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"Timor Timur menjadi salah satu arena bagi penerapan kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat. Hal ini tampak pada saat Indonesia mulai mengintegrasikan wilayah tersebut ke NKRI, pemerintah AS memberikan dukungan penuh, baik politis maupun security assistance. Namun ketika tokoh komunis Ramos Horta - yang didukung oleh East Timor Action Network (ETAN) yang berbasis di AS - memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Timor Timur, pemerintah AS memberi peluang yang sangat luas bagi lepasnya Timor Timur dari NKR1. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya perubahan kebiiakan AS dalam menghadapi ancaman dan tantangan global yang berorientasi pada keamanan nasionalnya.

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East Timor is one of the arenas for U.S. foreign policy implementation. This matter seemed when Indonesia began to integrate the territorial to Republic of Indonesia, the U.S. Government fully supported both politically and security assistance. But when Ramos Horta - who supported by East Timor Action Network (ETAN) that based in the USA - struggle for East Timor independence, the U.S. Government gave widely oppornmities for the released of East Timor iiom Republic of Indonesia. This situation occurred due to there was a changing on U.S. foreign policy in dealing with global threat and challenging which oriented to its national security."

"Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian studi perbandingan politik yang menggunakan dua studi kasus, yaitu Timor Timur dan Skotlandia, keduanya merupakan wilayah subnasional dari sebuah negara induk Indonesia dan United Kingdom (Inggris). Dengan menggunakan metode Most Similar Systems Design (MSSD) dan analisis contrast of context, penelitian ini akan membahas faktor-faktor penyebab fragmentasi identitas nasional yang terjadi di kedua wilayah, dan bagaimana perbedaan faktor penyebab tersebut memberikan dampak dalam referendum kemerdekaan Timor Timur tahun 1999 dan Skotlandia tahun 2014. penelitian ini menemukan tiga faktor utama yang menyebabkan fragmentasi identitas nasional di Timor Timur merujuk kepada proses pembentukan identitas nasional oleh negara induk dari MacIver (1999). Pertama, kebijakan pendidikan yang top-down; kedua, maraknya praktik korupsi hingga melemahkan pembangunan ekonomi secara signifikan; dan ketiga, meluasnya praktik teror kekerasan yang disertai kebuntuan penyelesaian konflik secara damai. Dalam kasus Skotlandia, terdapat pula tiga faktor yang menyebabkan fragmentasi identitas nasional. Pertama, kebijakan devolusi yang mengatur pembagian wewenang antara pusat dan daerah; kedua, kebijakan tentang kewarganegaraan serta tata kelola wilayah perbatasan yang memudahkan mobilitas penduduk antar wilayah; ketiga, kebijakan ekonomi yang menegaskan peran negara induk Inggris sebagai welfare state. Dampak dari perbedaan faktor tersebut dijawab melalui melalui temuan perbedaan orientasi masyarakat kedua wilayah, dimana sikap masyarakat Timor Timur pada referendum 1999 mayoritas menginginkan merdeka dari Indonesia, sementara penduduk Skotlandia pada referendum 2014 ingin tetap menjadi bagian dari Inggris.

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This research is a comparative politics study that uses two case studies, East Timor and Scotland, which are a subnational region of a parent state, Indonesia and the United Kingdom (UK). Using Most Similar Systems Design (MSSD) comparative method and contrast of context analysis, this research will discuss the factors causing the fragmentation of national identity that occurred in the two regions and how these different factors impacted the 1999 East Timorese independence referendums and 2014 Scottish independence referendums. The finding showed three main factors causing the fragmentation of national identity in East Timor, referring to the process of national identity formation by the parent state as the consequences of the political environment by MacIver (1999). First, top-down education policy; second, the rampant corruption practices have significantly weakened economic development; and third, the widespread practice of violent terror followed by a deadlock in conflict resolution by peaceful means. In the case of Scotland, three factors also cause the fragmentation of national identity. First, the devolution policy that regulates the division of authority between the central and the local government; second, a policy on citizenship and border area management that facilitates the mobility of the population between regions; third, economic policies that emphasize the role of the UK as a welfare state. The impact of these different factors is answered by finding in the orientation differences of the people in these two regions, where the attitude of the people of East Timor in the 1999 referendum was the majority wanting independence from Indonesia, while the Scottish population in the 2014 referendum wanted to remain part of the UK."

"Penulisan disertasi ini dilatari suatu penelitian lapangan yang dilakukan di lokasi pemukiman barumasyarakat Timor Timur di wilayah Timor Barat seperti; Kabupaten Kupang, Timor TengahSelatan, Timor Tengah Utara, dan Belu. Hasil Jajak Pendapat Timor Timur 1999 berdampak padapertikaian dan pergolakan antara kelompok prointegrasi dan prokemerdekaan sehingga terjadipengungsian masyarakat secara masif ke Timor Barat. Pengungsian, penerimaan dan penangananmasyarakat Timor Timur di Timor Barat selama tahun 1999-2009 ditempatkan sebagaipermasalahan utama. Karena itu, tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis faktor-faktor yangmelatarbelakangi pengungsian masyarakat Timor Timur ke Timor Barat pascajajak pendapat 1999.Kemudian menganalisis proses pengungsian masyarakat Timor Timur ke Timor Barat sertapenerimaan dan penangananya selama 1999-2002. Selanjutnya, menganalisis kehidupan sosial,budaya, dan ekonomi masyarakat Timor Timur di lokasi-lokasi pemukiman baru Timor Baratdalam kurun waktu 2002-2009. Metode penelitian yang digunakan antara lain; studi lapangan,wawancara masyarakat dan pemerintah, serta studi pustaka dan sumber-sumber sezaman. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan beberapa temuan antara lain; Pertama, terbentuk ragam pergerakan yangberpola dalam proses pengungsian. Kedua, terdapat perubahan konkret yang bermanfaat bagimasyarakat pengungsi, namun ada juga kelemahan dalam penanganan sehingga menimbulkanbanyak permasalahan. Ketiga, masyarakat pengungsi yang relokasi ke pemukiman barumengalami dekadensi hidup sejahtera sehingga harus diberdayakan demi kesejahteraan.

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The writing of the dissertation is based on a field research conducted in the new settlements of

East Timorese community in the West Timor region, such as Kupang Regency, South Central

Timor Regency, North Central Timor Regency, and Belu Regency. The results of the 1999 East

Timor Referendum had an impact on uprising and upheaval between pro-integration and proindependence

groups. It was resulting massive displacement of people to West Timor. The

displacement and handling of the East Timorese people in West Timor during 1999-2009 was

formulated as the main problem. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the factors behind

the displacement of the East Timorese to West Timor after the 1999 Referendum. Then to analyze

the process of refugee of the East Timorese to West Timor related to its acceptance and handling

during 1999-2002. Furthermore, analyzing the social, cultural, and economic life of the East

Timorese people in the new settlements West Timor in the period 2002-2009. The research

methods include field studies, community and government interviews, sources of contemporary

and literature studies. The results of research showed several findings; Firstly, various movements

were patterned in the process of displacement. Secondly, there are concrete changes as beneficial

for the refugee community, but also weaknesses in handling that cause many problems. Thirdly,

refugee communities who have relocated to new settlements have experienced decadence of

prosperity and must be empowered for their welfare."