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"ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini membahas mengenai hubungan merokok dengan hiperkolesterolemia LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) pada kelompok pekerja di wilayah Jalan Raya Bogor tahun 2012 ? 2014. Rumusan masalah pada penelitian ini adalah pasien yang menderita hiperkolesterolemia mengalami kenaikan berdasarkan data administrasi laboratorium / rekap Caya Laboratorium dan Klinik Kota depok pada tahun 2012 ? 2014. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan merokok dengan hiperkolesterolemia LDL pada kelompok pekerja di wilayah Jalan Raya Bogor. Penelitian ini merupakan survey analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara merokok dengan hiperkolesterolemia LDL dengan nilai P value 0.00. Kelompok pekerja dengan kriteria perokok ringan mempunyai peluang menderita hiperkolesterolemia LDL 2.91 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pekerja yang tidak merokok dan perokok sedang berat mempunyai peluang menderita hiperkolesterolemia 5.07 kali lebih besar dari pada pekerja yang tidak merokok.

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ABSTRACT

This research explained about the relationship of smoking with hypercholesterolemia LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) in the group of workers in the area of Jalan Raya Bogor in 2012 - 2014. The problems in this research are patients suffering from hypercholesterolemia increased based on administrative data at Caya and Clinical Laboratory Depok in 2012 - 2014. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship of smoking with LDL hypercholesterolemia in the group of workers in the area of Jalan Raya Bogor. This research is an analytic survey with cross sectional approach. This research showed a significant association between smoking and LDL hypercholesterolemia with P value 0.00. Worker groups with the criteria of light smokers had 2.91 times the chance of suffering from LDL hypercholesterolemia larger than the workers who did not smoke and were heavy smokers have a chance of suffering from LDL hypercholesterolemia 5.07 times greater than on workers who do not smoke

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"Latar belakang: Penggunaan tembakau menimbulkan ketergantungan nikotin sehingga proses berhenti merokok menjadi sulit dan membutuhkan bantuan khusus. Keterbatasan terapi berhenti merokok di Indonesia mendorong lahirnya terapi farmakologi alternatif. Hasil penelitian preklinik menunjukkan terdapat peluang efektivitas N-acetylcistein (NAC) terhadap berhenti merokok.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan uji acak plasebo terkontrol pada perokok yang dilakukan selama Januari-Desember 2018. Sebanyak 90 perokok mendapatkan perlakuan yang dibedakan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu NAC 2x1200 mg dan plasebo selama 4 minggu. Pengamatan dilakukan pada minggu ke 1,2,3 dan 4. Pada akhir perlakuan dilakukan penilaian abstinence rate (AR), nilai withdrawal dan craving.Hasil: Nilai AR pada kelompok NAC sebesar 37,7% sementara kelompok plasebo 6,7%. Pada variabel demografi yang bermakna terhadap abstinence adalah skor Fagestorm, motivasi dan nilai CO ekshalasi dasar dan percobaan berhenti merokok sebelumnya. Pada variabel akhir penelitian yaitu nilai CO ekshalasi akhir, jumlah rokok akhir, nilai withdrawal akhir dan nilai craving akhir bermakna secara statistik ( nilai p <0,001)Kesimpulan: Abstinence rate pada kelompok NAC lebih superior dibandingkan kelompok plasebo. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan dengan durasi pemberian lebih panjang dan pengamatan terhadap continues abstinance rate (CAR).

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Background: Tobacco cigarette smoking often resulted in nicotine dependence which caused difficulties in smoking cessation program which in turn requiring smokers to seek professional help. However, pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation was limited in Indonesia. Preclinical studies suggested n-acetylcysteine (NAC) might able to reduce withdrawal and craving symptoms for substance dependence particularly nicotine addiction among smokers.

Methods : This placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted between January to December 2018. This study randomly grouped 90 cigarette smokers into NAC-treated (NAC 1200 mg bid) and placebo group whose four weeks of treatment was observed. The study objective was to compare abstinence rate (AR), withdrawal, and craving symptoms using scoring system at the end of the study.

Results : The AR in NAC-treated group was 37.7% and in placebo group was 6.7%. Fagerstrom score of nicotine dependence, motivation, and base exhaled CO concentration were related to abstinence. Decrease of daily cigarette consumption and exhaled CO concentration, and changes in withdrawal and craving score, were observed among the smokers by the end of the study.

Conclusion : This preliminary study suggested feasibility and efficacy of NAC for smoking cessation. Follow-up study of NAC on AR should be carried out."

"Menopause merupakan suatu Menopause merupakan suatu kondisi fisiologis normal yang umumnya terjadi pada usia 44,6 sampai dengan 52 tahun. Adanya pengaruh genetik, autoimun, iatrogenic dan idiopatik diduga dapat menyebabkan menopause terjadi lebih cepat. Kondisi ini berkaitan dengan infertilitas dan peningkatan risiko terjadinya penyakit tidak menular dan kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan status merokok dengan kejadian menopause dini di Indonesia tahun 2012. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan disain cross sectional menggunakan data Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2012 melibatkan 4.973 perempuan usia 45-49 tahun. Untuk menguji hubungan tersebut dilakukan analisis dengan menggunakan regresi cox. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa perempuan perokok berisisko 1,5 kali untuk mengalami menopause dini dibandingkan dengan perempuan yang tidak merokok setelah dikontrol dengan penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal (PRadjusted = 1,49, 95% CI = 0,99 - 2,24, nilai p = 0,052).

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Menopause is physiological condition which usually occurs at 44,6 to 52 years. The influence of genetic, autoimmune, infection, and idiopathic thought to cause early menopause. This condition is associated with fertility and increased risk of non communicable disease and mortality.

The objectives of present study is to investigate the association between smoking status and early menopause in Indonesia year 2012. A cross-sectional study of IDHS data analysis was conducted on 4973 Indonesian women, ranging in age between 45-49 years. We applied cox regression analyses (crude and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR)) to examine the association between smoking status and early menopause.

This study shows that women smokers 1,5 times the risk for early menopause compared with non smokers after controlled use of hormonal contraceptives (PRadjusted = 1,49, 95% CI = 0,99 - 2,24, p value = 0,052)."

"Smoking has detrimental effects on asthma sympom control and response to treatment and is prevalent among astma patients in South Korea. The aim of study is to determine the prevalence of smoking among asthma patients in South Korea and to compare the medication regimens of astma patients who do and do not smoke. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August 2010 to January 2011. Participating physicians (N=25) recorded demographic and clinical data on all astma patients presenting during the study period (N=2,032), and then recruited a subset of patients (N=500) for the survey such that half were self-reported current smokers. Recruited patients were between the ages of 18 and 60. In South Korea, physicians are well aware of the smoking status of their patients. However smoking status did not affect the prescribed medication regimens of this population of asthma patients."

"ABSTRAKTahun 2009 Pemerintah Kota Bogor menerapkan Kawasan Tanpa Rokok di wilayah rumah tangga namun angka perilaku merokok di dalam rumah pada warga masih tetap tinggi. Berdasarkan data PHBS Puskesmas Sindang Barang pada tahun 2017, jumlah perilaku merokok warga di dalam rumah tertinggi di wilayah RW 07 59,47. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku merokok di dalam rumah pada perokok rumah tangga di RW 07 Kelurahan Bubulak Kota Bogor. Design penelitian yang digunakan adalah cros-sectional dengan metode cluster sampling. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 119 responden, yaitu warga RW 07 Kelurahan Bubulak Kota Bogor yang merokok di dalam rumah. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuisioner. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa sebanyak 79 warga merokok di dalam rumah. Faktor sikap, peran kerluarga, dan pengaruh psikologis memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan perilaku merokok di dalam rumah. Oleh karena itu untuk kedepannya puskesmas dapat melakukan pembinaan kepada warga yang merokok di dalam rumah dan bekerja sama membuat suatu komunitas beranggotakan ibu rumah tangga atau anak remaja agar dapat berperan untuk menegakkan peraturan larangan merokok di dalam rumah

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ABSTRACTOn 2009 the City of Bogor Government applied a No Smoking Area program in local househould, but the inhabitant smoking behavior inside the house was still pretty excessive. According to PHBS data on Community Health Center Puskesmas of Sindang Barang region on 2017, the number of inhabitant smoking behavior inside the house reached the highest rate on RW 07 59,47. This research aimed to understand what factors that indicates the smoking behavior inside the house of people on RW 07 Bubulak village, the city of Bogor. This research used cross sectional design with cluster sampling method. The amount of sample used in this research is 119 respondents, consists of active smokers inside the house of people of RW 07 Bubulak village, the city of Bogor. This research used quetionnaire method for data collecting instrument. The result of the research was 79 of all inhabitants have smoking behavior inside the house. Variables that significantly related with smoking behavior inside the house were attitude, family role, and psychological influences. With this result, Community Health Center Puskesmas should take action to give understanding for the people, and together with mothers and children, build a community that take a role to enforce people to comply on No Smoking regulation inside the house."

"ABSTRAKNama : Danang Wahansa SugiartoProgram Studi : Ilmu Kesehatan MasyarakatJudul : Hubungan Smoking Media Literacy dengan Status Merokok Siswa SMANegeri di Wilayah Kecamatan Purwakarta Kabupaten PurwakartaTahun 2018Pembimbing : Dr. Dian Ayubi, SKM, MQIHDi Indonesia, tren usia mulai merokok paling banyak ada pada remaja rentang usia 15-19 tahun, yang merupakan usia SMA. Di Kabupaten Purwakarta, jumlah proporsi perokok lebih tinggi dibanding angka provinsi. Diketahui bahwa paparan media sangat berpengaruh terhadap inisiasi remaja untuk merokok. Dikembangkanlah suatu konsep strategi pengendalian tembakau berbasis sekolah, yaitu literasi media smoking media literacy [SML] . Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan SML dengan status merokok siswa SMA negeri di wilayah Kecamatan Purwakarta Kabupaten Purwakarta setelah jenis kelamin, pendidikan orang tua, parenting, orang terdekat yang merokok orang tua, saudara kandung, dan teman sebaya , capaian prestasi di sekolah, depresi, self-esteem, sifat memberontak, dan sifat mencari sensasi dikendalikan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross-sectional yang dilaksanakan pada April-Mei 2018 di Kecamatan Purwakarta Kabupaten Purwakarta. Data dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner yang diisi sendiri oleh responden yang berjumlah 310 siswa-siswi SMA negeri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 14,2 responden yang berstatus merokok. Nilai rata-rata skor SML responden adalah 68,94. Hasil regresi logistik ganda menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan bermakna antara SML dengan status merokok setelah jenis kelamin, saudara yang merokok, teman sebaya yang merokok, capaian prestasi di sekolah, dan sifat memberontak dikendalikan nilai p = 0,048; CI = 1,008-7,085 . Perlunya pendidikan dan pemahaman literasi media, promosi kesehatan dengan pendekatan media sosial, dan lebih menggalakkan upaya kesehatan dengan pendekatan keluarga dapat mengurangi penggunaan rokok pada remaja.Kata kunci: literasi media, merokok, smoking media literacy, remaja, siswa SMA

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ABSTRACTName Danang Wahansa SugiartoStudy Program Public Health ScienceTitle Association of Smoking Media Literacy and Smoking Status of PublicHigh School Students in Purwakarta District Purwakarta Regency 2018Supervisor Dr. Dian Ayubi, SKM, MQIHIn Indonesia, the trend of age to start smoking is most prevalent in adolescents rsquo age range 15 19 years, which is the age of high school. In Purwakarta Regency, the number of proportion of smokers is higher than the provincial rate. It is known that media exposure is very influential factor on the initiation of adolescents to smoke. Therefore, a concept of school based tobacco control strategy was developed, namely media literacy smoking media literacy SML . The purpose of this research is to know the relation of SML with smoking status of public high school students in Purwakarta District Purwakarta Regency after controlled by sex, parent education, parenting, parents, siblings, and peers who smoke, school achievement, depression, self esteem, rebelliousness, and sensation seeking. This research used a quantitative research with cross sectional design conducted in April May 2018 in Purwakarta District Purwakarta Regency. Data were collected by self administered questionnaires with 310 students of public senior high school. The results showed that there were 14.2 of respondents who had smoking. Mean of SML score was 68.94 on a scale of 100 . The result of logistic regression showed that there is a significant correlation between SML and smoking status after controlled by sex, sibling who smoke, peers who smoke, school achievement, and rebelliousness p value 0,048 CI 1,008 7,085 . The need for education and understanding of media literacy, health promotion with media social approach, and further promoting health efforts with family approaches may reduce smoking use in adolescents.Keywords media literacy, smoking, smoking media literacy, adolescents, high schoolstudents"

"Latar belakang: Terdapat peningkatan jumlah perokok remaja di Indonesia berdasarkan perbandingan data Riskesdas 2016 dan Riskesdas 2018. Jika dibandingkan dengan data pada tahun 2016, Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2018 menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan jumlah perokok remaja di Indonesia sebesar 0,3% dengan perokok usia 10- 18 tahun mencapai 9,1%. Beberapa faktor yang melatarbelakangi terbentuknya perilaku merokokpadasiswaadalahhargadiri,tekanandalampertemanan,danpolaasuhnegatif. Metode: Studi cross-sectional yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara harga diri, tekanan dalam pertemanan, dan pola asuh negatif dengan perilaku merokok m elalui Angket Perilaku Remaja Siswa Sekolah Menengah di DKI Jakarta pada bulan November 2023.Penelitianmelibatkan160respondendarikelas10dan11diSMAN38danSMAN 90 Jakarta yang diambil secara stratified proportional random sampling. Hasil: Tidak ada hubungan yang siginifikan antara harga diri (p -value 0,725) dan pola asuh negatif (p-value 0,942) dengan perilaku merokok. Namun, ada hubungan yang signifikan antara tekanan dalam pertemanan (p-value 0,004) dengan perilaku merokok. Kesimpulan: Disarankan bagi SMAN 38 dan SMAN 90 mengadakan program peer educator terkait dampak negatif dari rokok untuk membantu mengurangi tekanan merokok dalam lingkaran pertemanan siswa.

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Background: There is an increase in the number of teenage smokers in Indonesia based on a comparison of Basic Health Research of the year 2016 and 2018. When compared with 2016 data, the 2018 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) shows that there is an increase in the number of teenage smokers in Indonesia by 0.3% with smokers aged 10 - 18 years reached 9.1%. Several factors behind the formation of smoking behavior in studentsareself-esteem,peerpressure,andnegativeparentingpatterns.Method:Across- sectional approach which aims to determine the relationship between self -esteem, peer pressure, and negative parenting patterns with smoking behavior through the Adolescent Behavior Questionnaire for Middle School Students in DKI Jakarta in November 2023. The research involved 160 respondents from grades 10 and 11 at SMAN 38 and SMAN 90 Jakarta using stratified proportional random sampling. Results: There is no significant relationshipbetweenself-esteem(p-value0,725)andnegativeparentingpatterns(p-value 0,942) and smoking behavior. However, there is a significant relationship between peer pressure (p-value 0,004) and smoking behavior. Conclusion: It is recommended for SMAN 38 and SMAN 90 to hold a peer educator program regarding the negative impacts of smoking to help reduce the pressure to smoke within students' circle of friends."

"[ABSTRAKMerokok adalah penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas. Perilaku merokok merupakan perilaku yang merugikan, tidak hanya bagi individu perokok tetapi juga bukan perokok. Determinan sosial budaya terkait merokok belum dipahami secara jelas, sehingga bisa lebih bermanfaat dalam penanggulangan tembakau. Untuk itu peneliti akan menyajikan hasil determinan apa saja yang berpengaruh terhadap kebiasaan merokok di desa dan kota pada daerah produsen rokok.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan jenis deskriptif, pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara semi terstruktur dan observasi, serta telaah dokumen. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah, pengetahuan, sikap, keyakinan, interaksi sosial, ritual adat, dan norma masyarakat. Peneliti menyarankan kepada Kementerian Kesehatan yaitu intervensi khusus bagi perokok di pedesaan ataupun perokok yang dekat dengan industri maupun perkebunan tembakau, Penganggaran Promotif di berikan penekanan terhadap pengendalian tembakau dan juga dalam menghadapi strategi produsen rokok untuk perokok baru dan dewasa. Serta advokasi oleh pemerintah Kota dan Kabupaten Malang bagi tokoh agama dan tokoh masyarakat terkait penanggulangan bahaya rokok.

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ABSTRACT

Smoking is a cause of morbidity and mortality. Smoking behavior is behavior that is detrimental, not only for the individual smoker but also non-smokers. Socio-cultural determinants related to smoking is not clearly understood, so it could be more helpful in the prevention of tobacco. To the researchers will present the results of any determinants that influence smoking habits in villages and towns in the tobacco-producing regions.

This study used a qualitative method with descriptive data collection conducted through semi-structured interviews and observation, and document analysis. This study found that the most influential factor is knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, social interaction, ritual customs, and norms of society. Researchers suggest to the Ministry of Health is a special intervention for smokers in rural or smokers who are close to the industry and tobacco plantations, Budgeting Promotive given the emphasis on tobacco control strategies and also in the face of new cigarette manufacturers for smokers and adults. And advocacy by the government of Malang City for religious leaders and public figures related to overcome the dangers of smoking.

, Smoking is a cause of morbidity and mortality. Smoking behavior is behavior that is detrimental, not only for the individual smoker but also non-smokers. Socio-cultural determinants related to smoking is not clearly understood, so it could be more helpful in the prevention of tobacco. To the researchers will present the results of any determinants that influence smoking habits in villages and towns in the tobacco-producing regions.

This study used a qualitative method with descriptive data collection conducted through semi-structured interviews and observation, and document analysis. This study found that the most influential factor is knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, social interaction, ritual customs, and norms of society. Researchers suggest to the Ministry of Health is a special intervention for smokers in rural or smokers who are close to the industry and tobacco plantations, Budgeting Promotive given the emphasis on tobacco control strategies and also in the face of new cigarette manufacturers for smokers and adults. And advocacy by the government of Malang City for religious leaders and public figures related to overcome the dangers of smoking.

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