secara regional dan global. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa REI diperlukan untuk mengambil langkah lebih lanjut dalam mewujudkan tujuan WTO untuk menciptakan perdagangan yang bebas dan adil. Selain itu, negara berkembang disarankan untuk menggunakan REI sebagai pilihan kebijakan terbaik kedua dan terus menempatkan prioritas tertinggi pada WTO dengan berkomitmen terhadap modus operandi WTO.

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Since mid-1990s, developing countries are increasingly pursuing Regional Economic Integration (REI) with developed countries through Regional Trade Agreements (RTA). In this case, the parties to such agreements offer each other more favourable treatment than they offer to other trading partners that are nonparties. Clearly, such discriminatory treatment is inconsistent with the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) treatment obligation of the WTO. Although MFN treatment obligation is a fundamental principle, the WTO does allow WTO members to set aside the principle and pursue REI under Article XXIV of the GATT 1994 for RTA, Article V of the GATS for Economic Integration Agreement (EIA) and the Enabling Clause. With that being said, this research analyses why does the WTO provides such exception. In addition, it explores the tendency among developing countries to pursue REI with developed countries and and examines how can those developing countries benefit from their pursuit without undermining the multilateral trading system of the WTO.

Based on a legal analysis, this research argues that REI will be highly beneficial for developing countries of the WTO. Furthermore, the research urges the 21st APEC Summit and the 9th Ministerial Conference of the WTO in Bali to be used as an opportunity to demonstrate an active role of each developing economy especially the host, Indonesia, in promoting regional and global trade and investment liberalisation. This research concludes that REI is necessary to take further steps towards realising the goal of the WTO to have a fair and freer trade. Moreover, developing countries are recommended to consider REI as the second best policy option and continue to place the highest priority on the WTO by committing to modus operandi of the WTO."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak dari desentralisasifiskal dan pembentukan Tim Pemantauan dan Pengendalian Inflasi Daerah (TPID)terhadap inflasi regional di Indonesia selama kurun waktu 2008-2013. Variabelvariabelyang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tingkat inflasi, rasiopengeluaran dan rasio otonomi pendapatan sebagai proxy desentralisasi fiskal,keberadaan TPID, produk domestik regional bruto (PDRB), kondisi infrastruktur,populasi, dan inflasi bahan makanan regional. Data yang digunakan dihimpun dari65 kota yang dianggap sebagai kontributor inflasi nasional. Hasil penelitian inimenunjukkan bahwa rasio pengeluaran sebagai salah satu indikator desentralisasifiskal memiliki hubungan negatif dengan tingkat inflasi daerah, sedangkan rasiootonomi pendapatan daerah dan keberadaan TPID pada tingkat kabupaten/kotatidak memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap volatilitas inflasi regional di daerah.

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ABSTRACTThis study aims to examine the impact of the fiscal decentralization and RegionalInflation Task Force (RITF) on regional inflation rate in 65 cities in Indonesia for2008-2013 period. The results of the paper shows that expenditure ratio as anindicator of fiscal decentralization has a negative relationship with regionalinflation rate, while regional revenue autonomy ratio and the existence of RITF inregions do not bring any significant impact to the volatility of inflation rate inregions.;This study aims to examine the impact of the fiscal decentralization and RegionalInflation Task Force (RITF) on regional inflation rate in 65 cities in Indonesia for2008-2013 period. The results of the paper shows that expenditure ratio as anindicator of fiscal decentralization has a negative relationship with regionalinflation rate, while regional revenue autonomy ratio and the existence of RITF inregions do not bring any significant impact to the volatility of inflation rate inregions., This study aims to examine the impact of the fiscal decentralization and RegionalInflation Task Force (RITF) on regional inflation rate in 65 cities in Indonesia for2008-2013 period. The results of the paper shows that expenditure ratio as anindicator of fiscal decentralization has a negative relationship with regionalinflation rate, while regional revenue autonomy ratio and the existence of RITF inregions do not bring any significant impact to the volatility of inflation rate inregions.]"