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"The presence of Indonesia Migrant Workers (Tenaga Kerja Indonesia, TKI) in Malaysia has proven to provide economic as well as social contribution beneficial for both countries. However, apart from this positive implication. It still process crucial problem of the unoptimized protection of TKI. It is not a respective domestic problem of the two countries. It is rather a bilateral problem that must be settled through sinergized policy of both countries. The system of institutional structure of the state policy and the role of business people involved in manpower in both countries need to be reorganized for the purpose of policy revitalization to ensure the good sending, replacement and protection of TKI in Malaysia. In the future, elements of policy of both countries must be guaranteed to be functional effectively. It is crucial due to the fact that TKI occupies strategic position for the acceleration of development in Malaysia and as valuable source of foreign exchange for Indonesia. TKI is potential to boost the enhanced quality of bilateral relation in economic, political, social as well as cultural spheres."

"Pengampunan dan penghantaran pulang pekerja tanpa izin ke negara asal mereka adalah langkah drastik yang pernah diambil oleh kerajaan Malaysia untuk menangani masalah kebanjiran pekerja asing tanpa permit di Malaysia. Tindakan pengampunan menunjukkan kebergantungan kepada pekerja tanpa izin. Penghantaran pulang pula tidak menggambarkan pergantungan tetapi menggambarkan ketegasan atau rasa terdesak Malaysia karena kebanjiran pekerja tanpa izin. Berdasarkan tindakan tersebut, Malaysia telah dikritik oleh pelbagai pihak khususnya berkaitan isu hak asasi manusia. Berdasarkan data dan statistik dari agensi-agensi kerajaan, artikel ini membincangkan senario kebergantungan ke atas pasaran pekerja asing yang berlaku di Malaysia. Ia juga turut mengupas isu sejauh mana tindakan penghantaran pulang PATI telah mmeberi kesan ke atas pasaran buruh tempatan khususnya di Sabah dan juga bagaimana tindakan tersebut telah menimbulkan pelbagai dakwaan negatif ke atas Malaysia berhubung isu hak asasi manusia."

"The plantation sector the oil palm is a growing industry in Sabah contributing a big chunk to the state's economy. However, the sector is also for hiring the biggest number of illegal foreign workers, with approximately more than 2 million. its heavy reliance on foreign and illegal workers, it is highly vulnerable to any government's action that seeks to repatriate illegal worker This paper intends examine two pertinent questions namely why plantations hire illegal workers, and why do foreign workers choose to work as illegal instead of being employed legally This paper is based on several in various plantations throughout Sabah, namely Sandakan, Kinabatangan Lahad Datu and Tawau. This study employed the qualitative method involving observations. The data are also gathered through the interviews with thirty respondents including the government officials, estate managers, and foreign as well as local workers. This study concludes that immigrants frequently decide to work as undocumented workers out of their own will. They also claimed that they conveniently fill in the need for human resources as the locals are not keen to work in estates. Unperturbed by their illegal status, the foreign workers are generally content with their relatively lucrative income. "

"Angka kekerasan yang semakin meningkat terhadap buruh migran Indonesia selama tahun 2004-2010 menunjukkan bahwa kualitas kebijakan perlindungan terhadap buruh migran Indonesia, khususnya perempuan di masa pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) 2004-2010 belum berperspektif perlindungan. Partisipasi politik gerakan buruh migran perempuan dan kelompok buruh migran perempuan yang merupakan aktor informal dalam tahap penyusunan kebijakan adalah penting sebagai bentuk demokratisasi di Indonesia.Sebagai pijakan teoritis, penelitian ini menggunakan teori representasi dan partisipasi politik perempuan dalam kebijakan dari Joni Lovenduski dan teori feminisme sosialis dari Iris Young sebagai teori utama. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif, sedangkan tipe penelitian adalah deskriptif analisis dan menggunakan purposive sampling untuk mewawancarai buruh migran perempuan yang bekerja dan pernah bekerja di Malaysia. Sedangkan metode pengumpulan data dengan wawancara mendalam dan studi dokumen.Temuan dilapangan menunjukkan bahwa partisipasi politik gerakan perempuan buruh migran dan kelompok buruh migran seperti LSM, Serikat Buruh dan Asosiasi Buruh dalam penyusunan kebijakan belum diperhatikan oleh pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Partisipasi politik kedua-nya masih masuk dalam klasifikasi marginal dan bukan insider karena tidak dapat memasukkan debat kebijakan gender dalam kebijakan perlindungan buruh migran. Konsep kapitalisme dan patriarkhi yang terjadi pada fenomena pengiriman buruh migran perempuan Indonesia, menyebabkan buruh migran perempuan Indonesia, khususnya yang bekerja di Malaysia terkena kekerasan selama tahap pra penempatan, penempatan dan purna penempatan.Implikasi teori menunjukkan bahwa teori Lovenduski yang menyatakan ketika gerakan perempuan dan agensi kebijakan perempuan didukung oleh Negara dan menjadi insider, maka partisipasi politik perempuan dalam kebijakan akan meningkat, tidak dapat terjadi di Indonesia. Pelabelan ranah domestik bagi buruh migran perempuan Indonesia dan tidak adanya pemberdayaan gerakan perempuan yang mandiri dari pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004-2010), membuat buruh migran perempuan mengalami kekerasan kapitalisme berupa patriarkhi pengupahan seperti teori yang dikemukakan oleh Iris Young.

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The evidence suggests that there has been a significant increase in violence against Indonesian women migrant workers in the period 2004-2010 and it is show that the quality of the protection policy in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono era, has not conveyed a protection perspective. The political participation of the informal actor in the policy making process such as the women?s migrant workers movement and the interest groups of migrant workers is very necessary in the process of democratization in Indonesia.

As a theoretical framework, this research used the representation and women?s political participation in the policy theory of Joni Lovenduski and the socialist feminism theory from Iris Young as the main theory. The research method used is qualitative. The research type is a descriptive analysis and used a purposive sampling for doing interviews with women migrant workers currently working or had ever worked in Malaysia. The data collection method is by indepth interview and document study.

The research for this study found that the political participation of the women migrant workers? movement and the interest groups of migrant workers such as NGO?s and workers? associations in the policy making process is not being given proper attention yet in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono era. Their political participation is still in the classification as marginal and not as an insider. That classification means that the gender policy debate almost totally overlook the protection policy toward migrant workers. The concept of capitalism and patriarchy that occurred towards the placement of Indonesian women migrant workers has caused Indonesian women migrant workers to experience violence in all phases of the pre-placement, placement and post-placement processes, especially for those who work or have worked in Malaysia.

The theory implication shows that the theory of Lovenduski which stated that when the women?s movement and interest groups of migrant workers are supported by the state and becomes an insider, then the women?s political participation can increase, but as yet this has not happened in Indonesia. The labeling of the domesticity area for women migrant workers and the absence of women?s empowerment during the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono era of 2004- 2010, lends further support to the oppression of women migrant workers and as capitalistic in nature and as a form of patriarchal payment like that which Iris Young described in her theory."

"An account of workforce particularly those of migrant workers within the capitalist setting in pluralistic societies is likely unfruitful in its analysis unless it is done by using a critical perspective in social or political science. In the past critical theories are predominantly (neo)-Marxist; now days, earth democratic theoretical concepts may be of valuable analytical tools in working out the task. This paper is a preliminary attempt to making such an account using the earth democracy. It is indicative that the core of the problems prevailing among migrants workers is inherently connected with the incapacity of state-led development and incompatibility of capitalist design of economic development in pluralist Malaysia. "

"Premis utama dalam penulisan ini adalah untuk meneliti isu.isu bersabit masuk buruh, khususnya dari sudut polisi eselamatan sosial buruh asing yang dengan bekerja secara sah di Malaysia dan sejauhmana ia berupaya melindungi kebajikan buruh asing. Selain itu polisi keselamatan sosial arena perhatian khusus kepada Konvensyen dan Saranan yang diwartakan oleh Pertubuhan Buruh Antara-bangsa(ILO) juga dianalisis. Metod data adalah melalui pembacaan sumber sekunder. Secara umumnya, meskipun terdapat polisi keselamatan sosial untuk buruh asing, ia masih tidak bersifat menyeluruh. Ini kerana terdapat dua polisi berkaitan buruh yang berbeza di antara buruh tempatan dan buruh asing. Di samping itu, hampir semua negara ASEAN tidak meratifikasi konvensyen dan saranan berkaitan keselamatan sosial yang menyebabkan kesukaran untuk mewujudkan polisi keselamatan sosial yang boleh dikuatkuasakan secara bersama merentas sempadan politik negara. "

"ABSTRAKNegara mempunyai tanggung jawab melindungi dan mensejahterakan rakyat melalui sistem pemerintahan yang berfungsi dengan baik namun sayangnya kondisi Indonesia tidak seperti itu. Kurangnya lapangan pekerjaan di negara sendiri serta meningkatnya permintaan negara luar akan tenaga kerja Indonesia, mendorong masyarakat untuk melakukan migrasi. Dengan hasil remitansi yang besar, pemerintah Indonesia juga mendorong hal tersebut. Tindak migrasi tersebut pada awalnya menguntungkan semua pihak kecuali TKI itu sendiri. Ketika terjadi permasalahan, negara kewalahan dalam menangani kasus-kasus tersebut karena kurangnya langkah preventif. Kondisi Indonesia sebagai Weak State mempersulit pengurusan TKI di luar negeri. Kondisi tersebut diakibatkan oleh krisis ekonomi 1998 dan semenjak saat itu Indonesia mengupayakan untuk memperbaiki keadaaan tersebut tanpa hasil yang signifikan. Kondisi internal yang tidak stabil mempersulit peningkatan kapasitas pemerintahan; yang sebenarnya mempunyai tugas dalam menjamin perlindungan warga negara di luar maupun di dalam negeri. Pada akhirnya ketidakmampuan ini merefleksikan kelemahan yang melemahkan bargaining position Indonesia di dalam dunia internasional.

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ABSTRACT

The state bears the responsibility to protect and to provide welfare to the people through a system of government that is functioning properly, but unfortunately the condition of Indonesia is far from its ideal state. The high unemployment rate as well as the increasing demand of Indonesian Migrant workers from country such as Saudi Arabia encouraging them to perform migration. The increasing numbers of remittance income compels the Indonesian government to keep sending migrant workers. The migration was initially beneficial to all parties except the TKI itself. When a problem occurs, the state?s difficulty in handling such cases because of the lack of preventive measures. Indonesian conditions as Weak State complicates the management of migrant workers abroad. The condition was caused by the economic crisis in 1998 and since then Indonesia seek to improve such circumstances without any significant results. Unstable internal conditions complicate governance capacity building; which actually is responsible to ensure the protection of citizens in and outside the country. Ultimately, this inability, reflects the weakness that weakens the bargaining position of Indonesia in the international world."