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"Since the concept of command responsibility in new in Indonesia, there are various misperception and misinterpretation on this matter. This article is dedicated to the millitary officers, judiciares, and lawyers in order to help them to understood the concept of command responsibility in international humanitarian law and also in human rights law and to avoid the misperception and misinterpretation. Several important element is discussed by the writer such as the concepts of command responsibility and superiors command, type of violation in international humanitarian law and human rights law, and the application of command responsibility"

"Application of Universal jurisdiction basically is an effort to avoid impunity. nevertheless in the reality its application often has been connected with state sovereignity. Recently we heard a strong reaction from Indonesia. Government about the indictment of General Wiranto and seven other military officers and also abilio Soares by special panel for serious crime unit in Dili Court, Timor Leste. This article explains several important aspects of human rights cases in order to be applicable with universal jurisdiction, such as: the type of crimes and the requirements based on international law"

"As first step to discuss "element of crimes" of Crimes Against Humaninty, the writer explain the concept of gross violation on human rights. This article focus on the normative and conceptual development of Crimes against Humanity:., its element of crime and its application. Furthrmore the discussion is focus on sexual crime, as mention in article 7 (g) the Rome statute of the International Criminal Court: rape, sexuality slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization or any other form of sexuality violence of comparable gravity or as mention in article 9 (g) UU no. 26/2000 about Human Rights Courts. The lack of attention toward gender based violence issue in the Indonesia law literature is one of the reason why the writer is writing about this issue"

"The Human Rights Court established in Indonesia is the first in its kind. Various opinion emerge regarding the exixtence of court. In one hand, Indonesia is considered against the international desire to bring the perpetrator to eliminate the assumption that Indonesia is unable and unwilling to bring the perpetrator who convicted breach gross violation on human rights. This article based on the writer personal explain the legal and non-legal difficult in the Indonesia HUman Rights Court."

"Pemberlakuan asas retroaktif dalam UU no 26 Tahun 2000 tentang pengadilan HAM merupakan kehendak pemerintah untuk menyelesaikan kasus-kasus pelanggaran HAM yang sudah menjadi duri dalam daging pemerintah Indonesia sejak zaman pemerintahan Soeharto. Kasus kekerasan seperti Timor Timur dan Tanjung Priok merupakan kasus-kasus pelanggaran HAM yang perlu diselesaikan."

"Hak asasi manusia adalah seperangkat hak yang melekat pada manusia dan universal. Pelanggaran terhadap HAM, baik yang dilakukan oleh aparat negara terhadap warga negara atau dilakukan oleh sesama warga negara, berarti mengingkari martabat manusia. Pelanggaran HAM-pun terbagi dua, yaitu pelanggaran HAM biasa dan pelanggaran HAM berat. Pelanggaran HAM berat menurut Pasal 7 Undang-Undang No. 26 Tahun 2000 Tentang Pengadilan HAM adalah pelanggaran HAM yang meliputi kejahatan genosida dan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Seiring dengan perkembangan masyarakat dan hukum, pada saat ini dikenal dua macam subjek hukum, yaitu subjek hukum manusia dan badan hukum (rechtpersoon/legal person). Badan hukum atau dalam lingkup hukum pidana disebut dengan korporasi, seperti perusahaan multinasional dan perusahaan raksasa, adalah suatu perusahaan yang memiliki kekuatan ekonomi yang sangat kuat, bahkan hingga melebihi kekuatan ekonomi suatu negara. Sampai pada saat ini, Indonesia belum memiliki perangkat hukum yang dapat meminta pertanggung jawaban korporasi atas pelanggaran HAM berat yang mungkin dilakukannya. Demikian juga dalam Rome Statute of The International Criminal Court, dimana Undang-Undang No. 26 tahun 2000 banyak mengadopsi konsep-konsep (materiil dan formil) yang berada didalamnya. Sehingga menarik untuk menganalisis perbuatan seperti apa yang (dapat) dikategorikan sebagai pelanggaran HAM berat oleh korporasi dan bagaimanakah pertanggungjawaban korporasi untuk diterapkan pada tindak pidana pelanggaran HAM berat. Dalam penelitian ini, metode yang akan digunakan adalah metode kepustakaan yang bersifat yuridis normatif. Alat pengumpulan data yang akan dipergunakan adalah studi kepustakaan. Kasus yang akan digunakan sebagai pengandaian untuk menjawab pokok permasalahan dan dianalisa dalam penelitian ini didasarkan pada pengajuan tuntutan sipil oleh International Labor Rights Fund atas nama tujuh lelaki dan empat wanita Aceh terhadap Exxon Mobil Corporation di Pengadilan Distrik Columbia. Metode pengolahan data yang digunakan adalah pengolahan data secara kualitatif, sehingga menghasilkan penelitian dalam bentuk deskriptif analitis.

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Human rights are a basic and fundamental rights entitled to every human being. Violation of human rights perpetrated by apparatus of a state or among citizen of a state indicates a denial of human race's dignity. There are two types of human rights violation, and gross violation of human rights. The article 7 of The Law No. 26 of 2000 concerning The Court of Human Right Violation defines gross violation of human rights as human rights intrusion that comprises of genocide and crimes against humanity. As legal science and society develops, two types of legal subject are already comprehended widely, natural person and legal person (rechtpersoon). Legal person in criminal law subject, namely corporation such as Multinational Corporation and other giant corporation are companies that possess large economic power that surpassed a state economic power.

Until this moment, Indonesia has not yet established any set of regulation to penalize corporations for gross violation of human right that might be committed during its business operation. Lack of regulation related to this issue also occurs in The Rome Statute of International Criminal Court that had been adopted to the Law No. 26 of 2000. This law adopted material and formal concept within the statute. It is interesting to analyze "a conduct" that can be categorized as gross violation of human right perpetrated by corporation, and whether or not a corporation could be held as liable for committing gross violation of human rights.

This research is a literature study using normative-juridical methods. Data collected in this research is mostly literatures and a case to presuppose the answer of the research questions is a civil suit by International Labor Rights Fund on behalf of seven men and four women from Aceh versus Exxon Mobil Corporation in Columbia USA District Court. Data analyses method in use for this research is qualitative methods, thus the result of this research will be in the form of analytic-descriptive report."

"Realizing a basic human right's court is not as easy writing or speaking, but it needs a concrete policy that is the commitment of a country to implement basic human rights in the social and political life as the realization of respect to the humanity of human beings. Indonesia is one of the countries which has clear commitment toward the protection of basic human rights as stated in the Preambule of The 1945 Constitution. Such as a commitment has been followed up by a concrete policy in the form of AdHoc Basic Human Right;s Court by the enactment of No. 26/2000 Law which was enacted in May 2002. Considering that Indonesia has not yet ratified the Statuta of International Criminal Court it is hoped that Human Right's Court in Indonesia would be able and willing to bring various cases of heavy violations toward basic human right's occuring in Indonesia nowadays to trial independently and impartialy. In other words The Basic Human Right's Court in Indonesia could convince the world that Indonesian Government is willing and able to settle heavy violations toward Basic Human Rights that so far have occured in Indonesia based on the standard of International Law."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai konsep pertanggungjawaban pidana dalam hukum pidana internasional dan secara spesifik membahas konsep pertanggungjawaban individual yang diatur dalam Statuta Roma. Konsep pertanggungjawaban individual mulai dikenal dalam hukum internasional moderen pada masa Perang Dunia II tepatnya dalam Peradilan Nuremberg, dengan menghukum individu atas kejahatan internasional. Konsep ini selanjutnya diterapkan di berbagai peradilan pidana internasional. dan mengalami perkembangan dengan munculnya konsep pertanggungjawaban pimpinan dalam Peradilan Tokyo dan konsep Joint Criminal Enterprise dalam International Court for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Konsep pertanggungjawaban individual mengalami perubahan ketika diterapkan dalam International Criminal Court (ICC) yang terlihat didalam putusan Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo. Dalam putusan tersebut, majelis hakim menyatakan bahwa Thomas Lubanga Dyilo bersalah atas kejahatan perang dalam perekrutan tentara anak dan bertanggung jawab secara individu atas dasar turut melakukan (co-perpetration).

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This thesis analyzes the concept of criminal responsibility under international criminal law, specifically discusses the individual criminal responsibility under Rome Statute. Individual criminal responsibility was first applied during the Second World War, which was in the Nuremberg Trials. The concept punishes individual for International crimes. The concept of individual criminal responsibility was then applied in various international criminal tribunals, and has developed with the introduction of the concept of superior responsibility in International Military Tribunal for The Far East and the concept of joint criminal enterprise in International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia. The concept of criminal responsibility has evolved in the International Criminal Court, as it can be seen in Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo Case. The trial chamber punished Thomas Lubanga Dyilo for the warcrime of recruiting child soldier under co-perpetration."

"Membandingkan Konvesi Roma mengenai ICC (International Criminal Court) dengan UU No. 26/2000 tentang Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia merupakan sualu langkah awal yang harm dilakukan apabila ada niat pemerintah unluk meratifikasi Kovensi Roma. Sebagai syarat utama meratifikasi Konvensi Roma adalah menghindari adanya sualu ketidaksesuaian antara hukum nasional yang berlaku dengan Kovensi Roma Negara mempunyai tanggung jawab untuk melakukan penuntutan dan menyelaraskan hukum pidana dan hukum acara pidananya sesuai dengan konvensi. Konvensi Roma menyatakan "No reservations may be made to this Statute". Namun dalam UU No. 26/2000 penyelasaran yang dilakukan secara parsial telah menimbulkan suatu permasalahan dalam praktiknya, Komunilas hukum di Indonesia sangat mengerti kosekuensi dan meratifikasi Konvesi Roma seperti melakukan kerjasama dengan ICC dalam hal penyelidikan, penangkapan, dan pemindahan tersangka. Akan tetapi harusjuga dipikirkan foktor lain seperti dimungkinkannya ekstradiksi terhadap warga negara sendiri, menjamin berlakunya yurisdiksi universal. Dengan demikian beberapa hal yang perlu dipertimbangkan sebelum melakukan ratifikasi terhadap Konvesi Roma, agar tidak terjadi kesalahan dalam mengabil kebijakan."