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"The aim of the present study was to investigate the histochemical effects of long-term soft diet in the medial pterygoid muscle as well as the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscles in growing rabbits. Eleven young rabbits were divided into two groups as solid diet (control group; n = 6) or soft diet (soft-diet group; n = 5) groups. After 6 months, muscle fibers from the medial and the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscles were histochemically defined. In the medial pterygoid muscle, the percentage of the type 1 fiber cross-sectional area to total area was 10.1 ± 2.4 % in the control group and 8.3 ± 3.0 % in the soft-diet group, respectively. In the soft-diet group, there was a trend toward an increase in the number of type 2A fibers, and toward a decrease in the numbers of type 2B fibers in comparison with the controls. In the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle, the percentage of the type 1 fiber cross-sectional area to total area was 8.4 ± 7.5 and 3.3 ± 2.7 %, respectively. Compared to that of the control group, the two heads in the soft-diet group showed a trend toward a decrease in the number of type 2A fibers. In addition, type 2B had a tendency to decrease in the number in the inferior head. In conclusion, this study suggests that long-term soft diet leads to adaptations of the pterygoid muscles. Two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle revealed different adaptation from jaw-closing muscles under soft-diet conditions."

"Status kesehatan, perkembangan kognitif dan produktivitas yang baik tidak dapat tercapai tanpa gizi yang baik. Permasalahan gizi dapat menyerang seluruh kelompok umur, namun bayi dan anak merupakan kelompok usia paling rentan akibat tingginya kebutuhan gizi dalam proses tumbuh kembang yang optimal. Anak dua tahun masuk ke dalam periode 1000 HPK, dimana pemenuhan gizi dan status kesehatan pada masa ini dapat menentukan status kesehatan di periode usia selanjutnya. Sayangnya, permasalahan gizi seperti underweight pada baduta masih terjadi di Indonesia, terlebih hal ini terjadi di ibukota Indonesia yaitu Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi cross sectional dengan total 135 sampel baduta pada data Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 5 tahun 2014. Uji chi square digunakan untuk menemukan faktor faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian underweight pada baduta. Hasil menyatakan prevalensi underweight pada baduta di provinsi DKI Jakarta adalah 30,4%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor karakteristik anak seperti usia kehamilan, BBLR dan frekuensi makan makanan manis berhubungan dengan kejadian underweight pada baduta (p-value< 0,05). Hasil penelitian menyarankan keterlibatan langsung pemerintah dalam upaya meningkatkan peran masyarakat seperti petugas puskesmas dan kader dalam mencegah, mendeteksi dan melakukan penanganan kasus underweight seperti memberikan edukasi dan solusi kepada masyarakat guna mencegah terjadinya underweight.

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A good health status, cognitive development, and productivity cannot be achieved without a good nutrition. Nutrition problems can affect all ages group, but infant and children are the most vulnerable among the others due to high nutritional needs for an optimal growth and development process. Two years old children are included in the first 1,000 days of life period, where the nutritional status and its fulfilment will be shaping the health status in the next age period. Unfortunately, underweight still become a serious health problem in Indonesia, especially in the capital of Indonesia, DKI Jakarta province. This study used a cross-sectional study with a total of 135 samples of under two years old children in Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 data in 2014. The chi square test was used to find factors associated with underweight among two years old children. The result stated that the prevalence of underweight among under two years old children in DKI Jakarta province was 30,4%. The result showed that child characteristics such as gestational age, Low Birth Weight (LBW), and frequency of eating sweets were associated with underweight in children under two years old (p-value < 0,05). The result of study suggesting government for taking more involvement in a way to increasing the role of community such as health center staff and cadres on preventing, detecting, and handling underweight cases by providing education and solutions to prevent underweight."

"Penelitian epidemiologik dan laboratorik dilakukan di daerah dekat aliran sungai Cisadane di Kabupaten Tangerang. Tujuan penelitian adalah mencari hubungan antara kandungan mineral dan logam berat di dalam air minum dengan kesehatan gigi dan jaringan lunak anak prasekolah di daerah aliran sungai Cisadane. Dilakukan pada 2 lokasi: daerah Serpong, yaitu daerah hulu sungai yang belum ada pabrik industri dan daerah Teluk Naga, yaitu daerah hilir sungai yang telah didirikan dan dioperasikan berbagai pabrik industri, dengan limbah yang dialirkan ke dalam sungai. Subyek penelitian adalah anak prasekolah usia 1-5 tahun, tinggal dan dibesarkan di lokasi penelitian, dan air sumur yang digunakan sehari-hari oleh anak dan diduga terkontaminasi oleh air sungai. Jumlah anak yang diperiksa 345, terdiri dari 155 anak dari daerah Serpong yang meliputi 14 posyandu dan 190 anak dari daerah Teluk Naga yang meliputi 6 posyandu. Dari pemeriksaan tersebut diperoleh hasil sbb: kebersihan mulut anak dari kedua daerah buruk dengan indeks plak masing-masing 2,26 (SD 0,80) untuk daerah Serpong dan 2,41 (SD 0,90) untuk daerah Teluk Naga pada indeks plak minimum 0,00 dan indeks maksimum 3,00). Prevalensi karies di daerah Serpong 80% dengan def-t dan def-s rata-rata 5,25 dan 11,85 dan prevalensi karies daerah Teluk Naga 80% dengan def-t dan def-s rata-rata 5,78 dan 12,77. Pada kedua daerah, def-t makin meningkat dengan makin bertambahnya usia. Prosentasi anak yang mengalami hipoplasia email, pewarnaan gigi, gingivitis dan pewarnaan gingiva di daerah Teluk Naga lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan daerah Serpong. Pemeriksaan air di laboratorium meliputi kadar Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, dan Hg. Kandungan Ca di dalam air minum di daerah Serpong lebih tinggi daripada daerah Teluk Naga. Sedangkan kandungan logam berat dalam air minum di daerah Teluk Naga lebih tinggi daripada di daerah Serpong. Logam Cu pada kedua daerah tidak terdeteksi. Kandungan Hg jauh melebihi standart yang ditentukan untuk air minum, terutama daerah Teluk Naga. Hubungan antara kalsium dengan gingivitis agak nyata, lebih jelas lagi hubungan antara kandungan Pb dan Hg dengan gingivitis dan pewarnaan gigi.

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The Effect of the Industrial Material Waste Product to the Dental Health of the Preschool ChildrenThe epidemiologycal and laboratoric studies were con-ducted at the areas close to the Cisadane river in Tangerang. The objectives of the studies were to find out the correlation between the mineral and heavy metals contain in the well drinking water with the dental health of the pre-school children who lived and reared at the areas of the up-stream and downstream of the Cisadane river. The studies have been conducted at Serpong, the area of the upstream of the river where there has not been industrial factory yet and Teluk Naga, the area of the downstream of the river where many industrial factories were situated, and their waste product were flushed into the river. The number of the examined children were 345, consist of 155 children of Serpong area who came from 14 posyandus and 190 children of Teluk Naga area who came from 6 posyandus. The oral hygiene of the children of that both areas were poor. The same prevalence of the dental caries of that both areas were 80%. The mean def-t and def-s of the area of Serpong were 5,25 and 11,85 respectively, and for the area of Teluk Naga were 5,78 and 12,77 respectively. The mean def-t by age of the both areas were increasing by the increasing of the children age. The percentage of the children who suffered from enamel hipoplasia, discoloration of the teeth, gingivitis, and the discoloration of the gingiva at Teluk Naga were higher than Serpong. The collected water from 5 wells for each posyandu were sent to the laboratory to examine the level of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Hg. The contain of Ca in the well drinking water in Serpong was higher than in Teluk Naga, but the contain of heavy metals in the drinking water in Teluk Naga were higher than in Serpong. The laboratory examination, the element of Cu did not exist in both areas. The contain of Hg in the drinking water is much higher than the standart contain Hg in the drinking water. The correlation between Ca and gingivitis was a little bit clear. It was more clear the correlation between Pb and Hg with gingivitis and the discoloration of the gingiva."

"ABSTRACTThis study has been conducted to obtain possible correlation between Calcium concentration in the enamel of Incisive deciduous teeth of 6 to S years children in the Elementary school and tee caries experience of the same teeth. The hypothesis is teat the caries experience is in parallel correlation with the Calcium concentration of, the affected teeth. The cross sectional study involves 53 selected children among 327 children examinee. Factor which influences the concentration of Calcium in tr7e enamel is the intake of Calcium of samples when they were still babies, whereas factor which influences caries is the plaque. It is found that there is no correlation between higher Calcium concentration and less caries experience (p>0.005). There is no significant difference in the concentration of Calcium between negative and positive caries children (p >. 0.05). No significant difference is also found in the intakes Calcium of samples when they were still babies correlated with the concentration of Calcium in the enamel of samples (p > 0.05). There is no significant correlation between the caries experience and the plaque level 0.05). The hypothesis is not supported by the data obtained. Higher Calcium concentration in enamel is not related to less caries experience. Longitudinal study which involves higher sample number is needed to observe the interaction of one variable to another to achieve better result of the similar study."

"Pendinginan nasi dipercaya masyarakat dapat menurunkan respons glikemik. Pendinginan diketahui menyebabkan terjadinya retrogradasi pati yang meningkatkan kandungan pati resisten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendinginan nasi putih terhadap kandungan pati resisten dan respons glikemik pada subjek sehat. Kandungan pati resisten diperiksa pada nasi putih baru matang (nasi kontrol), nasi putih yang didinginkan 10 jam pada suhu ruang (nasi uji I), dan nasi putih yang didinginkan 24 jam pada suhu 4°C kemudian dihangatkan kembali (nasi uji II). Nasi kontrol dan satu jenis nasi uji yang memiliki kandungan pati resisten lebih tinggi digunakan dalam penelitian eksperimen dengan desain crossover acak pada 15 subjek sehat untuk menentukan adanya perbedaan respons glikemik. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kandungan pati resisten dalam nasi kontrol, nasi uji I, dan nasi uji II berturut-turut sebesar 0,64 g/100 g, 1,30 g/100 g, dan 1,65 g/100 g. Nasi uji II menurunkan respons glikemik secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan nasi kontrol (berturut-turut 2256,5 ± 902,1 mg.menit/dL dan 2730,0 ± 870,2 mg.menit/dL, p = 0,047). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pendinginan meningkatkan kandungan pati resisten nasi putih. Nasi putih yang telah didinginkan 24 jam pada suhu 4°C kemudian dihangatkan kembali menurunkan respons glikemik dibandingkan dengan nasi putih baru matang.

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Cooling cooked rice is believed to lower glycemic response. Cooling is known to cause starch retrogradation which increases resistant starch (RS) content. This study aimed to determine the effect of cooling of cooked white rice on RS content and glycemic response in healthy subjects. RS contents were analyzed on freshly cooked white rice (control rice), cooked white rice cooled for 10 hours at room temperature (test rice I), and cooked white rice cooled for 24 hours at 4°C then reheated (test rice II). Control rice and one type of test rice with higher RS content were used in the clinical study with randomized crossover design in 15 healthy subjects to determine a difference in glycemic response.

The results showed that RS contents in control rice, test rice I, and test rice II were 0.64 g/100 g, 1.30 g/100 g, and 1.65 g/100 g, respectively. Test rice II significantly lowered glycemic response compared with control rice (2256.5 ± 902.1 mg.min/dL vs 2730.0 ± 870.2 mg.min/dL, respectively; p = 0.047). In conclusion, cooling cooked white rice significantly increased RS content. Cooked white rice cooled for 24 hours at 4°C then reheated lowered glycemic response compared with freshly cooked white rice."

"This second edition addresses the complex, multifaceted relationships between nutrition and oral health, explores proposed relationships between oral, systemic and nutritional well-being and provides insights into interprofessional, comprehensive care for individuals. Chapters focus on diet, nutrition and oral health promotion and disease prevention across the lifespan, oral and dental diseases and disorders, oral manifestations of systemic diseases, and discussions of the synergy between oral tissues and nutrients. Cutting edge research issues regarding the relationship of individual antioxidants, trace elements, polyphenols and other nutrient substrates and oral health/disease, nutrigenomics, screening for nutrition and oral risk and other areas are covered in detail. Editors and authors include experts in nutrition and oral health from around the world. This second edition is a invaluable resource for health professionals in the fields of nutrition and dentistry as well as other disciplines whose research, practice and education includes nutrition and oral medicine. It is an excellent resource for graduate level nutrition and dental students, dental and nutrition practitioners, educators and researchers as well as other health professionals."

"Kesehatan gigi dan mulut menjadi salah satu faktor kesehatan penting dan berhubungan erat dengan kualitas hidup seseorang. Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018 menunjukkan 57,6% populasi di Indonesia memiliki masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut, dan hanya 10,2% yang menerima perawatan kesehatan gigi dan mulut (Kemenkes RI 2018). Dokter Gigi di Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat Pertama (FKTP) mempunyai peran penting dalam usaha pencegahan, promosi dan pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Sejak dimulainya program Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) jumlah klinik dokter gigi yang bekerjasama dengan BPJS Kesehatan meningkat cukup pesat di seluruh Indonesia. Namun hal ini sangatlah kontras dengan dokter gigi di Jakarta, dimana dari data Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) BPJS Online didapatkan hanya 1 praktik dokter gigi saja yang bekerja sama dengan BPJS Kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa faktor faktor apa saja yang melatarbelakangi kurang antusiasnya respon dokter gigi di DKI Jakarta untuk bekerja sama dengan BPJS Kesehatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan 115 responden dokter gigi di wilayah DKI Jakarta. Data dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor sikap (p value 0,002) berhubungan erat dengan respon dokter gigi di DKI Jakarta untuk bekerjasama dengan BPJS Kesehatan. Disarankan kepada BPJS Kesehatan untuk meningkatkan sosialisasi program kerjasama dengan dokter gigi, reevaluasi pembiayaan kapitasi dokter gigi dan melibatkan dokter gigi yang aktif berpraktik dalam penyusunan program kerjasama di masa yang akan datang.

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Dental and oral health is an important health factor and is closely related to any person's quality of life. The Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2018 revealed that 57,6% of Indonesian population suffered from dental and oral health related problems, and only 10,2% received dental and oral health services (Kemenkes RI 2018). Dentists at the first level health facilities (FKTP) play important role in the prevention, promotion and service delivery of dental and oral health. Since the beginning of the National Health Insurance program (JKN), the number of dental clinics that cooperate with BPJS increased steadily all over Indonesia. However, this is in contrast with dentists in Jakarta as from the data shared in BPJS Online, only one dental practice is in cooperation with BPJS. This research aims to analyse factors that lead to the lack of enthusiasm of dentists in the capital city of Jakarta to cooperate with BPJS. This research is a quantitative research based on 115 responses from dentists practicing in DKI Jakarta. Data was analysed with univariat, bivariat and multivariat. This research revealed that attitude factor (p value 0,002) is closely related to the response of dentists practicing in DKI Jakarta to cooperate with BPJS. It is advisable that BPJS should increase their socialization effort to improve the cooperation level with dentists, should re-evaluate dental services financing and should involve active dentists in developing future cooperative plan."