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"Latar belakang: Metilasi dari gen promoter O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) adalah salah satu faktor yang berperan pada karsinogenesis dan berkembang menjadi marker dalam menilai progresivisitas dan respons terapi astrositoma. Tujuan: Untuk mendapatkan gambaran frekuensi status metilasi gen promoter MGMT pada pasien astrositoma menggunakan methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) dan methylation specific high resolution melting (MS-HRM). Metode: Dilakukan pengumpulan data klinis, imajing dan blok parafin jaringan astrositoma di RSCM dalam kurun waktu 2008-2012. Status metilasi gen promoter MGMT dianalisis menggunakan MS-PCR dan MS-HRM serta dihubungkan dengan berbagai faktor prognostik klinis. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian potong-lintang. Hasil: Didapatkan 13 sampel yang terdiri dari 7 astrositoma derajat rendah dan 6 astrositoma derajat tinggi. Metilasi gen promoter MGMT didapatkan pada 1/13 sampel astrositoma dengan MS-PCR dan 4/13 sampel dengan MS-HRM yang seluruhnya adalah astrositoma derajat rendah. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara status metilasi gen promoter MGMT dengan derajat keganasan astrositoma yaitu astrositoma derajat rendah 4/7 sampel, tanpa ditemukan pada astrositoma derajat tinggi (p=0.049) sedangkan faktor lain seperti usia, jenis kelamin, karnofsky performance scale (KPS), lokasi astrositoma dan derajat WHO tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna (p= 1,000; p= 0,657; p= 0,354; p= 0,538). Simpulan: Penelitian saat ini menunjukkan frekuensi status metilasi gen promoter MGMT pada astrositoma sedikit berbeda dengan berbagai penelitian lain sebelumnya yaitu hipermetilasi hanya terjadi pada astrositoma derajat rendah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pertama di Indonesia yang melaporkan gambaran status metilasi gen promoter MGMT pada pasien astrositoma.

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Background: Astrocytoma is the most common primary central nervous system tumor with difficult management as it requires a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This multimodal approach increases patients survival rate significantly, however chemotherapy resistance is now commonly seen. One of the potential causes of chemotherapy resistance is the epigenetic factors from O6 methylguanine-DNAmethyltransferase (MGMT) gene. MGMT gene has role in DNA repair and also have a protective effect against exyogen and endogeneous alkylating agent. The methylation of MGMT gene promoter leads to the decrease of MGMT protein, attenuating its function. Therefore, the methylation status of MGMT gene promoter can act as an indicator for astrocytomas progresivity and treatment aggressiveness.

Objective: To determine the frequency of MGMT gene promoter methylation among patients with astrocytomas using methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) and methylation sensitive high resolution melting (MS-HRM).

Methods: Clinical data, imaging and parafin blocks from astrocytoma patients were collected in RSCM from 2008-2012. The methylation status of MGMT gene promoter was confirmed using MS-PCR and MS-HRM. This is cross-sectional study.

Results: The total of 13 samples collected including 7 low-grade and 6 high-grade astrocytomas. The MGMT gene promoter was methylated in 1/13 cases using MS-PCR and 4/13 cases using MS-HRM. All methylated cases were low-grade astrocytoma. There was significant association between methylation status of MGMT gene promoter with degree of malignancy which is 4/7 samples hypermethylated in low-grade with no hypermethylation in high-grade astrocytomas (p=0.049). While other factors like age, sex, KPS and astrocytomas location have no significant association (p= 1,000; p= 0,657; p= 0,354; p= 0,538).

Conclusions: The present study showed difference of methylation of MGMT gene promoter in astrocytomas with others studies which is hypermethylated MGMT only found in low grade astrocytomas. Our study was the first to report the frequency of MGMT promoter methylation among Indonesian astrocytoma patients."

"Latar Belakang: Gen MGMT berperan dalam mekanisme perbaikan DNA melalui transfer alkil mencegah terjadinya mutasi gen ? gen terkait orofacial cleft. Metilasi pada promoter gen MGMT mempengaruhi regulasi ekspresi gen tersebut.Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran kejadian metilasi gen MGMT penderita orofacial cleft.Metode: Dua puluh empat sampel orofacial cleft dan 24 sampel normal dilakukan deteksi status metilasi melalui methylation specific-PCR (MSP).Hasil: Diperoleh 33.3% orofacial cleft berstatus fully methylated dan 66.7% partially methylated. Sedangkan pada kontrol, 100% berstatus partially methylated.Kesimpulan: Terjadi metilasi gen MGMT pada penderita orofacial cleft dan distribusinya berbeda dengan individu normal (p=0.004).

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Background: MGMT gene plays a role in DNA repair mechanisms via the transfer of alkyl to prevent mutation of gene related orofacial cleft. Methylation at MGMT gene promoter has effect in the regulation of gene expression.

Objective: To determine MGMT gene methylation status in orofacial cleft.

Methods: Methylation status were detected in 24 orofacial cleft and 24 healthy individuals samples by methylation-specific PCR (MSP).

Results: 33.3% orofacial cleft were fully methylated and 66.7% were partially methylated. Meanwhile, in control group, 100% were partially methylated.

Conclusion: MGMT gene methylation occurred in orofacial cleft and the distributions are different from healthy individuals (p=0.004)."

"Endometriosis adalah sebuah penyakit yang dicirikan dengan implantasi jaringan endometrium di luar uterus. Endometriosis disebut sebagai penyakit hormonal. Salah satu hormon yang mempengaruhi patogenesis penyakit ini adalah hormon estrogen. Estrogen diduga dapat memicu proliferasi dan pertumbuhan jaringan endometrium ektopik. Sintesis estrogen dipengaruhi oleh faktor transkripsi SF-1 (Steroidogenic Factor-1). SF-1 berperan penting dalam sintesis aromatase, enzim kunci dalam biosintesis estrogen. Penelitian sebelumnya telah menunjukkan kemungkinan peran epigenetik dalam endometriosis, salah satunya adalah metilasi DNA pada gen SF-1. Promoter gen SF-1 pada jaringan endometriosis telah ditemukan mengalami hipometilasi yang menyebabkan SF-1 lebih banyak disintesis pada jaringan endometriosis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tingkat metilasi dari promoter gen SF-1 pada endometriosis ovarium dan peritoneum. Penelitian ini menggunakan 11 sampel jaringan endometriosis ovarium, 11 sampel jaringan endometriosis peritoneum, dan 11 kontrol. Jaringan endometriosis didapatkan dari pasien yang melakukan laparoskopi, sedangkan kontrol didapatkan dari pasien yang melakukan mikrokuretase. DNA dari sampel kemudian diisolasi dan dilakukan konversi bisulfit, kemudian dianalisis dengan methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). Analisis statistik yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah tes Kruskal-Wallis, yang dilanjutkan dengan analisis post-hoc menggunakan tes Mann-Whitney U. P-value kurang dari 0,05 dianggap signifikan. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan tingkat metilasi promoter gen SF-1 antara sampel endometriosis ovarium, endometriosis peritoneum, dan kontrol (p=0,001). Peneliti kemudian menemukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara kontrol dan endometriosis peritoneum (p=0,028), serta antara endometriosis ovarium dan peritoneum (p=0,028). Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kontrol dan endometriosis ovarium (p=1,00). Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan dalam tingkat metilasi promoter gen SF-1 dapat diasosiasikan dengan perkembangan endometriosis peritoneum. Sementara itu, perbedaan pada tingkat metilasi promoter gen SF-1 antara endometriosis ovarium dan peritoneum dapat menunjukkan perbedaan patogenesis antara kedua tipe endometriosis.

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Endometriosis is a disease characterized by implantation of endometrial-like tissues outside of uterus. Endometriosis is a hormonal disease. One of the hormones involved in its pathogenesis is estrogen. Estrogen is thought to induce proliferation and growth of ectopic endometrium tissues. Estrogen biosynthesis involved a transcription factor, SF-1 (Steroidogenic Factor-1) for synthesis of aromatase, a key enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis. Previous studies have shown the possibility of epigenetic role in endometriosis, one of them is in the DNA methylation of SF-1 gene. Promoter of SF-1 gene has found to be hypomethylated, causing an increase in the syntehsis of SF-1 in endometriotic tissues.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the methylation profile of SF-1 gene in peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis. This study used 11 samples of ovarian endometrial tissues, 11 samples of peritoneal endometrial tissues, and 11 controls. Endometrial tissues were obtained from patients underwent laparoscopy, while controls were obtained from patients underwent microcurretage. DNA from the samples were isolated, sodium bisulfite converted and then analyzed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). Statistical analysis used was Kruskal Wallis and continued with post hoc analysis using Mann-Whitney U test. A two-tailed p value less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. There was a significant difference between ovarian endometriosis, peritoneal endometriosis, and control with p = 0.001.

We further discovered that there was a significant difference between control and peritoneal endometriosis (p=0.028) and between ovarian and peritoneal endometriosis (p=0.028). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference between control and ovarian endometriosis (p=1.00). Our result suggested that the difference in methylathion profile of SF-1 gene may be associated with the development of peritoneal endometriosis. The difference in methylation profile between ovarian and peritoneal endometriosis might suggest different pathogenesis of both type of endometriosis."

"Gen P16INK4A merupakan gen yang berfungsi menghentikan siklus sel dan mengakibatkan cellular senescence yang berperan pada proses penuaan dan munculnya age-related disease salah satunya pada jaringan muskuloskeletal.Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan antara status metilasi gen P16INK4A dengan osteoporosis sebagai salah satu age-related disease. 181 sampel DNA wanita pasca menopause (68 sampel osteoporosis dan 113 sampel non-osteoporosis) dianalisis dengan teknik MS-PCR. 12 sampel (6,6%) fully methylated, 164 sampel (90,6%) partially methylated, dan 5 sampel (2,8%) fully unmethylated. Terjadi metilasi gen P16INK4A pada wanita pascamenopause, namun tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara status metilasi gen P16INK4A dengan osteoporosis pada wanita pasca menopause (p=0.652).

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P16INK4A is a tumor suppressor gene which function is stopping the cell cycle that cause on cellular senescence which plays role on aging process and agerelated disease in musculoskeletal organs.

This research has purpose to analyze the relationship between methylation status of P16INK4A gene with osteoporosis as one of the age-related disease. 181 DNA sample (68 osteoporosis and 113 nonosteoporosis) from postmenopausal women has been analyzed using MS-PCR technique. 12 (6,6%) carried fully methylated, 164 (90,6%) carried partially methylated, and 5 (2,8%) carried fully unmethylated. There is no significant association between methylation status of P16INK4A gene and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (p=0,652)."

"Latar Belakang: Metilasi di area promoter berpotensi mengakibatkan gene silencing pada gen CDH1 yang berperan penting dalam adhesi antarsel dan morfogenesis kraniofasial.Tujuan: Mengetahui distribusi metilasi antara individu cleft dan non-cleft. Metode: 24 sampel DNA penderita orofacial cleft dan 24 sampel kontrol dianalisis menggunakan teknik methylation-specific PCR (MSP).Hasil: Dari kelompok cleft didapatkan 5 sampel (20,83%) berstatus fully methylated dan 19 sampel (79,17%) berstatus partially methylated, sedangkan dari kelompok kontrol didapatkan 24 sampel (100%) berstatus partially methylated.Kesimpulan: Terjadi metilasi CDH1 pada penderita orofacial cleft, namun secara statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada distribusi status metilasi CDH1 antara individu cleft dan non-cleft (p=0,05).

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Background: Methylation at promoter area potentially results in silencing of CDH1 gene which plays important role in cell adhesion and craniofacial morphogenesis.

Objective: To obtain the distribution of CDH1 methylation in cleft and non-cleft individuals.

Methods: 24 DNA samples of individuals with orofacial cleft and 24 control samples were analyzed with methylation-specific PCR (MSP) technique.

Results: From cleft group, 5 (20.83%) were fully methylated and 19 (79.17%) were partially methylated; while from control group, 24 (100%) were partially methylated.

Conclusion: CDH1 methylation was observed in orofacial cleft affected individuals but there is no significant difference in CDH1 methylation status between cleft and non-cleft individuals (p=0.05)."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Metilasi menyebabkan perubahan ekspresi gen IL-8 yang berperan dalam kemotaksis neutrofil pada periodontitis. Tujuan: mengetahui distribusi status metilasi gen IL-8 pada periodontitis, dan perbedaan distribusi status metilasi IL-8 pada periodontitis dengan normal. Metode: modifikasi bisulfit dengan MS-PCR digunakan untuk menganalisis 65 subjek kontrol dan 35 subjek periodontitis. Hasil: 3 sampel (3%) berstatus fully methylated, 97 sampel (97%)berstatus partially methylated, dan tidak terdapat status fully unmethylated.Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara status metilasi gen IL-8 pada penderita periodontitis dan individu normal (p=>0.05).

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ABSTRACTBackground: methylation results in modification of IL-8 gene expression which acts as chemotaxis factor of neutrophil in periodontitis. Objectives: describe the distribution of methylation status of IL-8 gene in periodontitis and to observe the difference of methylation status distribution of IL-8 in periodontitis and healthy individuals. Methods: bisulfite modification and MS-PCR were used to analyze65 controls and 35 periodontitis subjects. Result: for all subjects, 3 samples (3%) were fully methylated, 97 (97%) partially methylated, and none fully unmethylated. Conclusion: no significant difference was found in the methylationstatus of IL-8 between periodontitis patients and healthy individuals (p=>0.05)."

"Latar belakang: Telah dilaporkan bahwa terdapat perubahan pada ekspresi dari ribuan gen di jaringan endometrium endometriosis, termasuk diantaranya adalah gen FN1 dan RAC1. Perubahan ekspresi gen tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh mekanisme epigenetik seperti perubahan tingkat metilasi DNA pada gen.Tujuan: Mengetahui tingkat metilasi DNA pada gen FN1 dan RAC1 serta ekspresi mRNAnya pada jaringan endometrium subjek endometriosis dan nir-endometriosis.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 40 dari jaringan endometrium subjek endometriosis dan subjek nir-endometriosis. Sampel diambil dengan teknik mikrokuretase di RSUPN Ciptomangunkusumo dan RS Fatmawati Jakarta. Pada jaringan kemudian dilakukan isolasi DNA dan RNA. Pada isolat DNA dilakukan konversi bisulfit, MSP, elektroforesis dan analisis intensitas pita menggunakan software ImageJ untuk mendapatkan data persentase tingkat metilasi DNA. Pada isolat RNA dilakukan qRT-PCR untuk mendapatkan ekspresi relatif mRNA gen FN1 dan RAC1.Hasil: Analisis persentase tingkat metilasi DNA promotor menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p=0,022) pada gen FN1 pada pasien endometriosis (37,95%) dibandingkan nir-endometriosis (59,22 %), sedangkan pada gen RAC1 tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p=0,63) dengan tingkat metilasi subjek endometriosis (28.45%) dan subjek nir-endometriosis (26.11%). Penelitian ini juga melaporkan terjadinya peningkatan ekspresi relatif mRNA gen FN1 dan RAC1 dibandingkan dengan subjek nir-endometriosis, namun secara statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05). Tidak terdapat korelasi bermakna antara tingkat metilasi gen FN1 dan RAC1 dengan ekspresi mRNAnya.Kesimpulan: Terjadi penurunan tingkat metilasi yang bermakna pada gen FN1 di jaringan endometrium endometriosis, namun tidak berkorelasi dengan peningkatan mRNA nya. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna tingkat metilasi dan ekspresi mRNA pada gen RAC1 di jaringan endometrium subjek endometriosis dibandingkan dengan nir endometriosis.

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It has been reported that there was a changes in the expression of thousands of genes in endometrial endometriosis tissues, including the FN1 and RAC1 genes. Changes in gene expression can be caused by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation in genes.

Objective: To determine the level of DNA methylation in FN1 and RAC1 genes and their mRNA expression in endometrial tissue of endometriosis and non-ndometriosis.

Method: This study was designed as cross sectional with a total sample of 40 of endometrial tissues in the subject of endometriosis and non-endometriosis. Samples were taken by microcuretase at Ciptomangunkusumo and Fatmawati Hospital, Jakarta. DNA and RNA was isolated. DNA isolates were converted by bisulfite procedure, MSP conversion, electrophoresis, analyzed intensity of the band which appeared on gel electrophoresis using ImageJ software to obtain the percentage data of DNA methylation level. In RNA isolates, it was analyzed using qRT-PCR methode to obtain the relative mRNA expression level.

Results: Analysis of percentage of DNA methylation level showed significant differences (p=0.022) in the FN1 gene (37.95%) compared to non-endometriosis (59.22%), whereas in the RAC1 gene there was no significant difference (p=0,63) with methylation level of endometriosis subjects (28.45%) and non-endometriosis subjects (26.11%). For relative mRNA expression of FN1 and RAC1 genes showed no significant differences (p> 0.05). For correlation in endometrial endometriosis showed no significant between the rate of methylation of the FN1 and RAC1 genes with their mRNA expression.

Conclusion: There was a significant decrease in DNA methylation level of FN1 gene in endometrial endometriosis tissues, but it did not correlate with the increasing in its mRNA expression. There was no significant difference in DNA methylation level and mRNA expression of RAC1 gene in endometrial tissues of endometriosis subjects compared to non-endometriosis."

"Latar Belakang: Enzim O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase MGMT merupakan suatu DNA-repair enzyme yang dapat menghambat proses kematian sel tumor akibat proses alkilasi oleh zat alkilasi termasuk zat kemoterapi. Enzim ini berhubungan dengan mekanisme pertahanan tumor terhadap zat kemoterapi. Eskpresi dari enzim MGMT ini ditemukan tinggi pada pada berbagai tumor termasuk glioma. Metilasi promoter MGMT mengakibatkan gen dalam sel tumor berhenti menghasilkan MGMT. Adanya metilasi dari promoter MGMT dihubungkan dengan respon yang lebih baik terhadap zat alkilasi termasuk kemoterapi. Status metilasi dari promoter MGMT pada pasien glioma dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan efektifitas kemoterapi dengan zat alkilasi. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil enzim O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase MGMT pada pasien glioma derajat tinggi dan glioma derajat rendah dan karakteristik pasien glioma di Departemen Bedah Saraf RS Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Metode: Peneliti mengumpulkan data profil MGMT yang diperiksa menggunakan methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction pada pasien glioma derajat tinggi dan glioma derajat rendah yang menjalani pembedahan di Departemen Bedah Saraf Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta dalam periode 1 tahun. Data berupa usia, jenis kelamin, Karnofsky Performance Scale KPS, and derajat serta jenis histopatologi tumor dikumpulkan. Hasil: Dalam periode 1 tahun terdapat 17 pasien dengan hasil histopatologi glioma derajat tinggi dan derajat rendah yang masuk kriteria inklusi. Promoter MGMT termetilasi ditemukan pada 11 pasien 64,7 dan tidak termetilasi pada 6 pasien 35,3. Promoter MGMT termetilasi methylated MGMT lebih banyak didapatkan pada pasien berusia ge; 40 tahun dibandingkan pasien yang berusia < 40 tahun 85,7 vs 50 dan pada pasien laki-laki dibandingkan perempuan 77,7 vs 50. Sedangkan berdasarkan KPS, promoter MGMT termetilasi ditemukan lebih banyak pada pasien dengan KPS > 70 dibandingkan dengan KPS le; 70 70 vs 57,1. Berdasarkan derajat keganasan, promoter MGMT termetilasi ditemukan lebih banyak ditemukan pada glioma derajat rendah WHO grade II dibandingkan pada glioma derajat tinggi WHO grade III dan IV 85,7 vs 50. Pada glioma derajat tinggi, promoter MGMT termetilasi ditemukan lebih banyak pada astrositoma/oligoastrositoma anaplastik WHO grade III dibandingkan glioblastoma WHO grade IV 66,6 vs 42,8. Pada glioma derajat rendah, promoter MGMT termetilasi ditemukan lebih banyak pada oligoastrositoma dibandingkan astrositoma difus 100 vs 75. Kesimpulan: Promoter MGMT termetilasi lebih sedikit ditemukan pada derajat tumor yang lebih tinggi WHO grade IV, KPS yang rendah, usia lebih muda saat diagnosis dan pasien wanita, meskipun perbedaannya belum dibuktikan signifikan secara statistik. Promoter MGMT termetilasi ditemukan lebih banyak pada tumor dengan komponen oligodendroglioma. Dibutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih besar untuk menentukan apakah metilasi promoter MGMT memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan faktor-faktor tersebut.

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Background: O6 methylguanine DNA methyltransferase MGMT is a DNA repair enzyme that correlates with resistance mechanism of tumors to chemotherapy. MGMT inhibits the killing process of tumor cells by alkylating agents including chemotherapy MGMT expression has been noted higher in several tumors including glioma.. Methylation of MGMT promoter inhibits the cells to produce MGMT. Methylation status of the MGMT promoter in gliomas is useful to predict the effectiveness of chemotherapy with alkylating agents.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate profile of MGMT enzyme and characteristic of low grade and high grade glioma patients in Neurosurgery Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta.

Methods: We evaluated data of MGMT promoter methylation status from methylation specific polymerase chain reaction result in low grade and high glioma patients who underwent surgical resection in Department of Neurosurgery, Cipto Mangunkusomo Hospital Jakarta. Demographic characteristic and clinical data of glioma patiens including age, sex, Karnofsky Performance Scale KPS, and grading of tumor were collected.

Results: In one year period, there are 17 patients with pathological finding of low grade and high grade gliomas met criteria of inclusion. Methylated MGMT promoter was found in 11 patients 64.7 and unmethylated in 6 patients 35.3. MGMT promoter methylation was observed more often in patients diagnosed in age more than 40 years old than in patient less than 40 years old 85,7 vs 50, and men than women 77,7 vs 50. In patients with KPS more than 70 and KPS 70 or less, methylation of MGMT promoter was observed in 70 and 57,1, respectively. Base on tumors grading, MGMT promoter methylation was observed more often in low grade gliomas WHO grade II than high grade gliomas WHO grade II and IV 85,7 vs 50. In high grade glioma, methylation was observed more often in grade III tumors anaplastic astrocytomas oligoastrocytomas than grade IV tumors glioblastomas 66,6 vs 42,8. In low grade gliomas, methylation was observed more in oligoastrocytomas than difus astrocytomas 100 vs 75.

Conclusions. MGMT promoter methylation was observed less in higher grade of tumors grade IV, lower KPS, younger age at time of diagnosis and female patients, although the differences were not statistically significant. MGMT promoter methylation was observed more often in gliomas with oligodendroglioma component. Further and larger scale of research is needed to determine whether MGMT promoter methylation significantly correlates with these factors. "

"Latar Belakang: TNF-α dan CXCL16 terlibat dalam patofisiologi endometriosis melalui regulasi respon inflamasi dan pengkode nyeri endometriosis. Peningkatan TNF-α berperan dalam jalur pensinyalan P53 untuk apoptosis. Darah menstruasi sebagai pelepasan jaringan endometrium dapat digunakan dalam mengidentifikasi biomarker untuk diagnosis penyakit endometriosis tanpa memerlukan biopsi. Metode: Sampel darah menstruasi subjek dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan pembalut kertas saring dan jaringan endometrium dikumpulkan dengan melakukan biopsi, yang kemudian diekstraksi DNA dan RNA-nya. Tingkat metilasi DNA diukur dengan menggunakan metode pyrosequencing. Tingkat ekspresi mRNA diukur dengan menggunakan metode qPCR dan dianalisis dengan metode Livak Hasil: Ekspresi mRNA gen TNF-α pada darah menstruasi pasien endometriosis meningkat signifikan 3,73 kali lipat dibandingkan ekspresi pada kontrol (p=0,005). Gen TNF-α mengalami hipermetilasi dan berbeda bermakna dalam darah menstruasi pasien endometriosis dibandingkan kontrol (p=0,008). Sedangkan ekspresi mRNA gen CXCL16 pada darah menstruasi pasien endometriosis meningkat 2,42 kali (p=0,030) dibandingkan ekspresi mRNA darah menstruasi pada kontrol. Gen CXCL16 mengalami hipometilasi (p=0,004). Pada P53 terjadi terjadi peningkatan ekspresi gen P53 1,52 kali. Ekspresi mRNA gen TNF-α dan CXCL16 pada subjek nyeri berat lebih tinggi dibandingkan subjek nyeri sedang, dan terdapat korelasi positive. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan ekspresi mRNA TNF-α dan CXCL16 dalam darah menstruasi pasien endometriosis dapat menjadi penanda langsung untuk mendiagnosis endometriosis. Namun, untuk memvalidasi lebih lanjut temuan ini dan mengeksplorasi potensi sebagai alat diagnostik, penelitian tambahan yang melibatkan kelompok pasien yang lebih besar diperlukan

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Background: TNF-α and CXCL16 are implicated in the pathophysiology of endometriosis through the regulation of inflammatory response and the coding of endometriosis pain. Elevated TNF-α is implicated in the P53 signaling pathway for apoptosis. Menstrual blood, as a discharge of endometrial tissue, presents an opportunity for identifying biomarkers for the diagnosis of endometriosis without resorting to biopsy. Method: Menstrual blood samples were collected using filter paper pads, and endometrial tissues were obtained via biopsy, from which DNA and RNA were extracted. DNA methylation levels were assessed using the pyrosequencing method after bisulfite conversion treatment. Meanwhile, mRNA expression levels were measured using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method and analyzed using the Livak method. Results: The mRNA expression of the TNF-α gene in menstrual blood of endometriosis patients increased significantly by 3.73 times compared to controls (p=0.005). The TNF-α gene exhibited hypermethylation, significantly differing in menstrual blood of endometriosis patients compared to controls (p=0.008). The mRNA expression of the CXCL16 gene in menstrual blood of endometriosis patients increased by 2.42 times (p=0.030) compared to controls, although there was no significant difference in expression between menstrual blood and endometrial tissue in endometriosis patients (p=0.173). The CXCL16 gene displayed hypomethylation (p=0.004). There was an increase in P53 gene expression, which was 1.52 times higher than in control menstrual blood. The mRNA expression of TNF-α and CXCL16 genes in subjects experiencing severe pain was higher than in those with moderate pain, and there was a positive correlation. Conclusion: This study suggests that increased mRNA expression of TNF-α and CXCL16 in menstrual blood of endometriosis patients may serve as direct markers for diagnosing endometriosis. However, further validation of these findings and exploration of their potential as diagnostic tools requires additional studies involving larger patient cohorts."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : Bagi para pekerja yang beraktivitas diluar ruangan dan siang hari tentu akan rentan terhadap keadaan yang disebut Heat Stress akibat pajanan panas. Jika kemampuan tubuh berkurang dalam rangka menurunkan suhu inti tubuh, maka akan membuat beberapa gangguan kesehatan bagi para pekerja. Asupan cairan yang cukup akan membuat pekerja lebih tahan terhadap dampak Heat Stress. Salah satu cara melihat kecukupan cairan tubuh adalah dengan melihat Status Hidrasi. Status Hidrasi dapat dilihat dengan mengukur Berat Jenis Urin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat Status Hidrasi pada pekerja Land Seismic serta melihat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Status Hidrasi serta ketaatan pekerja terhadap kebijakan perusahaan mengenai konsumsi air selama bekerja.Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain Cross Sectional dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 68 orang yang dipilih berdasarkan total sampel (1unit pekerja). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara, kuesioner, pemeriksaan fisik (Tinggi dan Berat Badan), pengukuran suhu lingkungan, dan pengukuran Berat Jenis Urin di akhir shift kerja. Pengukuran Berat Jenis Urin dilakukan dengan menggunakan Hand Refractometer. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan Chi Square.Hasil : Prevalensi Status Hidrasi yang TIDAK BAIK pada pekerja di akhir shift sebesar 42%. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi status hidrasi (Umur, Indeks Masa Tubuh, Asupan Cairan, Lama Kerja) yang diteliti tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan Status Hidrasi. Selain itu, tingkat kepatuhan pekerja terhadap kebijakan perusahaan sangat rendah yaitu hanya 1,2% pekerja yang patuh terhadap kebijakan perusahaan.

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ABSTRACT

Background : For workers who work outdoors and during the day would be prone to a condition called Heat stress due to heat exposure. If the ability of the body is reduced in order to lower the body's core temperature, it will create some health problems for workers. Adequate fluid intake will make workers more resistant to the effects of Heat Stress. One way to look at the adequacy of body fluids is to look Hydration Status. Hydration status can be seen by measuring Urine Specific Gravity. This study aims to look at Land seismic workers' hydration status and look at factors that affect the hydration status and also want to see workers adherences against company policy regarding the consumption of water during work.

Methode : This research using Cross Sectional design with 68 samples (total samples) . Data collected by interview, quesioners, physical check (body weight and Height), working enviroment temperature measurement, and Urin specific gravity measurement. Measurement of urine specific gravity using Hand- refractometer. Data analysed using Chi Square.

Result : The prevalence of hydration status is that classified as NOT GOOD (≥1.020) at end of shift at 42%. Factors that affect the hydration status (age, body mass index, intake of liquids, work time status) studied did not have a significant relation with the hydration status. In addition, the level of compliance of workers against company policy is very low at only 1.2% of workers who adhere to company policies."