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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui dan membandingkan pengaruh pastagigi yang mengandung theobromine dan hydroxyapatite terhadap kekerasan mikroemail gigi setelah direndam dalam minuman berkarbonasi. Penelitian inimenggunakan 21 spesimen mahkota gigi premolar satu rahang atas. Spesimendirendam dalam minuman berkarbonasi kemudian disikat dengan pasta gigi yangmengandung theobromine dan hydroxyapatite. Uji Kruskal-Wallis dan Mann-Whitney menunjukkan perubahan kekerasan yang signifikan setelah penyikatanselama 9 menit 20 detik menggunakan kedua pasta gigi pasca direndam dalamminuman berkarbonasi selama 10 menit. Peningkatan nilai kekerasan mikro emailgigi pada kelompok hydroxyapatite lebih besar dibandingkan kelompoktheobromine (p<0,05).

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ABSTRACTThis study is aimed to analyze the effect of theobromine and hydroxyapatitetoothpaste to enamel microhardess after immersion in carbonated drink. Thisstudy uses 21 upper first premolar crown specimen which is immersed incarbonated drink then brushed with theobromine and hydroxyapatite containingtoothpaste. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test shows significant difference ofmicrohardness after brushing for 9 minutes and 20 seconds using both toothpastesafter immersion in carbonated drink for 10 minutes with higher number inhydroxyapatite group than theobromine group (p<0,05)."

"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi karies gigi di Indonesia 90% (2010). "Suku Anak Dalam" di pedalaman hutan Provinsi Jambi menganut paham animisme yang mempunyai pantangan menggunakan pasta gigi. Tujuan Penelitian: Mengidentifikasi pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan murid "Sokola Rimba" serta kaitannya dengan kepercayaan memelihara kesehatan gigi dan mulut terhadap risiko karies gigi. Metode: Deskriptif kualitatif etnografi dan kuantitatif cross-sectional dengan metode convenience sampling. Hasil Penelitian: Status karies gigi menurut indeks deft anak usia 5-10 tahun 5,18; indeks DMFT anak usia 5-10 tahun 4,59 dan remaja usia 12-18 tahun 16,53. Kesimpulan: Status karies gigi berkaitan dengan perilaku dan kepercayaan masyarakat "Suku Anak Dalam".

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Background: Prevalence of caries in Indonesia is 90% (2010). "Suku Anak Dalam" in the jungle of Jambi Province believed in animism which prohibits the use of toothpaste. Objective: To identify the knowledge, attitudes, and practice "Sokola Rimba" students with its relation to the belief of maintaining dental and oral health on the risk of dental caries. Methods: Descriptive qualitative ethnographic and quantitative cross-sectional with convenience sampling method. Result: Caries status according to def-t index 5,18 children 5-10 years of age; DMF-T index of 4,59 children aged 5-10 years and adolescents aged 12-18 years are 16,53. Caries severity is related to the behavior and beliefs in "Suku Anak Dalam"."

"The National Socio-Economic Survey (NSES) 2001 collected data on the perceived dental illness, disturbance and its duration in dental treatment by health services, and in modern and traditional self-medication. The NSES data was analyzed to study the community perception towards dental illness and motivation for dental care. The prevalence of dental ilness was 1.2 per 100 respondents in the last one-month period prior to the survey, showing no significant difference when compared to NSES 1998 or 1.3 per 100 respondents. The perceived dental illness was most prevalent among the 35-39 years old subjects, at 1.8 per 100 respondents. Among these with dental illness, 67 percent of the cases had disturbed daily activity with an average duration of 4 days. Among those with dental illness, 69 percent of the cases ever had modern or traditional self-medication to overcome the symptoms. However, 36 percent of those with dental illness had further treatment by the health services, showing an increased coverage of health service treatments in 2001 compared to 1998 (13 percent of dental cases). Among these only 67 percent of the treatments were performed by dentists."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu paparan gel theobromine terhadap kekerasan permukaan email setelah demineralisasi dengan asam sitrat 1%. Spesimen email direndam asam sitrat 1% selama 2,5 menit lalu kemudian dipapar oleh gel theobromine 200 mg/l selama 16, 48 dan 96 menit. Nilai kekerasan email diuji menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester Shimadzu, Japan. Uji Wilcoxon dan Mann-Whitney menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penurunan nilai kekerasan email secara bermakna (p<0,05) setelah demineralisasi dengan asam sitrat 1% sebesar 35%-39%. Gel theobromine 200 mg/l dapat meningkatkan kekerasan email secara bermakna (p<0,05) yang telah didemineralisasi oleh asam sitrat 1%.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different exposure time of theobromine gel on enamel microhardness after demineralization with 1% citric acid. Specimens were immersed in 1% citric acid solution for 2.5 minutes and then were exposed to theobromine gel 200 mg/l for 16, 48 and 96 minutes. Enamel microhardness value was tested using Knoop Microhardness Tester Shimadzu Japan. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test showed significant reduction (p<0,05) of microhardness value for all specimens after demineralization with 1% citric acid about 35-39%. Theobromine gel could increase enamel microhardness significantly (p<0,05) after deminerlization with 1% citric acid."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek penyikatan pada permukaan email terhadap nilai kekasarannya setelah pemaparan gel theobromine 200 mg/L dengan durasi berbeda (8 menit, 16 menit, 32 menit) dan dengan pemaparan gel NaF 2% (16 menit), menggunakan Mitutoyo SJ 301, Jepang. Digunakan 24 spesimen gigi manusia premolar atas yang dibagi dalam empat kelompok. Analisa statistik dengan Kruskal Wallis dan Friedman menunjukkan penurunan nilai kekasaran pada semua spesimen setelah pemaparan gel theobromine dan peningkatan nilai kekasaran kembali setelah penyikatan. Nilai kekasaran kelompok gel theobromine (32 menit) setelah penyikatan masih lebih rendah daripada kekasaran awalnya.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brushing on enamel surface roughness after different exposure times from 200 mg/L theobromine gel (8 minutes, 16 minutes, 32 minutes) and of 2% NaF gel (16 minutes), using Mitutoyo SJ 301, Japan. Twenty four specimens of human upper premolar teeth were used and divided into four groups. Kruskal Wallis dan Friedman tests showed a decrease in roughness values after theobromine gel exposure in all specimens and an increase in roughness values after brushing. Surface roughness values of theobromine gel exposure (32 minutes) after brushing were lower than initial roughness."

"The aims of the study were to evaluate by spectrophotometer the in vivo colour changes resulting from the application of an in-office tooth bleaching system containing 28 % H2O2 by light-emitting diode (LED) activation and to determine whether the application of 5 % potassium nitrate 30 min before bleaching decreased tooth sensitivity. Thirty-two individuals were assigned randomly to two groups (n = 16). Group A received 5 % potassium nitrate as a desensitizing agent 30 min before bleaching with 28 % hydrogen peroxide activated by LED. Group B received glycerin as a placebo and the same bleaching protocol was applied. The colour of the right central incisor of each patient was measured visually and by spectrophotometer before bleaching, immediately thereafter, 15 days and 3 months later. Differences in L* a* b* values were tested with a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences in AE values were tested with ANOVA statistical analysis at a 0.05 level of significance. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were detected in L*, as well as in b* values, between initial (I) and post bleaching (PB) and between initial (I) and 3 months post-op. In contrast, there was no significant difference between PB and 3 months post-op. The a* values showed no statistically significant differences among the different time points. Tooth sensitivity decreased significantly when potassium nitrate was applied. In-office bleaching system gave quantitatively stable results over a 3-month period. Tooth sensitivity was reduced significantly, when a desensitizing agent was applied 30 min before treatment, but the efficacy of bleaching decreased."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pasta gigi pemutih terhadap kekerasan mikro email. Sampel yang digunakan adalah email gigi premolar manusia dan secara acak dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: 1-Pepsodent Whitening, 2- Formula Sparkling White, 3-Pepsodent Regular. Kekerasan mikro email diukur sebelum penyikatan, setelah penyikatan setara 1 dan 3 bulan oleh Knoop Microhardness Tester. Penyikatan dengan pasta gigi pemutih setara 1 bulan tidak menurunkan kekerasan mikro email secara signifikan, namun pada penyikatan setara 3 bulan terjadi penurunan kekerasan mikro email secara signifikan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyikatan dengan pasta gigi pemutih berpotensi menurunkan ketahanan email terhadap karies setelah penggunaan jangka panjang.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of whitening toothpaste on enamel microhardness. Human enamel samples were obtained from premolars and randomly divided into three groups: 1-Pepsodent Whitening, 2-Formula Sparkling White, 3-Pepsodent Regular. Microhardness testing was performed with a Knoop Microhardness Tester before brushing, after brushing for one and three months. There were no significant decrease in enamel microhardness values after one month brushing with whitening toothpaste, but after three months brushing there were significant decrease in enamel microhardness. It was concluded that whitening toothpaste has a potential to decrease enamel resistance to caries after using for a prolonged time."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pasta gigi nano kalsium karbonat dan siwak terhadap kekasaran permukaan email yang mengalami demineralisasi. Spesimen gigi manusia yang telah didemineralisasi dengan asam sitrat disikat setara 6 minggu dengan pasta gigi nano kalsium karbonat dan siwak.Kekasaran permukaan email diukur dengan Surface Roughness Tester, dan diamati melalui SEM, serta analisis unsur dengan EDS sebagai penunjang. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penurunan kekasaran permukaan email yang terdemineralisasi setelah penyikatan setara 6 minggu dengan pasta gigi nano kalsium karbonat dan siwak (p<0,05). Penyikatan pasta gigi nano kalsium karbonat dan siwak dapat menurunkan kekasaran permukaan email gigi yang terdemineralisasi.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to analyze the effect of nano calcium carbonate and siwak toothpaste to demineralized enamel surface roughness. Human tooth specimen which has been immersed in citric acid were brushed with nano calcium carbonate and siwak toothpaste for 6 weeks. Enamel surface roughness was tested with Surface Roughness Tester with supporting test SEM and EDS was taken.The application of nano calcium carbonate and siwak toothpaste for 6 weeks can decrease surface roughness of demineralized enamel (p<0,05). Brushing with nano calcium carbonate and siwak toothpaste can decrease surface roughness of demineralized enamel."

"Latar belakang: Masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut seperti karies gigi dan penyakit periodontal merupakan penyebab terbesar kehilangan gigi pada pasien lanjut usia (lansia). Kehilangan gigi pada lansia dapat menyebabkan kesulitan untuk mengunyah dan menggigit makanan sehingga fungsi mastikasi terganggu dan mengakibatkan pemilihan makanan tertentu. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kehilangan gigi dan faktor sosiodemografi (usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan dan status ekonomi) dengan kemampuan mastikasi pada lansia secara subjektif, serta menganalisis hubungan antara kehilangan gigi pada lansia dengan jumlah pemilihan jenis makanan, cara pengolahan makanan dan potongan/ukuran bahan makanan. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan desain cross sectional pada 100 pasien Puskesmas Kecamatan Kramat Jati, Jakarta Timur yang berusia 60 tahun ke atas. Dilakukan pemeriksaan kondisi kehilangan gigi berdasarkan indeks Eichner, serta wawancara kuesioner kemampuan mastikasi (Hanin) dan kuesioner pemilihan jenis makanan (Oey Kam Nio). Hasil Penelitian: Kehilangan gigi memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kemampuan mastikasi pada lansia (p=0.001), jumlah pemilihan jenis makanan, cara pengolahan makanan (mentah dan goreng), dan potongan/ukuran bahan makanan (sedang). Usia, tingkat pendidikan dan status ekonomi memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kemampuan mastikasi. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara kehilangan gigi, usia, tingkat pendidikan, dan status ekonomi dengan kemampuan mastikasi pada lansia.

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Dental and oral health problems such as dental caries and periodontal disease which are the biggest causes of tooth loss in elderly. Tooth loss in elderly can cause difficulty in chewing and biting food so disruption of mastication function and selection of certain food.

Objectives: o analyze relationship between tooth loss and sociodemographic factors (age, sex, education level and economic status) with subjective masticatory ability in elderly, analyze relationship between tooth loss in elderly and number of food choice, food processing method and food material size.

Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on 100 patients of Kramat Jati Sub-district Health Center, East Jakarta aged 60 years and over. Examination of tooth loss condition based on Eichner index and interview masticatory ability questionnaire (Hanin) and selection of food types questionnaire (Oey Kam Nio).

Results: Tooth loss has a significant relationship with masticatory ability in elderly (p=0.001), number of food choice, food processing method (raw and fried), and size of food (medium). Age, education level and economic status have a significant relationship with masticatory ability.

Conclusion: There is a relationship between tooth loss, age, sex, education level and economic status with masticatory ability in elderly. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ekstrak teh hijau dalam pasta gigi terhadap kekerasan email yang mengalami demineralisasi. Spesimen gigi manusia yang telah didemineralisasi menggunakan asam sitrat diaplikasikan larutan pasta gigi yang mengandung ekstrak teh hijau konsentrasi 5-15%. Bagian email gigi diuji dengan alat uji kekerasan Knoop. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan kekerasan email setelah diaplikasikan pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak teh hijau konsentrasi 5%, 10% dan 15% (p<0,05). Namun peningkatan kekerasan ini tidak berbeda bermakna antara tiap konsentrasi ekstrak teh hijau. Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak teh hijau konsentrasi 5% dalam pasta gigi sudah dapat meningkatkan kekerasan email yang mengalami demineralisasi.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of green tea contained toothpaste to demineralized enamel hardness. Human tooth specimen which has been immersed in citric acid were applied by toothpaste containing green tea extract concentration 5-15% and enamel hardness were tested with Knoop Microhardness Tester. The application of toothpaste containing green tea extract 5%, 10% and 15% can increase the hardness of demineralized enamel (p<0,05). However, the increasing hardness number was not significantly different between green tea extract concentrations. Green tea extract contained toothpaste with concentration 5% can increase the hardness number of demineralized enamel. "