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"Salah satu komponen alveolus yang berperan penting dalam proses pertukaran gas adalah septum interalveolar. Diketahui bahwa dengan bertambahnya usia, terjadi perubahan-perubahan dalam komponen interstitial seperti serat elastin dan kolagen yang dapat berpengaruh pada ketebalan septum interalveolar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi perubahan ketebalan septum interalveolar dengan usia selama proses pematangan paru. Desain penelitian ini berupa analitik observasional menggunakan metode cross sectional dengan subjek penelitian tikus Sprague-Dawley berusia 2, 4, 10, dan 16 hari. Paru tikus yang sudah dijadikan sediaan histologis dan diwarnai dengan pewarnaan Trichrome Masson difoto di bawah mikroskop cahaya, kemudian diukur dengan Optilab Image Raster. Ketebalan septum interalveolar diukur menggunakan proporsi panjang total septum interalveolar dengan panjang total lapang pandang di garis sepertiga tengah lapang pandang foto. Data dari pengukuran ketebalan septum interalveolar (0,434 pada usia dua hari, 0,412 pada usia empat hari, 0,394 pada uia 10 hari, dan 0,407 pada usia enam belas hari) diolah dengan program IBM SPSS Statistics 11.5 dan diuji dengan uji korelasi Spearman; didapatkan p= 0,861 dengan nilai r= -.038. Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat penurunan ketebalan septum interalveolar seiring bertambahnya usia, namun tidak terdapat korelasi signifikan antara keduanya.

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One of the alveoli component that plays an important role in oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange is interalveolar septum. It is known that with increasing age, changes occur in the interstitial components such as elastin and collagen fibers that can affect the thickness of the interalveolar septum. This study aimed to determine the correlation of interalveolar septum thickness changes with age during lung maturation. This research is an analytic observational with cross-sectional method to study the subject of Sprague-Dawley rats aged 2, 4, 10, and 16 days. Rats’ lung histological preparations that have been made and stained with Trichrome Masson staining were photographed under a light microscope and then measured with an Optilab Image Raster. Interalveolar septum thickness was measured using the proportion of one-third the length of the visual field divided by the total length of visual field. Data from the measurement of interalveolar septum thickness (0,434 at the age of two days, 0,412 at the age of four days, 0,394 at the age of ten days, and 0,407 at the age of sixteen days) processed by the IBM SPSS Statistics 11.5 program and tested with Spearman's test, p = 0.861 obtained with a value of r = -.038. From these results, it can be concluded that there is a decrease in the thickness of the interalveolar septum with age, but there is no significant correlation between the two."

"Perkembangan paru yang terjadi sejak masa embrio hingga pascanatal menentukan efektivitas pertukaran gas, khususnya pada alveolus. Penelitian mengenai struktur ketebalan dinding alveolus paru dan kaitannya dengan diameter alveolus pascanatal belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara ketebalan dinding alveolus paru dengan panjang diameter alveolus pada perkembangan paru neonatus tikus Sprague-Dawley. Jaringan paru tikus Sprague Dawley usia 2, 4, 10, dan 16 hari yang telah diproses secara histologis dengan pewarnaan Trichrome Masson, diamati dan difoto di bawah mikroskop, kemudian diukur ketebalan dinding dan panjang diameter alveolus-nya dengan Optilab Image Raster. Data disajikan masing-masing dalam bentuk proporsi total ketebalan dinding alveolus atau panjang diameter alveolus terhadap total panjang horizontal garis di sepertiga lapang pandang foto. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan ketebalan dinding alveolus paru dan penurunan panjang diameter alveolus dengan korelasi negatif sedang (uji Pearson; r=-0,523; p=0,009). Disimpulkan bahwa peningkatan ketebalan dinding alveolus berkorelasi dengan penurunan panjang diameter alveolus pada paru neonatus tikus Sprague Dawley.

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Lung development, which happens during embryonic period until postnatal, will determine the effectiveness of the gas exchange process. Until recently, study about the thickness of septum interalveolar and the diameter length of alveolus has not been reported yet. This study aimed to know the correlation between the thickness of septum interalveolar and the diameter length of alveolus on postnatal lung development of Sprague Dawley rat. The Sprague Dawley rats aged 2, 4, 10, and 16 days tissues that were processed histologically with Masson’s Trichrome stain were observed and photographed using microscope. Subsequently, the septum interalveolar and diameter were measured by using Optilab Image Raster. The data were presented each in ratio of total alveolar septum or total alveolar diameter to the horizontal length of one-third visual field. Our study showed that there is a significant moderate correlation between the thickness of septum interalveolar and the diameter length of alveolus on Sprague Dawley rat (Pearson’s test; r=-0.523 ; p=0.009). As summary, the septum interalveolar increase while the diameter decrease on lung development of postnatal Sprague Dawley rat."

"Serat kolagen merupakan salah satu komponen yang berperan penting dalam memberi struktur pada dinding alveolus dan mempengaruhi proses fisiologis paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara jumlah serat kolagen dalam jaringan interstisial dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar pada perkembangan paru tikus neonatus. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode observasional analitik dengan studi cross-sectional (n=24). Perhitungan serat kolagen berdasarkan warna hijau atau biru keunguan pada satu lapang pandang (pewarnaan Trichrome Mason), sedangkan septum interalveolar diukur berdasarkan proporsi. Serat kolagen cenderung menetap (terdistribusi <30%), sedangkan ketebalan septum interalveolar menurun pada usia perkembangan neonatus usia 2 hari (0,434±0,145), 4 hari (0,412±0,064), 10 hari (0,394±0,118) dan 16 hari (0,407±0,058). Korelasi Spearman untuk distribusi serat kolagen dan ketebalan septum interalveolar bersifat positif berkekuatan sedang dan bersifat signifikan (r = 0,586; p = 0,003). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam proses perkembangan paru neonatus, perubahan distribusi serat kolagen berhubungan dengan perubahan ketebalan septum interalveolar.

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Collagen fibre is one of the most important structure in alveolus, which influences lung physiology. This study aimed to find the correlation between distribution of interstitial collagen fiber and thickness of interalveolar septum in Sprague Dawley neonatal rats’ lung. We used observational analytic method with cross-sectional study (n=24). Collagen fibre was calculated based on green or purplish blue (Trichrome Mason staining), and interalveolar septum was measured by proportional method. The distribution of collagen fibre between all ages of neonatal rats have no difference (low distributed/<30%). However, interalveolar septum thickness decrease as the age increase (0,434±0,145 on day 2; 0,412±0,064 on day 4; 0,394±0,118 on day 10 and 0,407±0,058 on day 16). Spearman correlation of collagen fibre distribution and interalveolar septum thickness showed a medium and significant positive correlation (r = 0.586; p = 0,003). In conclusion, during neonatal rats’ lung development, there is a correlation between distribution of collagen fibre and thickness of interalveolar septum."

"Terkait pertambahan usia, penurunan fungsi paru dapat terjadi karena adanya perubahan struktur histologis alveolus. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah : untuk mengetahui korelasi ketebalan septum interalveolar paru tikus Sprague dawley terhadap pertambahan usia. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian berbasis laboratorium dengan desain cross sectional. Sebagai subjek penelitian, digunakan tikus Sprague-dawley yang terbagi dalam empat kelompok usia : 2 hari, 16 hari, 3-4 bulan, di atas 12 bulan. Sesuai dengan kelompok usia, kemudian dilakukan pengambilan jaringan paru dan diwarnai dengan metode pewarnaan trichrome-masson. Penghitungan nilai tebal septum dilakukan dengan membandingkan jumlah total tebal septum dengan lebar lapang pandang. Dengan metode saphiro-wilk didapatkan nilai persebaran data yang normal dan dilanjutkan dengan uji korelasi. Hhasil analisis data penelitian yang didapat berdasarkan kelompok usia, diperoleh ketebalan septum alveolus sebesar 0.436 ± 0.059 m untuk kelompok usia 2 hari, 0.399 ± 0.022 m pada kelompok usia 16 hari, 0.474 ± 0.043 m pada kelompok 3-4 bulan, serta 0.512 ± 0.020 m pada kelompok tikus usia lebih dari 12 bulan. Kesimpulan penelitian berdasarkan hasil uji korelasi pearson, diperoleh nilai r=0,375 yang menandakan adanya korelasi lemah antara pertambahan usia dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar.

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As age goes by, changes in intrapulmonary condition may result in respiratory disorders. This research aims to find correlation between interalveolar septal thickness and age. Research method used in this study was laboratorim-based study with cross sectional design. As a subject used in this study, Sprague dawley rat sorted in age-related order : 2 days group, 16 days group, 3-4 months group, more than 12 months group. In accordance with the age-related grouping, alveolar tissue sampling was done and stained by trichrome-masson staining method. Measurement was done by comparing interalveolar septal thickness with microscope field of view. Result data normality evaluated by Shapiro-wilk test then tested with Pearson correlation test. Calculation of mean alveolar wall thickness value from each age-related groups gives following results: 2-days group: 0.436 ± 0.059 m thick, while 16-days group: 0.399 ± 0.022 m thick, 3-4 months old group: 0.474 ± 0.043 m thick, and >12 months old group: 0.512 ± 0.020 m thick. Pearson correlation test gave result of r=0,375 which marked a weak correlation between age and interalveolar septum thickness."

"Pada paru yang menua, terjadi perubahan pada komponen penyusun jaringan alveolus dan jaringan interstitial paru. Perubahan morfologi ini berpengaruh terhadap proses pertukaran gas yang terjadi di alveolus serta penurunan fungsi faal paru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara ketebalan septum dan rongga udara alveolus pada paru yang mengalami penuaan dengan menggunakan model hewan coba tikus Sprague-Dawley. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectionalanalitic observational. Pengukuran ketebalan septum dan rongga udara alveolus dilakukan pada jaringan paru tikus Sprague-dawley yang dibagi menjadi beberapa kelompok yaitu: kelompok usia 2 hari, 16 hari, 3-4 bulan, dan lebih dari 12 bulan. Hasil pengukuran rata-rata ketebalan septum interalveolar sesuai dengan urutan kelompok usia adalah 0,436 ± 0,059 μm , 0,399 ± 0,022 μm, 0,474 ± 0,043 μm, 0,512 ± 0,020 μm. Sedangkan rata-rata diameter rongga udara alveolus secara berurutan adalah 0,467 ± 0,038 μm, 0,410 ± 0,052 μm, 0,370 ± 0,046 μm, 0,378 ± 0,028 μm. Berdasarkan uji korelasi Pearson, didapatkan hasil bahwa ketebalan septum alveolus mempunyai berkorelasi sedang dengan rongga udara alveolus (r = -0,528). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada penuaan tikus Sprague-Dawley, ketebalan septum interalveolar akan bertambah dan rongga udara alveolus akan berkurang.

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Aging process on the lung gives a result in morphological changes of alveolus and its interstitial components. These changes alter the respiratory function of the lung as marked as increasing lung residual volume and decreasing lung vital capacity. The aim of this research is to study the morphological changes of alveolus including septum thickness and alveolar air space changes in aging lung. We used cross sectional-analitic observational study to conduct this research. The microscopic observation has been done on Sprague-Dawley rats’ lung preparation from different age group of rats (2 days, 16 days, 3-4 months, and more than 12 months). The means of interalveolar septum measurement are 0.436 ± 0.059 μm, 0.399 ± 0.022 μm, 0.474 ± 0.043 μm, and 0.512 ± 0.020 μm respectively. The means of alveolar air space measurement are 0.467 ± 0.038 μm, 0.410 ± 0.052 μm, 0.370 ± 0.046 μm, and 0.378 ± 0.028 μm respectively. The Pearson correlation study show that there is a moderate correlation between septum thickness and alveolar air space (r = -0.528). As the age of the rats increased, the alveolar septum thickness increased and alveolar air space reduced."

"Latar belakang: Penuaan paru ditandai dengan perubahan struktur dan fisiologi paru. Secara struktural, terjadi perubahan ketebalan septum interalveolar dan komponen di dalamnya, salah satunya adalah serat kolagen interstisial, sehingga dapat memengaruhi fungsi paru sebagai organ respirasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui korelasi antara jumlah serat kolagen interstitial paru dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar pada penuaan tikus Sprague-Dawley. Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional analytic correlative. Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley sebagai subjek penelitian. Subjek penelitian terdiri atas empat kelompok usia, yaitu 2 hari, 16 hari, 3-4 bulan, dan >12 bulan yang ditentukan dengan m ± 0.043 μm, dan 0,512 ± 0.020 μm. Uji korelasi non parametrik Spearman (p = 0,03) antara jumlah serat kolagen interstisial dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar menunjukkan nilai koefisien korelasi (r = 0,213). Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa terdapat korelasi yang lemah antara jumlah serat kolagen interstisial paru dengan ketebalan septum interalveolar pada penuaan tikus Sprague-Dawley. Dengan demikian, dapat dipikirkan bahwa serat kolagen interstisial dapat mempengaruhi ketebalan septum interalveolar paru tikus yang menua, meskipun bukan satu-satunya faktor yang mempengaruhi.

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Background: Lung aging is characterized by structure and physiologic changes of the lung. Structurally, the interalveolar septum thickness and all of its components including collagen fiber are change, so that affect the lung function as a respiratory organ. This study is aimed to determine the correlation between the amount of pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber and interalveolar septum thickness on Sprague-Dawley rat aging. Method: The design of this research is cross sectional analytic correlative. The data was taken from the lung tissue preparations of 24 rats in 4 groups based on age, 2 days, 16 days, 3-4 months, and >12 months using single blind randomization technique. The methods of preparation making are based on the literatures. Data that was assessed were the histology of pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber and interalveolar septum. Then, they were analized using SPSS 20.0. Result: Sequentially, the modes of interstitial collagen fiber are 1, 2, 2, and 3; while the interalveolar septum thickness means are 0,436 ± 0.059 μm, 0,399 ± 0.022 μm, 0,474 ± 0.043 μm, and 0,512 ± 0.020 μm. By using non parametric Spearman correlation test (p = 0.03), it was obtained the correlation coefficient (r = 0.213) between the amount of pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber with the interalveolar septum thickness. Conclusion: There is a weak correlation between the amount of pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber with the interalveolar septum thickness of Sprague- Dawley rat aging. Thus, it can be thought that pulmonary interstitial collagen fiber may affects interalveolar septum thickness of rat aging, although it’s not as the only one factor."

"Latar belakang: Pandemi COVID-19 membawa perubahan yang besar terhadap sistem pelayanan kesehatan, salah satunya pada terapi kanker paru. Berbagai keterbatasan yang dihadapi tenaga kesehatan dan risiko COVID-19 yang tinggi pada pasien kanker paru menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan terapi pada pasien kanker paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan terapi dan tingkat kekhawatiran pada pasien kanker paru. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang yang melibatkan pasien rawat jalan kanker paru dilakukan di Poli Onkologi RSUP Persahabatan. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan menggunakan metode consecutive sampling. Perubahan terapi pasien kanker paru selama pandemi dinilai menggunakan survei daring yang disusun oleh Dutch Federation of Cancer Patients Organisations dan Dutch Multidisiplinary Oncology Foundation yang dimodifikasi dan diterjemahkan dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Karakteristik subjek yang meliputi karakteristik demografi, karakteristik kanker paru, jenis terapi, dan riwayat infeksi COVID-19 turut dinilai dalam penelitian ini. Hasil: Sebanyak 68,2% pasien kanker paru mengalami perubahan terapi selama pandemi COVID-19. Tidak ditemukan adanya korelasi antara karakteristik dan tingkat kekhawatiran subjek dengan perubahan terapi selama pandemi COVID-19. Kekhawatiran terhadap perubahan terapi ditemukan pada 77,3% subjek penelitian. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menemukan tingginya proporsi pasien kanker paru yang mengalami perubahan selama pandemi COVID-19. Perubahan terapi selama pandemi sebaiknya mempertimbangkan dampak psikologis pasien dan efektivitas terapi. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi perubahan terapi selama pandemi COVID-19.

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought major changes to the health care system, one of which is lung cancer treatment. Various limitations faced by health workers and the high risk of COVID-19 in lung cancer patients led to changes in lung cancer treatment. This study aims to assess changes in therapy and level of concern in lung cancer patients.

Method: A cross-sectional study involving lung cancer outpatients was conducted in Thoracic Oncology Outpatient Clinic in Persahabatan National Respiratory Referral Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia. Sample recruitment was done using consecutive sampling method. Changes in therapy for lung cancer patients during the pandemic were assessed using an online survey by the Dutch Federation of Cancer Patients Organizations and the Dutch Multidisciplinary Oncology Foundation which was modified and translated into Bahasa. Patients characteristics, including demographic characteristics, lung cancer characteristics, type of therapy, and history of COVID-19 infection were also assessed in this study.

Result: A total of 68.2% of lung cancer patients reported changes in therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic and 77,3% were concerned about treatment changes. No correlation was found between the characteristics and level of concern of the subjects with changes in treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion: This study found a high proportion of lung cancer patients who experienced changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in therapy during a pandemic should take into account the psychological impact of the patient and the effectiveness of therapy. Further research is needed to determine the factors that influence the changes during the COVID-19 pandemic."

"Latar Belakang : Proses pematangan sperma terjadi karena adanya interaksi antara sel sperma dan protein yang disekresikan oleh sel epitel yang melapisi saluran epididimis, sehingga menyebabkan perubahan morfologi dan biokimia pada membran spermatozoa. Sekresi protein pada saluran epididimis ditentukan oleh gen-gen yang diekspresikan secara spesifik di region tertentu misalnya pada region initial segmen, caput, corpus atau cauda sehingga pada masing-masing segmen terbentuk lingkungan spesifik (microenvironment) yang diperlukan untuk proses pematangan sperma. Gen yang menyandi protein yang terlibat dalam proses pematangan sperma diekspresikan secara spesifik pada epididimis dan ekspresinya diregulasi oleh androgen. Salah satu gen yang diduga berperan dalam proses pematangan sperma adalah gen Serpina1f. Berdasarkan urutan asam amino, Serpina1f dianggap sebagai anggota baru dari keluarga serpin dengan fungsi putatif sebagai serin protease inhibitor. Karakterisasi Serpina1f pada organ reproduksi pria khususnya epididimis dapat memberikan petunjuk mengenai perannya dalam proses pematangan sperma.Tujuan : Mengkarakterisasi gen Serpina1f di epididimis mencit.Desain : Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis bioinformatika dan eksperimentalMetode : Struktur gen, batas ekson-intron dan domain fungsional serta deteksi signal peptide pada Serpina1f dilakukan analisis bioinformatika. Untuk menganalisis ekspresi SERPINA1F tingkat protein dilakukan western imunoblotting, sedangkan untuk mengetahui lokasi protein SERPINA1F dilakukan imunohistokimia dan imunositokimia.Hasil : SERPINA1F merupakan anggota family SERPIN. Berdasarkan analisis Signal peptide, SERPINA1F merupakan protein sekretori. Hasil imunohistokimia pada jaringan epididimis mencit menunjukkan adanya reaksi antibodi dengan terwarnainya nukleus dan sitoplasma pada sel epitel initial segment dan caput. Sedangkan pada corpus dan cauda SERPINA1F terdeteksi hanya pada sitoplasma. Hasil analisis western imunoblotting dan imunositokimia pada protein sperma menunjukkan adanya asosiasi SERPINA1F dengan spermatozoa dan terdapat di seluruh bagian spermatozoa.Kesimpulan : SERPINA1F memiliki signal peptide pada asam amino 1 - 27 dan termasuk protein sekretori. Berdasarkan urutan asam aminonya, SERPINA1F yang termasuk famili SERPIN. Protein SERPINA1F diekspresikan di sel epitel initial segment, caput, corpus dan cauda. SERPINA1F berasosiasi dengan spermatozoa dan terdapat pada seluruh bagian spermatozoa.

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Background: Sperm maturation occur due to the interaction between the sperm cell and the proteins secreted by the epithelial cells lining the epididymis duct, causing morphological and biochemical changes in the sperm membrane. The secretion of proteins in epididymis duct is determined by genes that are expressed specifically in certain regions, for example in the region of the initial segment, caput, corpus or cauda that each segment forms microenvironment that is required for sperm maturation process. Genes that encode proteins involved in the process of sperm maturation in the epididymis specifically expressed and its expression is regulated by androgens. One of the genes thought to play a role in sperm maturation process is Serpina1f. Based on the amino acid sequence, Serpina1f considered as a new member of the serpin family with putative functions as a serine protease inhibitor. Characterization Serpina1f on male reproductive organs, especially the epididymis may provide a clue as to its role in sperm maturation process.Objective: To characterize Serpina1f in the epididymis of mice.Design: This study used a bioinformatics analysis and experimental.Methods: Bioinformatics analysis were used to know gene structure, exon-intron boundaries and functional domains as well as the detection of signal peptide on Serpina1f. To analyze protein expression levels SERPINA1F performed western immunoblotting, whereas for the location of the protein immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry SERPINA1F done.Results: SERPINA1F a member of the serpin family. Based on the analysis of signal peptide, a protein secretory SERPINA1F. The results of immunohistochemistry on epididymis tissue of mice showed an antibody reaction with colored nucleus and cytoplasm in epithelial cells of the initial segment and caput. While SERPINA1F detected only in the cytoplasm corpus and cauda. The results of western imunoblotting analysis and immunocytochemistry showed SERPINA1F associated with spermatozoa and found in all parts of the spermatozoa.Conclusion: SERPINA1F has a signal peptide at amino acids 1-27 and include secretory proteins. Based on their amino acid sequence, which includes SERPINA1F serpin family. The protein is expressed in epithelial cells SERPINA1F initial segment, caput, corpus and cauda. SERPINA1F associated with spermatozoa and found on all parts."

"Aluminium merupakan logam yang paling ekonomis yang ada saat ini. Hal ini disebabkan karena aluminium merupakan material logam yang paling kedua terbanyak yang terdapat dalam lapisan bumi. Anodisasi adalah rerekayasa permukaan aluminium. Prinsip proses anodisasi menggunakan sel elektrolisa, dimana aluminium berperan sebagai anoda, katodanya adalah logam inert, saling dihubungkan dalam larutan elektrolit tertentu dan diberi arus selama beberapa saat. Hasil dari proses tersebut, aluminium akan teroksidasi dan akan membentuk lapisan tipis Al2O3 yang protektif terhadap serangan korosi. Dalam proses ini, hasil akhir pelapisan akan ditentukan dari beberapa parameter yang digunakan, salah satunya adalah tegangan yang digunakan. Oleh sebab itu, untuk mengetahui pengaruh tegangan terhadap ketebalan dan kekerasan lapisan oksida yang dihasilkan pada permukaan aluminium HD2G. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan 20 % larutan asam sulfat dan 5 % asam oksalat dengan tegangan 5, 10, 15, 20, dan 25 volt. Pada penelitian ini dengan penambahan tegangan maka akan secara signifikan menambah ketebalan lapisan oksida. Semakin tinggi tegangan yang digunakan maka distribusi kekerasan menjadi tidak teratur. Ketebalan terbesar yang dihasilkan adalah 64 _m pada 25 volt dan kekerasan tertinggi yang dihasilkan adalah 70 VHN.

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Aluminium is the most economical metal nowadays because aluminium is second largest metal in the earth crust. Anodizing is a process to change its surface properties. Principle of anodizing is the electrochemical process called electrolytic cell, the anode is aluminium while the inert metal acts as cathode. Electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution and current is applied to the electrodes. Aluminium will be oxidized and form protective thin oxide film Al2O3 that resist to corrosion attack. Some of important parameters that determine final coating are voltage. An experiment is conducted to understand the effect voltage to hardness and thickness of oxide film at aluminium HD2G. Solultion of 20 % sulfuric acid and 5 % oxalic acid with 5, 10 ,15, 20, and 25 voltage are used in this experiment. With the changes of voltage significantly add the thickness of oxide layer. More higher voltage so hardness distribution is non uniform. The maximum thickness of oxide layer is 64 um at 25 voltage and the highest hardness is 70 VHN"

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Proses pematangan sperma terjadi melalui interaksi spermatozoa dengan protein yang disekresikan ke lumen oleh sel epitel epididimis. Sekresi protein pada epididimis ditentukan oleh gen-gen yang terekspresi spesifik di epididimis. Ekspresi gen di epididimis dapat dipengaruhi oleh androgen atau faktor testikular. CD52 telah diketahui terekspresi di epididimis, namun regulasi yang mempengaruhi ekspresi gen CD52 di epididimis belum diketahui. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis ekspresi dan regulasi gen CD52 agar dapat memprediksi perannya di epididimis mencit. Metode: Analisis bioinformatika dilakukan untuk memprediksi sinyal peptida dan domain fungsional dari CD52. Quantitative real time RT-PCR digunakan untuk mengukur ekspresi relatif gen CD52 pada analisis spesifisitas jaringan, ketergantungan terhadap androgen dan faktor testikular, serta postnatal development. Hasil: CD52 memiliki sinyal peptida yang menunjukkan ciri protein sekretori dan terekspresi secara spesifik di epididimis. Ekspresi CD52 yang tertinggi terdapat di bagian cauda. Ekspresi CD52 pada mencit diregulasi oleh androgen yang ditandai dengan penurunan pada hari pertama dan ketiga setelah digonadektomi dan pemberian testosteron eksogen setelah gonadektomi dapat menjaga ekspresi CD52 50% dari kadar normalnya. Eksperimen dengan memberikan reseptor androgen antagonis (flutamide) juga mendukung bahwa ekspresi CD52 sangat tergantung terhadap androgen. Ekspresi CD52 menurun sangat bermakna hingga mencapai 93% dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Selain androgen, ekspresi CD52 juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor testikular. Ekspresi CD52 mengalami penurunan bermakna dari hari pertama hingga kelima setelah perlakuan efferent duct ligation (EDL) hingga mencapai 75% dari kontrol. Selain itu ekspresi CD52 juga dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan pasca lahir. Ekspresi CD52 meningkat di hari ke-15 hingga hari ke-60 pasca lahir. Kesimpulan: CD52 merupakan gen penyandi protein sekretori yang terekspresi spesifik di epididimis pada region cauda dan regulasinya dipengaruhi oleh androgen, faktor testikular, dan perkembangan pasca lahir.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Epididymal sperm maturation is occurs via interactions between sperm and proteins secreted by epididymal epithelium. These proteins are encoded by genes that are specifically expressed in a region-specific manner. Previous studies have demonstrated that epididymal genes are regulated by androgen and testicular factors. CD52 is an epididymal gene putatively involved in sperm maturation. However, the regulation of its expression in the epididymis has not been fully understood and little is known about its role during sperm maturation process. Therefore, this study was aimed to analyze the expression and regulation of CD52 in the mouse epididymis. Method. Bioinfomatic analyses were perfomed to predict signal peptides and functional domains of CD52. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to analyze tissue distribution, androgen, testicular factors dependency and postnatal development. Results. CD52 amino acid sequence contains a signal peptide, indicating it is a secretory protein. CD52 exhibited region-spesific expression in the epididymis with the highest level was in cauda. Mice CD52 expression was regulated by androgen indicated by a decrease started at day 1 following a gonadectomy. Interestingly, testosterone replacement therapy was able to maintain the expression at 50% of normal level. Experiment by given androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide showed decrease of CD52 expression about 93% than control. It?s confirming that CD52 expression depend on androgen. Moreover, testicular factors also influenced CD52 expression. This was revealed by efferent duct ligation in which CD52 expression was reduced at day 1 to day 5 following the ligation. Finally, CD52 expression was developmentally regulated, this was indicated by increase in the level of expression start at day 15 postnatally. Conclusion: CD52 is a secretory protein and exhibited region-spesific expression in the cauda epididymis. It is regulated by androgen, testicular factors, and also affected by development stage. , Background. Epididymal sperm maturation is occurs via interactions between sperm and proteins secreted by epididymal epithelium. These proteins are encoded by genes that are specifically expressed in a region-specific manner. Previous studies have demonstrated that epididymal genes are regulated by androgen and testicular factors. CD52 is an epididymal gene putatively involved in sperm maturation. However, the regulation of its expression in the epididymis has not been fully understood and little is known about its role during sperm maturation process. Therefore, this study was aimed to analyze the expression and regulation of CD52 in the mouse epididymis. Method. Bioinfomatic analyses were perfomed to predict signal peptides and functional domains of CD52. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to analyze tissue distribution, androgen, testicular factors dependency and postnatal development. Results. CD52 amino acid sequence contains a signal peptide, indicating it is a secretory protein. CD52 exhibited region-spesific expression in the epididymis with the highest level was in cauda. Mice CD52 expression was regulated by androgen indicated by a decrease started at day 1 following a gonadectomy. Interestingly, testosterone replacement therapy was able to maintain the expression at 50% of normal level. Experiment by given androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide showed decrease of CD52 expression about 93% than control. It’s confirming that CD52 expression depend on androgen. Moreover, testicular factors also influenced CD52 expression. This was revealed by efferent duct ligation in which CD52 expression was reduced at day 1 to day 5 following the ligation. Finally, CD52 expression was developmentally regulated, this was indicated by increase in the level of expression start at day 15 postnatally. Conclusion: CD52 is a secretory protein and exhibited region-spesific expression in the cauda epididymis. It is regulated by androgen, testicular factors, and also affected by development stage. ]"