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"In this ground–breaking practical reference, the family of aspartic acid proteases is described from a drug developer′s perspective. The first part provides a general introduction to the family of aspartic acid proteases, their physiological functions, molecular structure and inhibition. Parts two to five present various case studies of successful protease inhibitor drug design and development, as well as current and potential uses of such inhibitors in pharmaceutical medicine, covering the major therapeutic targets HIV–1 protease, renin, beta–secretase, gamma–secretase,plasmepsins and fungal proteases. "

"BACE (β-site of APP cleaving enzyme) is a critical component in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and the development of BACE inhibitors shows great potential as a therapy for the disease. BACE : lead target for orchestrated therapy of alzheimer's disease covers virtually all aspects of BACE from initial identification, discovery of inhibitors, and challenges in clinical development, while providing a global understanding essential for productive and successful drug discovery."

"Kanker serviks menempati urutan keempat untuk jenis kanker yang sering menyerang wanita dengan estimasi 570,000 kasus pada 2018 di mana merepresentasikan 6,6% dari kanker pada wanita dan di Indonesia terdapat 32,469 kasus kanker serviks. Salah satu teknologi yang sedang dikembangkan untuk terapi kanker adalah teknologi pengantaran obat dengan nanopartikel sebagai agen pembawa dari obat anti kanker. Nanopartikel Fe3O4 merupakan salah satu nanopartikel yang dapat diaplikasikan dalam teknologi penghantaran obat dikarenakan sifat magnetik dan juga toksisitasnya yang rendah. Konjugasi asam folat pada nanopartikel juga menjadi salah satu teknologi untuk meningkatkan sifat penargetan dalam penghantaran obat doxorubicin pada sel kanker dikarenakan tingginya afinitas ikatan antara asam folat dengan reseptor folat, senyawa yang terekpresi pada sel kanker. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan konjugasi doxorubicin dan asam folat pada nanopartikel Fe3O4 terstabilisasi asam aspartat (FA-AA-MNPs) dengan memvariasikan jumlah asam aspartat untuk melihat stabilitas koloid nanokomposit, efisiensi loading release obat doxorubicin yang terkonjugasi, dan melihat pengaruh konjugasi asam folat terhadap uji viabilitas sel. Uji viabilitas sel akan dilakukan menggunakan sel HeLa dengan menggunakan MTT Assays. Fluorescence imaging dilakukan untuk melihat interaksi dan lokasi doxorubicin pada sel HeLa. Dari hasil studi drug loading yang dilakukan, setiap nanokomposit memiliki kemampuan mengikat doxorubicin sebesar 70% pada rasio doxorubicin dan nanokomposit adalah 2:1. Pada uji drug release dengan metode dialisis, nanokomposit FA-32mmolAA-MNPs memiliki kemampuan melepas 68 % doroxubicin sedangkan nanokomposit lainnya hanya melepas 36% doxorubicin. Kemampuan nanokomposit dalam terapi kanker serviks tertarget diuji dengan MTT assays. Nanokomposit terkonjugasi asam folat cenderung memiliki nilai viabilitas sel lebih rendah dibandingkan nanokomposit tanpa asam folat dan DOX-FA-32mmolAA adalah nanokomposit dengan nilai viabilitas sel paling rendah yaitu 78%. Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women with an estimated 570,000 new cases in 2018 representing 6.6% of all female cancers and there are 32.469 cases of cervical cancer in Indonesia. One of technology that is being developed for cancer therapy is using nanoparticle as drug carrier in drug delivery technology. Fe3O4 nanoparticles is one of the nanoparticles that can be applied in drug delivery technology due to its magnetic properties and low toxicity. Conjugation of folic acid in nanoparticles has also become one of the technologies to improve the targeting nature of doxorubicin in cancer cells due to the high affinity of bonds between folic acid and folic receptors, compounds that are over-expressed in cancer cells. In this study, folic acid and doxorubicin are conjugated to Fe3O4 nanoparticles stabilized by aspartic acid (FA-AA-MNPs) with varying amount of aspartic acid to see the stability of the colloidal nanocomposite, the efficiency of loading and release of doxorubicin, and see the effect of folic acid as ligand targeting. Cell viability test will be carried out using HeLa cells using MTT assays. Fluorescence imaging was conducted to see the interaction and the location of doxorubicin in HeLa cells. The results of drug loading studies exhibit if each nanocomposite has the ability to bind 70% doxorubicin at the ratio of doxorubicin and nanocomposite is 2: 1. In drug release assays by dialysis method, FA-32mmolAA-MNPs have the ability to release 68% doxorubicin besides the other nanocomposite only release 36% doxorubicin. The ability of nanocomposites in targeted cervical cancer therapy in vitro was tested by MTT assays. Nanocomposites with folic acid showed lower percentage of viability cells than nanocomposite without folic acid and DOX-FA-32mmolAA-MNPs had the lowest percentage viability cells that is 78%."

"Prakiraan usia melalui analisis rasemisasi asam aspartat dari gigi didapatkan dengan memasukkan rasio rasemisasi asam aspartat subjek ke dalam persamaan regresi yang sesuai untuk populasi subjek. Metode ini merupakan salah satu metode prakiraan usia yang paling akurat tetapi belum ada penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap subjek yang berasal dari populasi Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan persamaan regresi antara rasio rasemisasi asam aspartat dalam gigi subjek yang berasal dari populasi Indonesia yang direndam asam Hidroklorik (HCl) 0,2 M overnight ataupun tidak direndam asam Hidroklorik dengan usia yang dapat diterapkan untuk memprakirakan usia subjek yang berasal dari populasi Indonesia.Metode: Gigi dibagi kedalam 2 kelompok secara random sampling, lalu gigi dicuci dengan HCl, aquabides dan methanol lalu dibiarkan kering dengan udara. Setelah kering, gigi dihancurkan menjadi bubuk dan didemineralisasi dengan Na2EDTA dan dicuci dengan aquabides, lalu dihidrolisis dalam oven bersuhu 100°C dan dikeringkan dengan freeze dryer dan dianalisis menggunakan Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Data yang didapatkan dianalisis dengan SPSS 22.Hasil: Tidak terrdapat hubungan antara usia dengan rasio rasemisasi asam aspartat pada kedua kelompok sampel sehingga tidak dapat ditarik persamaan regresi untuk memprakirakan usia berdasarkan rasio rasemisasi asam aspartat dari gigi.Kesimpulan: Metode rasemisasi asam aspartat dalam penelitian ini dapat menganalisis rasemisasi asam aspartat tetapi belum dapat diaplikasikan untuk memprakirakan usia pada gigi yang direndam asam Hidroklorik 0,2 M overnight ataupun yang tidak direndam asam Hidroklorik 0,2 M overnight.

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In age estimation through aspartic acid racemization analysis, age is calculated by inserting subjects racemization ratio into regression formula applicable for subjects population. The method is accurate but no research had been conducted on Indonesian population. Our research aims to conclude regression formula between age and aspartic acid racemization ratio from Indonesian subjects tooth immersed in Hydrocloric acid (HCl) overnight or not immersed.

Method: Sample teeth were divided unto 2 groups by random sampling, washed in HCl, aquabidest and methanol, then air dried. After samples were dry, samples were powdered and demineralized with Na2EDTA and washed in aquabidest, then hydrolized in 100°C oven, dried in freeze dryer and analyzed using Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Data was analyzed with SPSS 22.

Results: No relationship was shown between age and aspartic acid racemization ratio on both groups, leading to no regression formula could be concluded to estimate age in both groups.

Conclusion: Method applied in this research were able to analyze aspartic acid racemization but not applicable to estimate age in both groups yet.

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"This timely guide to kinase inhibitor drug development is the first to cover the entire drug pipeline, from target identification to compound development and clinical application. Edited by the pioneers in the field, on the drug development side this ready reference discusses classical medicinal chemistry approaches as well as current chemical genomics strategies. On the clinical side, both current and future therapeutic application areas for kinase inhibitor drugs are addressed, with a strong focus on oncology drugs.Backed by recent clinical experience with first-generation drugs in the battle against various forms of cancer, this is crucial reading for medicinal, pharmaceutical and biochemists, molecular biologists, and oncologists, as well as those working in the pharmaceutical industry."

"Pengobatan epilepsi melalui rute oral seringkali tidak efektif, karena obat-obat tersebut menghadapi tantangan metabolisme lintas pertama, degradasi enzim, dan penetrasi yang rendah ke dalam otak akibat adanya sawar darah otak. Masalah tersebut dapat diatasi melalui pengembangan sistem intranasal yang dibantu dengan liposom. Tujuan penelitian ini melakukan formulasi liposom asam valproat sebagai obat epilepsi untuk meningkatkan bioavailabilitas di otak melalui rute intranasal. Liposom asam valproat dibuat dengan teknik hidrasi lapis tipis menggunakan fosfatidilkolin kedelai dan kolesterol. Selanjutnya dikarakterisasi berdasarkan ukuran, indeks poli dispersitas (IPD), potensial zeta, morfologi obat, persentase kadar obat, dan pelepasan obat ex vivo. Formulasi liposom juga diuji stabilitasnya pada suhu berbeda. Uji in vivo dilakukan pada tikus albino Wistar untuk menentukan profil farmakokinetik dan biodistribusi obat. Sampel uji masing-masing diberikan secara oral, intraperitoneal (IP) pada tikus (n=5) dengan menganalisis perbandingan kadar asam valproat pada plasma dengan otak. Hasil karakterisasi fisik terbaik adalah pada formula 4 pada ukuran partikel, IPD, potensial zeta, dan efisiensi penjerapan pada formulasi teroptimasi berturut-turut adalah 92,01±1,87 nm, 0,21±0,01, -46,33±6,47 mV, dan 82,19±4,72%. Hasil uji TEM dengan perbesaran 40.000x menunjukkan bahwa liposom asam valproat memiliki bentuk molekul bulat (sferis) dan ukuran partikel di bawah 250 nm. Hasil uji stabilitas menunjukkan bahwa formulasi tidak mengalami perubahan ketika disimpan pada suhu 4±2 °C dan 25±2 °C selama enam bulan. Hasil uji ex vivo menggunakan lapisan mukosa hidung domba menunjukkan liposom dapat meningkatkan penetrasi asam valproat sebesar 200,24 ± 5.25 µg.cm-2.jam-1. Berdasarkan uji in vivo, nilai konsentrasi asam valproat yang dienkapsulasi dengan liposom yang diberikan dengan rute intranasal meningkat dibandingkan dengan kelompok asam valproat non liposom, intraperitoneal dan oral. Uji biodistribusi menunjukkan liposom asam valproat berhasil meningkatkan efisiensi penargetan obat di otak dibandingkan plasma sebesar 1,15 kali. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan keberhasilan formulasi liposom asam valproat yang sesuai untuk rute intranasal dengan potensi penargetan otak.

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The treatment of epilepsy via oral route often faces challenges such as first-pass metabolism, enzymatic degradation, and low brain penetration due to the blood-brain barrier. These issues can be addressed through the development of intranasal systems assisted by liposomes. The aim of this study was to formulate liposomes containing valproic acid as an epilepsy drug to enhance brain bioavailability through intranasal administration. Liposomes containing valproic acid were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique with soy phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Subsequently, they were characterized based on size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, drug morphology, drug content percentage, and ex vivo drug release. The stability of the liposome formulation was also tested at different temperatures. In vivo testing was conducted on Wistar albino rats to determine the pharmacokinetic profile and drug biodistribution. Samples were administered orally and intraperitoneally (IP) to the rats (n=5), analyzing the comparison of valproic acid levels in plasma and the brain. The best physical characterization results were obtained from formula 4 with particle size, PDI, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency in the optimized formulation being 92.01±1.87 nm, 0.21±0.01, -46.33±6.47 mV, and 82.19±4.72%, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis at a magnification of 40,000x showed that valproic acid-loaded liposomes had spherical molecular shapes and particle sizes below 250 nm. Stability testing indicated that the formulation remained unchanged when stored at 4±2 °C and 25±2 °C for six months. Ex vivo testing using sheep nasal mucosa demonstrated that the liposomes increased valproic acid penetration by 200.24 ± 5.25 µg.cm-2.hour-1. Based on in vivo testing, the concentration of valproic acid encapsulated in liposomes administered intranasally increased compared to non-liposomal valproic acid, intraperitoneal, and oral groups. Biodistribution testing indicated that valproic acid-loaded liposomes successfully enhanced drug targeting efficiency in the brain compared to plasma by 1.15 times. The results obtained indicate the successful formulation of valproic acid-loaded liposomes suitable for intranasal administration with potential brain targeting capability."

"This book describes both the technologies used in the discovery of melanoma biomarkers and the clinical application of these biomarkers for diagnosis and staging of disease, determination of prognosis, treatment planning, monitoring of response to therapy, identification of novel therapeutic targets and drug development. A broad range of biomarkers (DNA/chromosomal, mRNA, microRNA, mitochondrial DNA, epigenetic and protein) is outlined. As therapies for melanoma become increasingly more target specific, the identification, validation and use of biomarkers will invariably play a greater role in the management of patients with this disease."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis senyawaan lipoamida melalui reaksi amidasi langsung pada asam oleat dan asam stearat dengan etanolamina dan gel silika sebagai katalis. Rendemen reaksi sintesis senyawa lipoamida oleat dan lipoamida stearat secara berturut-turut sebesar 48% dan 30,10%. Kedua struktur lipoamida yang diperoleh telah dikonfirmasi dengan spektrum FTIR dan 1H-NMR. Kedua senyawa lipoamida tersebut diuji aktivitas antimikrobanya terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli menggunakan metode difusi cakram. Sementara uji aktivitas antikankernya terhadap sel HeLa menggunakan metode MTT. Hasil uji aktivitas antimikroba terhadap E. coli menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas tertinggi dimiliki oleh lipoamida oleat 1000 ppm dengan diameter zona hambat (DZH = 7,3 mm) dan lipoamida stearat 1000 ppm dengan (DZH = 7,5 mm). Sementara aktivitas antimikroba tertinggi terhadap S. aureus ditunjukkan oleh lipoamida oleat 1000 ppm (DZH = 6 mm) dan lipoamida stearat 1000 ppm (DZH = 7,9 mm). Aktivitas antikanker lipoamida stearat (IC50 = 37,55 µM) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan lipoamida oleat (IC50 = 83,35 µM). Berdasarkan data tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa keberadaan ikatan C=C pada lipoamida menurunkan aktivitas antimikroba dan antikankernya

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In this research, the synthesis of lipoamide compounds was carried out through direct amidation reactions in oleic acid and stearic acid with ethanolamine and silica gel as catalysts. The yields of the synthesis reactions of oleic lipoamide and stearic lipoamide were 48% and 30.10%, respectively. Both lipoamide structures obtained were confirmed by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectra. The two lipoamide compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using the disc diffusion method. While the anticancer activity test against HeLa cells used the MTT method. The results of the antimicrobial activity test against E. coli showed that the highest activity was possessed by lipoamide oleate 1000 ppm with a diameter of the inhibition zone (DZH = 7.3 mm) and lipoamide stearate 1000 ppm with (DZH = 7.5mm). While the highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus was shown by 1000 ppm lipoamide oleate (DZH = 6 mm) and lipoamide stearate 1000 ppm (DZH = 7.9 mm). The anticancer activity of lipoamide stearate (IC50 = 37.55 µM) was higher than that of lipoamide oleate (IC50 = 83.35 µM). Based on these data it can be concluded that the presence of the C=C bond in lipoamide reduces its antimicrobial and anticancer activity"

"Asam oleat atau asam Z-Δ9-oktadekanoat diketahui sebagai salah satu asam lemak yang memiliki toksisitas yang rendah dan memiliki aktivitas antimikroba, sehingga dikembangkan penelitian untuk mendapatkan senyawa turunan dari asam oleat dan mengetahui bioaktivitasnya. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan sintesis turunan asam amino dari senyawa asam oleat dengan reaksi esterifikasi dan amidasi, lalu dikarakterisasi dengan KLT dan FTIR. Asam oleat diesterifikasi dengan katalis basa, kemudian diamidasi dengan asam amino glisin dan asam amino fenilalanin. Setelahnya, dilakukan uji pendahuluan BSLT dan uji antimikroba dengan metode difusi cakram. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan % kematian dari konjugat asam oleat, glisin oleat, dan fenilalanin oleat. Asam Oleat dengan konsentrasi 16,6 ppm memiliki % kematian paling tinggi yaitu 35%. Adapun hasil uji antimikroba konjugat asam oleat, glisin oleat, dan fenilalanin oleat tidak memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap bakteri kulit gram positif yaitu Staphylococcus aureus dan bakteri kulit gram negatif yaitu Escherichia coli.

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Oleic acid or Z-Δ9-octadecanoic acid is known as a fatty acid that has low toxicity and antimicrobial activity, so research was developed to obtain compounds derived from oleic acid and determine its bioactivity. In this research, the synthesis of amino acid derivatives from oleic acid compounds by esterification and amidation reactions was carried out, then characterized by TLC and FTIR. Oleic acid is esterified with a base catalyst, then amides with the amino acid glycine and the amino acid phenylalanine. After that, a preliminary BSLT test and an antimicrobial test using the disc diffusion method were carried out. From the results of the study obtained % of deaths from conjugates of oleic acid, glycine oleic, and phenylalanine oleate. Oleic acid with a concentration of 16.6 ppm had the highest % mortality, namely 35%. The results of the antimicrobial conjugate test of oleic acid, glycine oleic, and phenylalanine oleate did not have antimicrobial activity against gram-positive skin bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative skin bacteria, Escherichia coli."

" ABSTRAKLatar belakang. Sepsis masih menjadi masalah di bidang neonatalogi sampai saat ini karenadapat meningkatkan mortalitas dan morbiditas. Kolestasis merupakan salah satu morbiditasyang terjadi selama sepsis. Angka kematian dan lama perawatan di rumah sakit akanmeningkat pada sepsis neonatorum yang disertai kolestasis. Asam ursodeoksikolat (AUDK)dilaporkan dapat memperbaiki luaran kolestasis pada dewasa dan anak. Penelitian mengenaimanfaat AUDK pada neonatus masih terbatas, sampai saat ini belum ada penelitian tentangmanfaat AUDK pada kolestasis terkait sepsis (KTS).Tujuan. Mengetahui pengaruh AUDK terhadap penurunan parameter fungsi hati (bilirubintotal/direk/indirek, AST, ALT, GGT), angka kematian, dan lama rawat neonatus denganKTS.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis acak tersamar ganda yang dilakukan di DivisiNeonatologi Departemen IKA FKUI-RSCM dari Januari - Oktober 2012. Neonatus yangmemenuhi kriteria inklusi dibagi secara random menjadi 2 kelompok (AUDK atau plasebo).Asam ursodeoksikolat diberikan 30 mg/kgBB/hari dibagi 3 dosis selama 7 hari. Parameterfungsi hati di evaluasi setelah 7 hari pengobatan. Luaran utama adalah penurunan nilaibilirubin total/direk/indirek, AST, ALT, dan GGT. Luaran tambahan adalah angka kematiandan lama rawat. Analisis statistik untuk luaran utama dan lama rawat dilakukan dengan ujit/uji Mann-Whitney. Perbedaan kematian di analisis dengan uji x2 dan perbedaan survivaldengan metode Kaplan Meier.Hasil : Penelitian dilakukan pada 37 subjek, 19 subjek pada kelompok AUDK dan 18 subjekpada kelompok plasebo. Perbedaan perubahan parameter fungsi hati antara kelompok AUDKdan kelompok plasebo tidak bermakna [bilirubin total (2,2 ± 2,9 vs 1,7 ± 4,6; p= 0,080),bilirubin direk (1,1 ± 2,3 vs 0,6 ± 3,6; p= 0,080), bilirubin indirek [0,4 (0,1-5,6) vs 0,9 (0,1-4,1); p= 0,358], ALT (0,5 [(-80,0) – (21,0)] vs -2,0 [(-167,0) – (85,0)]; p= 0,730), AST (43,0(14,0-297,0) vs 150,0 (24,0-840,0); p= 0,081), and GGT (125,0 (48,0-481,0) vs 235,0 (56,0-456,0); p= 0,108)], tetapi perubahan nilai bilirubin total, bilirubin direk, dan AST cenderunglebih baik pada kelompok AUDK. Penurunan nilai bilirubin total terjadi pada 85,7% subjekkelompok AUDK dan 64,3% pada kelompok plasebo. Nilai bilirubin direk menurun pada78,6% subjek kelompok AUDK dan 64,3% subjek kelompok plasebo. Penurunan nilai ASTterdapat pada 57% subjek kelompok AUDK dengan penurunan terbesar 72 U/L, sedangkanpada kelompok plasebo 57% subjek mengalami peningkatan nilai AST dengan peningkatantertinggi 473 U/L. Kematian terjadi pada 10,5% subjek di kelompok AUDK dan 27,7% dikelompok plasebo (p=0,232). Dari analisis kesintasan tidak terdapat perbedaan survivalantara kedua kelompok. Tidak terdapat perbedaan rentang waktu lama rawat antarakelompok AUDK (15-70) hari dan kelompok plasebo (10-88) hari (p=0,148).Simpulan : Pemberian AUDK 30 mg/kg/hari selama 7 hari cenderung menurunkan nilaibilirubin total, bilirubin direk, AST, serta angka kematian meskipun secara statistik tidakterbukti bermakna. Hal ini masih mungkin disebabkan oleh power yang kurang padapenelitian ini. Penelitian ulang perlu dilakukan dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih besar dandurasi pemberian AUDK yang lebih panjang.

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<ABSTRACTBackground. Sepsis is still an important issue in Neonatology field since it is related withhigh mortality and morbidity. Cholestasis is one of the morbidities that related with sepsis.Mortality and length of hospital stay will be increased in neonatal sepsis that associated withcholestasis. Efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in cholestasis has been reported fromadult and pediatric population, however there is no publication regarding the efficacy of thisdrug in neonates with sepsis associated cholestasis.Objectives. To investigate the role of UDCA in liver function parameter (total, direct,indirect bilirubin, AST, ALT, GGT), mortality, and length of hospital stay in neonates withsepsis associated cholestasis.Methods. A randomized controlled trial were done in Neonatology Division, PediatricDepartment, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from January to October 2012. Neonates thatfulfilled the inclusion criteria, randomized into UDCA group and placebo group. We gaveursodeoxycholic acid 30 mg/kg BW/day which divided into 3 doses for 7 days. Liverfunction test were done after 7 days treatment. Primary outcome are an improvement of liverfunction parameter and the secondary outcome are mortality rate and length of hospital stay.Statistical analysis with t test/ Mann-Whitney test was done for primary outcome and lengthof hospital stay, x2 test for differences of mortality, and Kaplan Meier method for survivalanalysis.Result. There were 37 subject, 19 subject in UDCA group and 18 in placebo group. Therewere no significant differences of liver function parameter between UDCA group andplacebo [total bilirubin (2.2 ± 2.9 vs 1.7 ± 4.6; p= 0.080), direct bilirubin (1.1 ± 2.3 vs 0.6 ±.6; p= 0.080), indirect bilirubin [0.4 (0.1-5.6) vs 0.9 (0.1-4.1); p= 0.358], ALT (0.5 [(-80.0) –(21.0)] vs -2.0 [(-167.0) – (85.0)]; p= 0.730), AST (43.0 (14.0-297.0) vs 150.0 (24.0-840.0);p= 0.081), and GGT (125.0 (48.0-481.0) vs 235,0 (56.0-456.0); p= 0.108)]. Although that,there were a better improvement of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and AST in UDCA group.Decrease of total bilirubin and direct bilirubin level occurred in 85.7% and 78.6% in UDCAgroup vs 64.3% and 64.3% in placebo group. For the AST level, there was an improvementin 57% subject UDCA with the profound declining 72 U/L; conversely, deteriorationoccurred in 57% subject placebo, with the maximal increment 473 U/L. Mortality occurredin 10.5% subject in UDCA group and 27.7% placebo group (p=0.232). There were nodifferences of survival from both groups. Length of hospital stay in UDCA and placebogroup were 15-70 days and 10-88 days (p=0.148).Conclusion: UDCA treatment 30 mg/kgBW/day for 7 days tends to decrease the totalbilirubin, direct bilirubin, AST level, and mortality, although not statistically significant.This could be happened due to the limitation of power in this study. Future studies withlarger subject and longer duration of UDCA treatment will be needed."