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"This book examines the major social and economic impacts of the peak of the oil Age. It explains everything you need to know to understand peak oil and its world-changing consequences from an insider's perspective."

"ABSTRAKPada kondisi saat ini, jika beban puncak dibandingkan dengan daya mampupembangkit pada sistem kelistrikan wilayah Sumatera dengan menerapkan kriteriacadangan 35%, maka diperkirakan terjadi kekurangan sekitar 2.000 MW. Sumbergas bumi di wilayah Jambi dapat dipertimbangkan karena tersedia cadangan gasdan dapat digunakan sebagai energi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan listrik. Gas tidakmudah untuk disimpan dibandingkan dengan Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) yangbanyak digunakan sebagai bahan bakar pemenuhan beban puncak saat ini.Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif metodepenyimpanan gas. Kajian CNG Plant meliputi kajian keekonomian berupa NPV,IRR dan Payback Period serta analisis sensitivitas yang menggambarkansensitivitas proyek terhadap faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh. Analisis teknik dariCNG Plant juga dikaji untuk mendapatkan tekanan optimum pada CNG Plantserta analisis perbandingan keekonomian antara CNG dan BBM jenis HSD. Darihasil perhitungan keekonomian didapatkan harga jual gas dari CNG Plant sebesarUS$ 10,4/MMBTU dengan tekanan optimum CNG sebesar 3215 psia.Berdasarkan perhitungan didapatkan biaya pembangkit listrik tenaga gas dariCNG plant yaitu sebesar Rp. 1.735,34/kWh, sedangkan biaya pembangkit listriktenaga diesel sebesar Rp. 2.765,55/kWh sehingga ada penghematan sebesar Rp.1.030/kWh apabila digunakan gas CNG pada beban puncak. Potensi penghematandari sisi PLN apabila menggunakan gas CNG pada saat beban puncak adalahsebesar Rp. 530 Juta/hari

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ABSTRACTIn the current conditions, when compared the peak load with capable powergenerator in Sumatera area electricity system, when applying the 35% reservedcriteria, it is predicted that there is a shortage of around 2,000 MW. Sources ofnatural gas in Jambi region can be considered as available gas reserves and can beutilized as energy to meet the electricity needs. Gas is not easy to be storedcompared with fuel oil which is widely used as fuel for the fulfillment of the peakload now. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) can be an alternative method of gasstorage. Study of CNG Plant was included the study of economics in the form ofNPV, IRR and Payback Period as well as a sensitivity analysis that illustrates thesensitivity of the project on the factors that influence. Technical Analysis of CNGalso examined to obtain optimum pressure on the CNG Plant as well as theeconomics of comparative analysis between CNG and fuel oil types HSD. Fromthe calculation results obtained economical gas price of CNG Plant amounted toUS $ 10.4/MMBTU with CNG optimum pressure of 3215 psia. Based on thecalculation, the cost of gas power plant of CNG plant is Rp. 1735.34/kWh, whilethe cost of diesel power plant is Rp. 2765.55/kWh so that there is a savings of Rp.1.030/kWh when used CNG gas at peak loads. Potential savings of PLN sidewhen using CNG gas during peak load is Rp. 530 Million/day"

"Pada penelitian ini diformulasikan demulsifier untuk destabilisasi emulsi crude oil Jatibarang, agar diperoleh nilai % basic sediment and water (%BS&W) kecil dari 0,5 %. Karakterisasi fisik (Densitas, Spesific gravity, API gravity, pour point, dan viskositas kinematik) menunjukkan bahwa crude oil Jatibarang adalah heavy crude oil. Karakterisasi kimia didapatkan asphaltene content adalah 10,263 % (w/w), nilai % BS&W 59,8 % dan emulsi yang sangat stabil dengan jenis emulsi air dalam minyak W/O. Seleksi demulsifier didapatkan 3 demulsifier terbaik yaitu, EO PO kopolimer blok RSN 15,5, triol Polyeter EO PO kopolimer blok RSN 9,4 dan tetrol polyether EO PO kopolimer blok RSN 11. Campuran 2 demulsifier terbaik adalah triol polieter EO PO kopolimer blok RSN 9,4 dan tetrol polieter EO PO kopolimer blok RSN 11. Campuran 3 demulsifier diperoleh formula Mix 29-3 dengan perbandingan komposisi 60:20:20 (triol polieter EO PO kopolimer blok RSN 9,4 : tetrol polieter EO PO kopolimer blok RSN 11: EO PO kopolimer blok RSN 15,5), volume injeksi pada 60 μL/100 mL, suhu pemisahan optimal 80° C dengan toluen sebagai pelarut dan pada pH 7 sebagai kondisi optimal untuk memisahkan air dalam minyak hingga didapatkan nilai %BS&W 0,5 %. Pada beberapa formulasi ini bisa menurunkan nilai BS&W crude oil Jatibarang dari 59,8 % hingga 0,2 %.

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This research was formulated some demulsifiers to destabilization emulsion of Jatibarang crude oil, a purpose to getting crude oil with %BS&W less than 0,5 %. Physics characterization (Density, Spesific gravity, API gravity, pour point, and kinematics viscosity) showed which Jatibarang crude oil is heavy crude oil. Chemistry characterization was getting 10, 263 % (w/w) the asphaltene content, % BS&W is 59,8 % and stabil emulsion which the kind of emulsion is water in oil W/O. Selection of demulsifiers showed three best demulsifiers, EO PO copolymer block RSN 15,5, triol Polyether EO PO copolymer block RSN 9,4 and tetrol polyether EO PO copolymer block RSN 9,4. Best mixture for two demulsifier is triol poliether EO PO copolymer block RSN 9,4 and tetrol polyether EO PO copolymer block RSN 11. Best mixture for three demulsifier is Mix 29-3, formula 60:20:20 (triol polyether EO PO copolymer block RSN 9,4 : tetrol polyether EO PO copolymer block RSN 11 : EO PO copolymer block RSN 15,5), injection concentration is 60 μL/100 mL, optimal temperature separation is 80° C with toluen as solvent delivery and pH 7 areoptimal conditional to separates water from crude oil till %BS&W less than 0,5%. Some formulation could decrease % BS&W Jatibarang crude oil from 59,8 % to 0,2 %."

"ABSTRAKSebagai salah satu negara maritim terbesar di dunia, moda transportasi Indonesia lebih cenderung condong kepada transportasi laut. Salah satu sektor yang menitik beratkan distribusinya menggunakan transportasi laut adalah sektor minyak dan gas bumi. Pengoptimasian biaya transportasi laut ini telah dilakukan dengan berbagai metode agar dapat menghasilkan biaya yang seminim mungkin dengan kelebihan dan kekurangan yang dimiliki masing-masing metode. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan klasterisasi pola distribusi minyak bumi menggunakan pendekatan graph mining. Dengan melakukan single linkage clustering dengan tujuh fungsi graph, didapatilah pembangunan hasil klaster dengan menggunakan gabriel graph dan minimum spanning tree memberikan hasil yang terbaik. Klaster pola yang dihasilkan selanjutnya dapat digunakan untuk proses pengoptimalisasian pola distribusi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa jumlah klaster terbaik dan feasible adalah sebanyak 43 klaster.

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ABSTRACTAs one of the largest maritime countries in the world, Indonesia transportation modes are more likely inclined to sea transport. One sector that the distribution are mainly using sea transport is oil and gas sector. Optimizing the cost of sea transport has been carried out by various methods in order to produce cost as little as possible with the advantages and disadvantages of each method. In this research petroleum distribution pattern clasterization is done by using graph mining approach. By conducting single linkage clustering with seven graph function, the result shows that clustering using gabriel graph and minimum spanning tree gives the best result. The clustered patterns result then can be used for the process of optimizing the distribution pattern. The result shows that the best and feasible number of cluster can be built is 43 clusters"

"Speech coder is one of the most important part of communication systems. Speech signal can be represented as a combination of many sinusoidal signals....."

"This book helps readers sort through energy hype, doom and gloom, and misinformation to understand what really matters in energy, and how it impacts individuals, investors, businesspeople, and policy makers worldwide. The book covers the overall global energy situation, the particular risks for the U.S. with its present energy mix, the energy outlook for the developed world and emerging economies like China and India, what peak oil really means, and the present and likely future of natural gas, coal, oil, nuclear power, and alternative energy sources."