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"Pterygium is an epithelial conjunctiva bulbi and connective tissue growth that could cause viston problem. Pterygium is mainly found at tropical and subtropical areas. There is no accurate data about pterygium prevalence in Indonesia.Those analyzed were respondents aged 5 years and more from Basic Health Research (RISKESAS) 2010, a cross sectional non intervention study. Diagnosis was made using flashlight and compared it to a chart. Results: The prevalence of pterygium at both eyes was 3.2% and at one eye was 1.9%. The highest prevalence of pterygium atboth eyes was at West Sumatra province (9.4%), the lowest prevalence was at Jakarta province (0. 4%). The highest prevalence of pterygium at one eye was at West Nusa Tenggara province, the lowest was at Jakarta province (0. 2%). The lowest prevalence of pterygium at both eyes as well as at one eye was at those aged 5-9 years (0. 03%) while the highest prevalence were found at age 70 years and more. The prevalence of pterygium at both eyes and the prevalence of pterygium at one eye based on gender were almost similar, the prevalence of pterygium among farmers was the highest (6.1%)and the lowest were among school children (1.0%); the highest prevalence were those with no schooling (11.0%) and the lowest were those that finished Junior High School (1.6%); the highest was at rural area for both eye (3.7%) as well as for one eye (2.2%) as compared to urban area. The prevalence of pterygium of both eyes was highest at lowest household expenditure (3.2%) while the lowest for one eye pterygium ( 1. 7%) at highest household's expenditure. Pterygium is a community health problem at rural areas especially among farmers and sailors that were used for high sunlight exposure. This type eye problem increased among those who lived in the equator. "

"Sistem penghantaran obat optalmik dalam bentuk obat tetes mata memiliki waktu tinggal dan bioavailibilitas yang rendah. Maka, untuk meningkatkan waktu tinggal obat pada mata, dilakukan pengujian untuk memuat lensa kontak komersial dengan nanopartikel magnetik (Fe3O4) dan nanopartikel disprosium (Dy). Penelitian dilakukan dengan mensintesis nanosphere Fe3O4-PEG-Dy2O3 dan nanorod Dy(OH)3, kemudian memuat kedua jenis nanopartikel pada permukaan lensa kontak hidrogel poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (p-HEMA). Hasil karakterisasi XRD dan TEM menunjukkan nanosphere Fe3O4-PEG-Dy2O3 dan nanorod Dy(OH)3 yang disintesis berukuran ±13,67 nm dan ± 96,50 nm dengan diameter ± 19,30 nm. Kedua jenis nanopartikel yang dihasilkan menunjukkan sifat fotoluminesensi yang sesuai dengan sifat fotoluminensi senyawa disprosium yaitu memiliki emisi warna kuning pada panjang gelombang 575 nm. Hasil karakterisasi SEM menunjukkan perubahan penampakan permukaan lensa kontak sebelum dan sesudah termuat nanopartikel yaitu dengan penampakan agregat partikel pada permukaan lensa kontak. Efisiensi penempelan dan profil pelepasan nanopartikel pada lensa kontak menunjukan hasil efisiensi muatan terbaik yaitu sebesar 36,12 % oleh nanorod Dy(OH)3 pada konsentrasi 0,50 mg/mL, sedangkan efisiensi muatan terbaik oleh nanosphere Fe3O4-PEG-Dy2O3 adalah sebesar 30,72% pada konsentrasi 0,50 mg/mL. Pelepasan nanopartikel dari permukaan lensa kontak terjadi pada jam ke-6 hingga jam ke-10, yang menunjukan potensi kedua jenis nanopartikel untuk sistem penghantaran obat melalui permukaan lensa kontak.

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Ophtalmic drug delivery system via eye drops shows low residence time and low bioavailability. This paper proposes an approach to increase residence time of drug, study conducted of loading magnetic and dysprosium nanoparticles to soft contact lenses for ophthalmic drug delivery. Nanospheres Fe3O4-PEG-Dy2O3 and Dy(OH)3 nanorods have successfully synthesized, then the nanoparticles are loaded to the surface of poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (p-HEMA) contact lenses.

TEM and XRD characterization results showed that Fe3O4-PEG-Dy2O3 nanospheres and Dy(OH)3 nanorods have sizes of ±13,67 nm dan ± 96,5 nm with diameter ± 19,3 nm respectively. Both nanoparticles showed photoluminescence characteristics of dysprosium which shows emission at 575 nm of yellow luminescent.

SEM image of contact lens showed the difference of blank contact lens and the nanoparticle loaded contact lens with the appereance of particle aggregates on the surface of contact lenses. Nanoparticles attachement efficiency and the nanoparticles release profile were measured shows the best loading efficiency is from Dy(OH)3 nanoparticle with concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, while nanospheres Fe3O4-PEG-Dy2O3 shows 30,72% loading efficiency with concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Complete nanoparticle release from contact lens happens in 6-10 hours, thus shows the potential of this nanoparticles for drug delivery system via contact lens."

"Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa penglihatan merupakan hal yang amatvital dalam kehidupan manusia terlebih-lebih jika dlkaitkan pekerjaan.Hampir semua jenis pekerjaan memerlukan fungsi penglihatan yangnormal. Dengan demikian satu tujuan kerja yang paling utama yakniuntuk meningkatkan produktifitas dapat di capai secara optimal.Masalahnya adalah ada satu jenis kelainan penglihatan yangprevalensinya cukup besar yaitu kelainan refraksi. Hal ini umumnyaterjadi karena pengaruh keturunan (tidak dapat dirubah) dan pengaruhIingkungan. Bahkan ada data yang menunjukan bahwa kebutaan akibatdari kelainan refraksi di Indonesia sebesar 0,06%. Jadi kalau dlilihat darijumlah penduduk Indonesia sekarang yang + 200 juta, maka kebutaankarena ini berkisar 120.000 orang, jumlah yang cukup besar.Efeknya adalah orang tidak blsa bekerja secara produktif dan sedikitbanyak akan menjadl beban baik individu bersangkutan ataupun negarasecara keseluruhan."

"Pendahuluan: Glaukoma primer sudut tertutup akut (GPSTA) adalah penyakit mata yang disebabkan oleh tertutupnya seluruh anyamari trabekulum oleh pangkal iris secara mendadak. GPSTA menycbabkan kcbutaan yang bersifat permanen. Penanganan cepat dan segera adaiah mutlak untuk mencegah kebutaan. Penatalaksanaan awal adaiah menurunkan TIO secepat mungkin dengan pemberian medikamentosa gabungan inisial atau parasentesis yang dilanjutkan dngan Iridektomi Perifer Laser (IPL). Proses infiamasi ras Asia Iebih berat dan TGP-B2 dan TNF-a merupakan petanda iskemia dan inflamasi.Tujuan: (1) Menilai rcspons parasentesis pada pasien GPSTA; (2) Membandingkan kadar TGP-B2 dan TNF-a humor akuos pasien GPSTA dengan pasien katarak; (3) Menilai efek pemberian deksametason terhadap kadar TGP-B2 dan TNF-a humor akuos pasien GPSTA; (4) Memperhitungkan faktor risiko terhadap suksesnya IPL pada pasien GPSTA.Bahan dan Cara: Penelitian ini merupakan studi prospektif dengan uji pra-pasca untuk menilai respons parasentesis dan studi komparatif belah lintang untuk membandingkan kadar TGP-B2 dan TNF-a humor akuos pasien GPSTA dengan pasien katarak. Untuk menilai efek deksametason terhadap kadar TGF-B2 dan TNF-a humor akuous dilakukan studi ldinis acak terkontrol tersamar ganda. Untuk mencari faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan IPL dilakukan perhitungan bivariat, dilanjutkan regresi logistik. Subjek penelitian adalah semua pasien GPSTA dengan Iama serangan di bawah 1 bulan.Hasil penelitian analisis pada 45 mata pasien GPSTA yang menjalani parasentesis, TIO awal turun. Kadar TGF-B2 dan TNF-a humor akuos pasien GPSTA, rnasing-masing, 4 kali dan 3 kali dari pasien katarak. Setelah IPL dan randomisasi antara kelompok kontrol dan deksametason, deksametason menurunkan kadar TGF-B2 dan TNF-a pasien GPSTA secara tidak signifikan. Faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan IPL adalah respons TIO pascaparascntesis dan luas SAP. Inflamasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap IPL, tetapi sekuele yang diakibatkannya mempengaruhi tindakan tersebut, yaitu SAP. Selain itu, faktor respons terhadap tindakan parasentesis juga turut berperan secara signifikan.Kesimpulan: Tindakan parasentesis menurunkan TIO awal pasien GPSTA. Kadar TGF-B2 dan TNF-a humor akuos tinggi pada pasien GPSTA. Pengaruh deksametason menurunkan kadar TGP-B2 dan TNF-a secara tidak signifikan. Keberhasilan tindakan IPL adalah 95% pada pasien GPSTA yang mempunyai respons baik terhadap parasentesis dengan luas SAP di bawah 4 jam. Sebaliknya, bila pasien GPSTA tidak memberi respons baik pascaparasentesis dan luas SAP 9-12 jam, maka keberhasilan IPL hanya 5%.

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Introduction: Acute primary angle closure glaucoma (APACG) is an eye disease caused by sudden closure of trabecular meshwork by the iris root. APACG could cause permanent blindness. Rapid management was essential in preventing blindness. Early management of this disease was done by reducing IOP as quickly as possible by the administration of initial combined medications or paracentesis, followed by laser peripheral iridectomy. Inflammatory process in the Asian race was more severe and TGP-B2 and TNF-a. constituted the signs of ischemia and inflammation.Objective: (1) To evaluate the response to paracentesis in APACG patients; (2) to compare the TGP-B2 and TNF-a levels of aquous humor in APACG patients and cataract patients; (3) to analyze the effects of the administration of dexamethasone on the TGF-B2 and TNF-a levels of aquous humor in APACG patients; (4) to calculate the risk factors against the success of laser peripheral iridectomy in APACG patients.Material and methods: This study was a prospective study with pre-post tests design to evaluate the response to paracentesis. Cross-sectional comparative study was perfomied to compare the TGF-B2 and TNF-a. levels of aquous humor in APACG patients and cataract patients. To evaluate the effects of dexamethasone on the TGF-B2 and TNF-a levels of aquous humor, a double-mask, randomized controlled trial was performed. To identify the risk factors affecting the success of laser peripheral iridectomy, a bivariate calculation was done, followed by logistic regression calculation. The subjects of the study were all APACG patients with the duration of attack under one month.Results: Analysis in 45 eyes of APACG patients undergoing paracentesis showed t.hat early IOP decreased by 49%. The TGF-B2 and TNF-a levels of aquous humor in APACG patients were four and three times as high as those in cataract patients respectively. After laser peripheral iridectomy and randomization between the control group and dexamethasone group, it showed that dexamethasone reduced the TGF-B2 and TNF-a levels of APACG patients insignificantly. The risk factors affecting the success of laser peripheral iridectomy was the response to IOP after paracentesis and the size of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS). Inflammation did not affect laser peripheral iridectomy; however, the sequele that it caused affected the intervention, i.e. PAS. In addition, the response factor inparacentesis also played a significant role.Conclusion: Paracentesis could reduce early IOP in APACG patients. The TGF-B2 and TNF-a levels of aquous humor were high in APACG patients. The effect of dexamethasone in reducing the TGF-B2 and TNF-a levels was not significant. The success rate of laser peripheral iridectomy was 95% in APACG patients with good response to paracentesis with the size of PAS under 4 hours. By contrast, if APACG patients did not give a good response to paracentesis and the size of PAS was 9-12 hours, the success rate of laser peripheral iridectomy was only 5%."

"Latar Belakang: Keluhan iritasi mata banyak terdapat pada pekerja emping yang terpajan asap pembakaran kayu. Keluhan yang dirasakan adalah mata perih, gatal, merah dan berair. Pekerja masih menggunakan tungku lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh desain tungku terhadap penurunan derajat iritasi mata akibat asap pembakaran kayu. Metode Penelitian: Desain kuasi eksperimen dua kelompok, menggunakan intervensi desain tungku baru untuk mengeliminir asap pembakaran kayu. Dilakukan pada 44 orang pekerja emping perempuan. Data dikumpulkan dengan wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik mata. Subyek penelitian mempunyai kriteria inklusi masa kerja ≥ 1 tahun dan bersedia menjadi responden dengan menandatangani informed consent, kriteria eksklusinya adalah tidak mengalami penyakit mata merah lainnya selain iritasi mata akibat kerja, mempunyai riwayat atopi dan menggunakan obat yang dapat mempengauhi air mata, seperti antihistamin, antiglaukoma, AINS dan antipsikotropica. Hasil: Hasil menunjukkan adanya penurunan derajat iritasi mata pada kelompok studi setelah intervensi selama 14 hari sebesar 89% (Tabel 4.6). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok studi dan kontrol dalam perubahan iritasi mata dengan nilai p = 0,000 (Tabel 4.7). Kesimpulan. Kelompok kontrol mempunyai kemungkinan 8 kali untuk mengalami iritasi mata yang buruk dibandingkan dengan kelompok studi, p = 0,000, RR = 8, CI 95% (2,08 ? 30,74). Hipotesis terbukti bahwa terjadi penurunan derajat iritasi mata sebesar 89% pada pekerja emping setelah menggunakan desain tungku baru selama empat belas hari.

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Background: There are many eye irritation complaints in workers exposed to the wood burning smoke. Perceived grievances are eye sore, itchy, red and watery. Workers are still using the old furnace. This study aims to examine the influence of furnace design to decrease the degree of eye irritation caused by the smoke of burning wood.

Method: Quasi-experimental design of the two groups, using a new furnace design interventions to reduce wood burning smoke. Conducted on 44 female workers emping. Data were collected through interviews, observation and physical examination eye. The respondents were met the inclusion criteria and did not meet exclusion. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 1 year of work and willing to be the subject of research. Exclusion criteria were having red eyes besides eye irritation due to work, have history of atopy and is undergoing treatment thay may influence the tears, like antiglaucoma, NSAIDs, antihistamines and antipsikotropica. Determination of the control group and the study is base on cluster random sampling with consideration of psychosocial and RT boundaries. Each group consisted of 22 respondents.

Results: The proportion of poor eye irritation in the study group preintervensi 81.8%, day 7th intervention 13.6% and 9.1% intervention 14th day (Table 4.6), meaning that a decrease in the degree of eye irritation with the use of a new furnace. Changes in eye irritation scores in the study group had occurred on the 7th day of the intervention by 83.3%, from preintervensi until the 14th day of the intervention of 88.9% and from day 7 until day 14 of 33.3 interventions %. Table 4.7 shows there is a significant difference between the control and study groups in terms of changes in the degree of eye irritation with p = 0.000.

Conclusion: The group that has the possibility of using the old furnace 8 times more likely to experience changes in eye irritation bad compared to the group using a new furnace with a value of p = 0.000, RR = 8.00, 95% CI (2.08 to 30.74). Hypothesis is proved that a decline in the degree of eye irritation of 88.9% in workers emping after using the new furnace design for fourteen days."

"Summary: The most concise, current, and comprehensive overview of general ophthalmology . extensively revised and updated. For five decades, General Ophthalmology has offered authoritative, state-of-the-art coverage of the diagnosis and treatment of all major ophthalmic diseases, as well as neurological and systemic diseases causing visual disturbances. The eighteenth edition builds on this tradition of excellence by offering an increased number of color illustrations, new chapters, and major revisions of existing chapters. To deliver all-inclusive coverage that encompasses pathophysiology, basic science, and the latest clinical perspectives. A must-read for medical students, ophthalmology residents, practicing ophthalmologists, nurses, optometrists, clinicians in other fields of medicine and surgery, and health-related professionals."

"Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh suplementasi 500 mg vitamin C, 6 mg beta-karoten dan 400 IU alfa-tokoferol sehari selama. 2 minggu terhadap fimgsi makula perokok sedang.Desain: Uji klinik eksperimental secara acak dan tersamar gandaMetode: Empat belas perokok sedang mendapatkan suplementasi antioksidan (kelompok perlakuan) 500 mg vitamin C, 6 mg beta-karoten dan 400 IU alfa-tokoferol sehari selama 2 minggu. Empat belas perokok sedang mendapatkan plasebo (kelompok kontrol). Pemeriksaan fovea! threshold, photopic electrorelinography (ERG) dan kadar antioksidan total serum dilakukan pre- dan post-suplementasi.Hasil: Foveal threshold pads kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol bertuut turut adalah 35,0 ± 3,1 dB dan 31,1 ± 3,0 dB. Amplitudo photopic ERG pada kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol berturut turut adalah 124,3 ± 34,5 pV dan 72,1 ± 19,9 V. Waktu implistt photopic ERG pads kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol berturut-turut adalah 33,8 ± 1,4 msec dan 36,6 ± 1,8 msec. Kadar antioksidan total serum pada kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol berturut turut adalah I,48 ± 0,09 mg/dL dan 1,39 ± 0,11 mg/dL. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antara kedua kelompok penelitian.Kesimpulan: Suplementasi 500 mg vitamin C, 6 mg beta-karoten dan 400 IU alfa-tokoferol sehari selama 2 minggu dapat meningkatkan fungsi makula perokok sedang, berupa peningkatan foveal threshold peningkatan amplitudo photopic ERG dan pemendekan waktu implisitphotopic ERG.

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Objective: To evaluate the effects of 2 weeks' supplementation of 500 mg vitamin C, 6 mg beta-carotene and 400 IU alpha-tocopherol daily on macular functions of moderate smokers.

Design: Randomized, double-blind experimental clinical trial

Methods: Fourteen moderate smokers assigned with antioxidants (subject group) 500 mg vitamin C, 6 mg beta-carotene and 400 IU alpha-tocopherol daily for 2 weeks. Fourteen moderate smokers assigned with placebo (control group). Pre- and post-supplementation examination of foveal threshold, photopic electroretinography (ERG) and serum total antioxidant level was done.

Results: Post-supplementation, foveal thresholds in subject group and control group were 35.0 + 3.1 dB and 31.1 + 3.0 dB respectively. Amplitudes of photopic ERG in subject group and control group were 124.3 + 34.5 p.V and 72.1 ± 19.9 RV. Implicit times of photopic ERG in subject group and control group were 33.8 ± 1.4 cosec and 36.6 + 1.8 cosec respectively. Serum total antioxidant levels in subject group and control group were 1.48 ± 0.09 mgldL and 1.39 + 0.11 mg/dL respectively. There were significant differences (p<0,05) between two groups.

Conclusion: Two weeks' supplementation of 500 mg vitamin C, 6 mg beta-carotene and 400 IU alpha-tocopherol daily significantly increases macular function of moderate smokers."