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"ABSTRACTSkripsi ini membahas dampak kebijakan ekspor timah di Kabupaten Bangka Barat, dengan melakukan studi terhadap Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 32 Tahun 2013. Permasalahannya, setelah kebijakan diimplementasikan, masyarakat penambang tidak dapat menjual bijih timahnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini kebijakan ekspor timah di Kabupaten Bangka Barat berdampak pada tiga komponen, yakni pemerintah, swasta, dan masyarakat. Bagi pemerintah daerah, kebijakan ini berdampak pada penurunan pendapatan. Bagi pihak swasta, yakni smelter timah dampaknya adalah tak dapat mengekspor timah secara langsung, karena harus melalui Bursa Komoditi dan Derivatif Indonesia (BKDI). Bagi masyarakat penambang, berdampak pada tidak dibelinya bijih timah oleh smelter.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the impact of policy of tin export West Bangka Regency, through Regulation of Ministry of Trade No. 32 Year 2013. Its problem is after the policy is implemented, miners cannot sell their tin ore. This research used a qualitative approach. The results of this research has impact on three components, namely the government, private, and community. For local government, this policy resulted the decreasing of income. For private, namely the tin smelter, they can not export tin directly, because it must pass through Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (ICDX). For the miners, the impact is the tin ore cannot bought by smelter."

"Indonesia merupakan pengekspor terbesar, dan produsen timah terbesar kedua dunia setelah China. Timah Indonesia sekitar 95% diekspor, dan sisanya dikonsumsi oleh industri pengguna timah dalam negeri. Dengan potensi tersebut, Indonesia berpeluang menentukan harga timah dunia melalui bursa timah dalam negeri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis integrasi harga timah ICDX terhadap harga timah LME, dan analisis dampak kebijakan tata niaga timah terhadap kinerja ekspor timah Indonesia. Melalui uji kointegrasi, ECM, dan Granger Causality Test, diketahui adanya hubungan jangka panjang, jangka pendek, dengan hubungan dua arah (saling mempengaruhi). Dengan analisis data panel, kebijakan tata niaga timah berdampak terhadap penurunan volume ekspor timah ke sepuluh negara utama tujuan ekspor Indonesia

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Indonesia is the largest exporter and second largest tin producer after China. Indonesian tin about 95% is exported and the rest is consumed by the domestic industries. With this potential, Indonesia has the opportunity to determine the price through the Tin Exchange in the country. This study aimed to analyze price integration of ICDX tin price on LME tin price, and analyze the impact of tin trade reguulation system to the performance of Indonesia's tin exports. With the

cointegration test, ECM, and Granger Causality Test, known of the relationship in the long term, short term, with bidirectional relationship (mutual influence). By

Using panel data analysis, the policy has impact on the decline of tin export volume to the ten major countries of Indonesian export destination."

"Sebagai negara penghasil timah kedua terbesar dunia setelah Tiongkok, ekspor timah diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat yang optimal bagi perekonomian dan keuangan negara. Pemberlakuaan kewajiban perdagangan timah batangan dan timah dalam bentuk lain sebelum diekspor melalui Bursa Timah melalui Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan No. 32 Tahun 2013 tentang Ketentuan Ekspor Timah diharapkan dapat meningkatkan harga, ekspor, dan royalti pemerintah dari ekspor timah Indonesia. Studi ini bermaksud untuk menganalisis dampak dari pemberlakuan kebijakan tersebut terhadap harga timah, dampak harga timah Indonesia terhadap harga timah internasional, volume ekspor timah dan royati yang diperoleh pemerintah dari ekspor timah. Dengan menggunakan data bulan Maret 2007 sampai dengan Januari 2017 dan metode Uji Kausalitas Granger, diperoleh bahwa harga timah Indonesia tidak berpengaruh terhadap harga timah internasional (LME), dan yang terjadi justru sebaliknya, bahwa harga timah internasional berpengaruh terhadap harga timah Indonesia. Hasil regresi dengan menggunakan metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS), menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan Bursa Komoditi Derivatif Indonesia (BKDI), sebagai bursa timah di Indonesia, yang aktif sejak bulan Agustus 2013, signifikan berdampak positif terhadap harga timah dan volume ekspor timah. Keberadaan BKDI juga berpengaruh positif terhadap nilai royalti yang diterima pemerintah dari ekspor tambang, namun tidak signifikan.

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As the world's second largest tin producer after China, tin exports are expected to provide optimal benefits for the country's economy and fiscal. Preparation of tin bar and tin trade obligations in other forms before being exported through the Tin Exchange through Minister of Trade Regulation No. 32 of 2013 on the provisions of tin exports is expected to increase the prices, exports, and government royalties from Indonesia's tin exports. This study aims to analyze the impact of the policy on tin price, the impact of Indonesia's tin price on international tin price, the export volume of tin and royalties obtained by the government from tin exports. Using data from March 2007 to January 2017 and Granger Causality Test method, it is found that Indonesian tin price has no effect on international tin price (LME), and it is just the contrary that international tin price influence to Indonesia tin price. Regression results using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method indicate that the existence of Indonesia Derivative Commodity Exchange (BKDI), as the tin market exchange in Indonesia, active since August 2013, has a significant positive impact on tin price and export volume. The existence of BKDI also positively affects the royalty value received by the government from mining exports, but not significant."

"ABSTRAKKegiatan pertambangan rakyat yang disebut oleh masyarakat Bangka dengan Tambang Inkonvensional (TI), semakin marak hampir mencakup ke segala aspek ekosistem alam baik darat maupun laut yang mana tidak memiliki izin dalam proses kegiatan penambangan. Dengan semakin maraknya kegiatan pertambangan TI dikabupaten Bangka Selatan maka Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Bangka Selatan membentuk Tim Terpadu PETI dalam rangka upaya penanggulangan masalah penertiban serta penghentian segala bentuk pertambangan tanpa izin. Pembentukan Tim Terpadu PETI ini berdasarkan Keputusan Bupati Bangka Selatan No.188.45/67A/SAT POL PP/2014 tentang Pembentukan Tim Terpadu Penanggulangan Pertambangan tanpa Izin yang mana mengacu pada Perda No 4 Tahun 2011 Tentang Pertambangan Mineral.Fokus penelitian ini adalah pada implementasi kebijakan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan penanganan tambang timah inkonvensional (TI) mengalami berbagai permasalahan berupa keterbatasan Keterkaitan standar dan tujuan, sumberdaya, komunikasi antar organisasi dan aktivitas implementasi, karakteristik badan pelaksana, kondisi sosial, ekonomi dan politik serta disposisi pelaksana sangat mempengaruhi implementasi kebijakan. Ketidakjelasan dalam pelaksanaan standar dan tujuan, masih kurangnya dukungan sumberdaya kebijakan baik itu kurangnya sumberdaya manusia, sumberdaya dana, sumberdaya fasilitas dan sumberdaya informasi, serta aspek diluar organisasi seperti kondisi sosial, ekonomi memberikan hambatan dalam proses pelaksanaan implementasi kebijakan dan pencapaian keluaran implementasi kebijakan.

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ABSTRACTArtisanal mining activities called by the Islands community with Unconventional Mine (TI), the more bloom almost cover all aspects of natural ecosystems to both land and sea which are not authorized in the process of mining activities. With the rise of mining activities, the IT dikabupaten South Bangka Regency Government of South Bangka Integrated Team illegal formed in an effort to curb the problem prevention and cessation of all forms of mining without permission. Integrated Team illegal formation is based on Decree of the Regent South Bangka No.188.45 / 67A / SAT POL PP / 2014 on the Establishment of an Integrated Response Team Mining without a license which refers to Bylaw No. 4 of 2011 on Mineral.This research focus is on the implementation of the policy. This study uses a qualitative method. The results showed that the implementation of policies to deal with unconventional tin mine (TI) experienced a variety of problems such as limitations of standard linkage and objectives, resources, communication between the organization and implementation activities, the implementing body characteristics, social, economic and political as well as the disposition executive influence policy implementation. The lack of clarity in the implementation of standards and goals, still a lack of resources support good policies that lack of human resources, financial resources, resources, facilities and information resources, as well as aspects of outside organizations such as social conditions, economic provide obstacles in the implementation process of policy implementation and the attainment of policy implementation"

"ABSTRAKDesentralisasi telah membuka kesempatan investor luar negeri memasukkanmodalnya untuk mengembangkan sektor industri setalah adanya kesepakatan pasar bebas.Pengambilan kebijakan pembangunan ekonomi berbasis sumber daya alam olehpemerintah daerah mendorong masyarakat untuk menambang secara bebas dan masif,yang diikuti dengan tata kelola pertambangan mineral timah yang buruk. Beberapa kajianindustri ekstraksi terbagi dua perspektif, yaitu perspektif institusional dan perspektifekonomi politik. Perspektif institusional lebih menekankan pada tata kelola sumber dayaalam yang baik dan rente ekstraksi pada kelembagaan. Sedangkan, perspektif ekonomipolitik menekankan kelas penguasa mengakses dan mengontrol sumber daya alam yangdiikuti perilaku rente ekstraksi. Penelitian ini menggunakan perspektif ekonomi politikdari konsep Veltmeyer dan Petras tentang ekstraktivisme baru. Penelitian ini menjelaskantentang penetrasi modal ekstraksi dalam penambangan timah dengan peran jaringanpatronase kolektor timah dalam proses akumulasi kapital dan menjelaskan bentuk lainnyadari konflik sumber daya alam. Dengan mengacu studi kasus penelitian di KabupatenBangka terkait penambangan timah, peneliti berargumen ekstraktivisme baru dalampenambangan timah semakin berkembang dikarenakan adanya dukungan modal esktraksiyang disebarluaskan oleh elit industri kepada jaringan kolektor timah, yang diikuti dengankonflik kepentingan terhadap penguasaan sumber daya mineral timah oleh elit industri.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakanpendekatan studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancaramendalam, kajian literature dan data sekunder. Informan penelitian ini adalah kolektortimah, pengusaha timah dan smelter, pemilik dan penambang tambang inkonvensional,Walhi, Jatam, peneliti ahli dan ASN Kabupaten Bangka.

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ABSTRACTDecentralization has opened up the opportunities for foreign investors to devote theircapital for developing industrial sector after the free market agreement. The adoption ofnatural resource-based economic development policies by local governments encouragespeople to mine freely and massively, that followed by poor mining management of tonminerals. A number of studies on extractive industries are categorized into twoperspectives, namely institutional perspective, and political economy perspective.Institutional perspectives emphasizing on natural resource governance and the existenceof rent in the institutional governance system. Meanwhile, the political economyperspective tend to focus on how the ruling class accessing and controlling naturalresources followed by the act of extraction rent. This study uses a political economyperspective from the Veltmeyer and Petras concepts of new extractivism. This studyexplains the capital penetration on tin mining with the role of the patronage network oftin collectors in the process of capital accumulation and explains the other forms of naturalresource conflict. By using case studies in Bangka Regency related to tin mining, thisstudy argues that new extractivism in tin mining is increasingly developing due to thesupport of extractive capital that is disseminated by the industrial elite to the tin collectornetwork, followed by conflicts of interest over the control of tin mineral resources byindustrial elite. This research uses qualitative case study method. Data collectiontechniques used observation, in-depth interviews, literature review, and secondary data.Informants of this study ranging from tin collectors, tin entrepreneurs and smelters,owners and miners of unconventional mines, Walhi Bangka Belitung, JATAM, expertresearchers and Bangka Regency Civil State Apparatus."

"Aktivitas pertambangan timah sudah dilakukan sejak tahun 1976 oleh PT Timah Tbk sehingga semakin sedikit sumber timah yang diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karakteristik mineralisasi timah primer di Parit Tiga, Kabupaten Bangka Barat, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini, yaitu XRD, XRF, Petrografi, dan Mineragrafi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang telah dilakukan, daerah penelitian terdiri atas dua satuan geomorfologi yang meliputi Satuan Perbukitan Vulkanik dan Satuan Tailing Antropogenik. Berdasarkan hasil interpretasi persebaran litologi di daerah penelitian, maka daerah penelitian memiliki dua satuan batuan, antara lain Satuan Granit Klabat Berbutir Halus dan Satuan Granit Klabat Berbutir Sedang-Kasar. Lalu, struktur yang berkembang di daerah penelitian adalah Sesar Mendatar Mengiri Turun dan sheeted vein/veinlet. Kemudian, alterasi yang berkembang di daerah penelitian terdiri dari empat fasies, yaitu Alterasi Kuarsa + Turmalin (104.2 ppm), Alterasi Kuarsa + Halosit + Klorit + Pirofilit (56.5 ppm), Alterasi Kuarsa + Illite (52.4 pm), dan Alterasi Kuarsa + Kaolinit + Klorit + Dickite (19.5 ppm). Endapan bijih yang ditemukan di daerah penelitian, yaitu kasiterit, hematit, dan pirit. Tipe endapan timah di daerah penelitian adalah greisen dan berada pada kontak antara batuan silikat dan batuan granit. Mineralisasi timah primer di daerah penelitian berkaitan dengan sesar, urat-urat, dan alterasi.

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Tin mining activities have been carried out since 1976 by PT Timah Tbk so that fewer sources of tin are known. This study aims to determine the characteristics of primary tin mineralization in Parit Tiga, West Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands. The methods which I used in this study are XRD, XRF, Petrography, and Mineragraphy. Based on the results of the analysis that had been done, the study area consists of two geomorphological units which include the Volcanic Hills Unit and the Anthropogenic Tailings Unit. Based on the interpretation of lithology distribution in the study area, there are two rock units, which are the Fine-Grained Granite Klabat Unit and the Medium-Coarse Grained Granite Klabat Unit. Then, the structure developed in the study area is a Left Normal Slip Fault and sheeted vein/veinlet. Then, alterations developed in the study area consist of four facies, which are Quartz + Tourmaline Alteration (104.2 ppm), Quartz + Halloysite + Chlorite + Pyrophillic Alteration (56.5 ppm), Quartz + Illite Alteration (52.4 pm), and Quartz + Kaolinite + Chlorite + Dickite Alteration (19.5 ppm). The type of primary tin mineralization in the study area is the filling of sheeted veins in tourmaline and quartz minerals. Ore deposits that were found in the study area consisted of cassiterite, hematite, and pyrite. The type of deposit in the study area was greisen and located in contact between silicate rocks and granite rocks. Primary tin mineralization in the study area was related to fracture, veins, and alteration."

"Meningkatnya aktivitas eksploitasi dan kegiatan indutri pengolahan bijih Timah (SnO2) di pulau Bangka berpotensi menyebabkan kenaikan konsentrasi dan aktivitas TENOR (Technologically Enchanced Naturally Occurring Radioaktive Materials) di permukaan. Peningkatan konsentrasi dan aktivitas TENORM akan memberikan dampak bagi keselamatan dan kesehatan pekerja serta lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh konsentrasi aktivitas TENORM pada Tin Slag yang cukup tinggi yaitu di atas 1 Bq/g untuk Th-232, Th-228, U-238 dan Ra-226. Sedangkan untuk radionuklida K-40 masih berada pada level alam yaitu maksimum 2,16 Bq/g dari batas maksimal yang ditentukan 10 Bq/g. Sebagai konsekuensi tingginya aktivitas deret Th-232 dan U-238 adalah Tin Slag pada penelitian ini memiliki karakteristik nilai rata-rata Radium Equivalent Activity (Raeq) dan External Hazard Index (Hi) masing-masing sebesar 27,08 Bq/g dan 73,14 sedangkan batasan maksimum yang ditentukan oleh United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 2000 masing-masing sebesar 0,37 Bq/g untuk Raeq dan 1 untuk Hi. Konsekuensi lain yang diperoleh adalah tingginya dosis absorbsi dan dosis efektif yang mungkin diterima pekerja dimana dalam penelitian ini diperoleh masing-masing untuk dosis absorbsi sebesar 12104 nGy/jam dan dosis efektif 23,04 mSv/tahun. Dari simulasi menggunakan perangkat RESRAD ONSITE diketahui terdapat kenaikan dosis efektif sampai batas maksimum pada tahun ke-20 sebesar 27,17 mSv/tahun jauh di atas ambang 20 mSv/tahun untuk pekerja radiasi. Selain itu diperoleh pola kontribusi dosis untuk tiap radionuklida sampai tahun ke-60 dimana dari total keseluruhan kontribusi hampir semuanya didominasi oleh deret Th-232 yaitu lebih dari 50 % dari total dosis. Estimasi peluang terjadinya kanker menunjukan nilai maksimum 63 x 10-3 hal ini berarti terdapat 63 dari 1000 kejadian, nilai ini juga berada di atas nilai ambang yang ditetapkan United States Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) yaitu pada skala 10-4.

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Increased activity of exploitation and industrial activities of Tin Ore processing (SnO2) in Bangka Island has the potential to increase the concentration and activity of TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioaktive Materials) on the surface. Increasing TENORM concentration and activities will have an impact on workers and environment. In this research, TENORM activity concentration in Tin Slag is higher than 1 Bq/g for Th-232, Th-228, U-238 and Ra-226. K-40 is still at a natural level that is a maximum of 2,16 Bq/g from the maximum limit specified 10 Bq/g. As a consequence of the high level of activity of Th-232 and U-238 series is Tin Slag in this research has characteristic of average value of Radium Equivalent Activity (Raeq) and External Hazard Index (Hi) respectively 27,08 Bq/g and 73, 14 while the maximum limit determined by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 2000 was 0.37 Bq/g for Raeq and 1 for Hi. Another consequence is the high absorption dose and high the effective dose will be received by the workers. In present research we found high value for absorption dose and effective dose are respectively 12104 nGy/hour and 23.04 mSv/year. From the simulation using the RESRAD ONSITE device is known that effective dose will increase up to the maximum limit (27.17 mSv/year ) in the 20th year. It is above the threshold 20 mSv/year for radiation workers. In addition, from dose contribution pattern ,we found from total contribution dose is more than 50 % dominated by Th-232 series. The probability of cancer indicate a maximum value of 63 x 10-3, this means there are 63 out of 1000 events, this value is also above the threshold value set by United States Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) on scale 10-4."

"Kabupaten Bangka Tengah, Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung terdapat banyak aktivitas pertambangan timah setiap tahun yang menghasilkan kolam- kolam air bekas pertambangan timah atau “kolong” yang tersebar dan terus bertambah banyak. Namun, penelitian mengenai pemanfaatan air kolong pertambangan timah belum tersedia, sehingga kajian pemanfaatan air kolong perlu dilakukan. Air kolong diidentifikasi tahun 2015 dan 2023 di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah berdasarkan Sentinel-1 SAR melalui GEE. Empat puluh sampel air kolong diuji kualitas air di lapangan. Penentuan prioritas pemanfaatan air kolong menggunakan AHP dan MCA berdasarkan luas air kolong, kualitas air kolong, jarak dari permukiman, jarak dari fasilitas umum, dan jarak dari pertanian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa luas kolong terkecil terdeteksi dua hektare. Jumlah air kolong di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah tahun 2015 dan 2023 masing-masing sebanyak 114 dan 137 air kolong. Lebih dari 35 persen kolong memiliki luas lebih dari 5 hektare. Total luas kolong tahun 2015 tercatat 2005 hektare dan tahun 2023 meningkat menjadi 2215 hektare. Kedua, pH dari tiga sampel air kolong 11, 15, dan 40 memenuhi standar kualitas air bersih. Hampir seluruh sampel air kolong di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah rendah dan memiliki nilai pH sebesar 3 – 6,49. Dua sampel air kolong 14 dan 18 rendah dan memiliki nilai oksigen terlarut sebesar 3,3 dan 1,2 mg/L. Ketiga, para pakar mempertimbangkan kualitas air kolong lebih penting daripada variabel lainnya. Kawasan prioritas pemanfaatan air kolong di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah yang sangat sesuai sebesar 1209 hektare menjadi pertimbangan perencanaan pemanfaatan air kolong untuk memenuhi keperluan air bersih masyarakat.

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Tin mining activities in Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Island Province produce ex-tin mining ponds or "Kolong". It is scattered and increases yearly. Kolong usage research is not provided, hence the research needs to be fulfilled. Kolong was identified in 2015 and 2023 in Bangka Tengah Regency based on Sentinel-1 SAR through Google Earth Engine (GEE). Forty water samples for water quality were measured in the field. Determining priorities for kolong usage uses AHP and MCA based on the kolong area, water quality in kolong, settlements distance, public facilities distance, and agriculture distance. The research results show the smallest pond detected was 2 hectares. The number of kolong in Bangka Tengah Regency in 2015 and 2023 are 114 and 137 kolong. More than 35 percent of ponds have areas of more than 5 hectares. The total area of the pond in 2015 was identified at 2005 hectares and 2215 hectares in 2023. Second, the pH of three water samples (11, 15, and 40) are clean water quality standards. Almost all water samples in Bangka Tengah Regency have pH in low (3 – 6.49). The DO of two water samples (14 and 18) is not high (3.3 and 1.2 mg/L). Third, the experts consider that water quality in Kolong is more important than other variables. The priority area for kolong usage in Bangka Tengah Regency is very suitable at 1209 hectares, which is the consideration for planning the kolong usage for the society."

"This dissertation discusses about the tin mining in Bangka community in Penagan village, Province of Bangka-Belitung Islands, particularly on relations of strength in the activity structure of tin mining performed by the miners (individuals or groups) in organizing the control, exploitation, management and distribution of the resources in the area. Tin mining activities performed by Bangka people in Penagan is called TI forming inseparable part of Bangka people life. In these activities, the miners are connected in the context of relation of power based on the strength of each miner. The relation of strength and powers is not only demonstrated by the statue and role between Boss and subordinates in TI activities but also among TI with other miners interested in tin resources.In this dissertation, i will show the relation of power in the social structure being the function of mutual relations of strength among the miners based on the capabilities and capacity of each miner in such structure. The powers of each miner includes capital and symbols of relaionship regularly reproduced to strengthen the existing relation. Mutual relation is functionally empowered by the miners to maximize the economic benefit from available resources in the walks of life of the ccommunity. Tin mining structure is a siymbiotic and mutual cooperation network (mutual and profit exchange) primarily among the miners based on economic benefit of tin resource, where the fund will then become collective standard of the miners and business groups. The strength held by each miner in the context of tin resources control and tin mining activities indicate no dualism of the strength of the miner binding of free. In term of mining context, the existing strength is independent or binding. There is no miner who can directly control by the power it owns in tin mining activities. This is attributable to the fact that tin, as a resource in social system of tin mining is considered as collective resources.Research methodology used in this dissertation is qualitative research method with observation technique and in-depth interview. Specifically, it uses ethnography method resulth in deep and holistic examination on tin mining performed by Bangka community in Penagan. The period of data collection began from the early 2005 until August 2006. I use the approach referring to the relations of power and strength among the miners in the tin mining structure which includes control, management and organizing of tin resources. The relation of powers among the miners is based upon the strength of the miners to influence and or to control other miners."

"Ekstratksi tin dari sumber sekunder terbukti menjadi alternatif yang atraktif melihat dari permintaan produksi timah yang terus bertumbuh. Terak timah, yang tergolong sumber sekunder, masih menyisakan timah oksida sekitar 1 sampai 3%. Literature studi menunjukkan, untuk melakukan leaching dari terak timah secara efektif, formasi silica gel harus di cegah, oleh karenanya asam oksalat dipilih. Empat parameter leaching, konsentrasi asam oksalat, waktu, temperature, dan rasio, dipilih untuk mengekstrak tin (sebagai target) beserta titanium, tantalum, dan niobium. Eksperimen menunjukan, bahwa parameter leaching paling optimum berada di 24 jam waktu leaching, pada 50?C dan 10% rasio cairan dan solid.

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Recovering tin from secondary resource proves to be an attractive alternative tin resource to help satisfy the ever-growing tin demands. Tin slag, considered as a secondary resource, still consist of tin in the form of oxides approximately 1 – 3%. Studies found that in order to leach tin slag effectively the formation of silica gel has to be prevented, hence oxalic acid was chosen as the leaching reagent for the study. Four leaching parameters, oxalic acid concentration, leaching time, leaching temperature and solid liquid ratio, were tested through the experiment to extract tin as the primary metal, along with titanium, tantalum and niobium. The experiment concluded that the optimum leaching time is at 24 hours with a temperature of 50?C at 10% solid/liquid ratio."