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"Latar belakang: Gangguan pendengaran sensorineural pada pilot merupakan masalah kesehatan yang dapat menyebabkan inkapasitasi pada saat pilot menjalankan tugas terbangnya dan berdampak terhadap keselamatan penerbangan. Tujuan penelitian ini mengidentifikasi jam terbang total dan faktor dominan lainnya terhadap risiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural di antara pilot sipil di Indonesia. Metode: Desain penelitian potong lintang dengan purposive sampling pada tanggal 4-20 Mei 2015 terhadap pilot laki-laki berusia 20-60 tahun dan pilot memiliki lisensi Commercial Pilot License (CPL) atau Air Transport Pilot License (ATPL) yang sedang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala (medex) di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan, Jakarta. Gangguan pendengaran yaitu subyek memiliki ambang dengar 25 dB atau lebih. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara memakai kuesioner. kemudian data diambil dari rekam medis pada hari pemeriksaan. Risiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural dianalisis menggunakan risiko relatif (RR) dengan regresi Cox. Hasil: Selama 3 minggu masa pengumpulan data terdapat 681 pilot yang melakukan medex di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan, didapatkan 314 pilot yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Sebanyak 15,9% mempunyai gangguan pendengaran sensorineural. Pilot dengan jam terbang total lebih 5000 jam dibandingkan kurang 5000 jam berisiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural 4,7 kali lipat [risiko relatif suaian (RRa)=4,73; p=0,137]. Pilot dengan usia 45-60 tahun dibandingkan usia 20-44 tahun berisiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural 6,8 lipat (RRa=6,87; p=0,000). Simpulan: Jam terbang total 5000 jam atau lebih serta usia 45-60 tahun meningkatkan risiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural pada pilot sipil di Indonesia.

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Background: Sensorineural hearing loss in civil pilots could interfere pilots? performance to safely operate an aircraft thus could cause incapacitation on board. This study aimed to identify risk factors of sensorineural hearing loss among civil pilots in Indonesia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design with purposive sampling on 4-20 May 2015 was conducted on pilots of the male civilian. The inclusion criteria civilian pilots male 20-60 years old and had Commercial Pilot License (CPL) or Air Transport Pilot License (ATPL) who were taking medical examinations (medex) in Civil Aviation Medical Centre, Jakarta. Hearing impairment defined by hearing threshold of 25 dB or more. Demographic data were collected by interviewed pilots using questionnaires while audiometry and laboratory data were collected from medical records. Risk factors of sensorineural hearing loss were analyzed by Cox regression.

Results: Three weeks collecting data had 681 pilot conducted medex in Civil Aviation Medical Centre, among 314 commercial pilots were fulfilled the criteria?s. Percentage of sensorineural hearing loss from audiometry data were 15.9%. Subjects with 5000 flight hours or more had almost five times increased risk of sensorineural hearing loss compared to subjects with less than 5000 flight hours [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 4.73; p = 0.137]. Subjects aged 45-60 year-old had almost seven times increased risk of sensorineural hearing loss compared to subjects aged 20-44 year-old (RRa= 6.87; p = 0.000).

Conclusion: Total flight hours 5000 hours or more and age of 45-60 years increased the risk of sensorineural hearing loss among civilian pilots in Indonesia."

"Latar belakang: Mata merupakan indera yang sangat penting dalam penerbangan. Salah satu fungsi untuk menentukan perkiraan jarak, sehingga diperlukan fungsi kedua mata yang baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah diketahuinya identifikasi pengaruh jam terbang total terhadap risiko miopia ringan pada pilot sipil di Indonesia. Metode: Studi potong lintang dengan purposif sampel pada pilot sipil yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan dengan rentang waktu 27 April sampai dengan 13 Mei 2015. Definisi miopia ringan jika mata memerlukan koreksi penglihatan jauh dengan lensa < -3 dioptri. Data karakteristik demografi, pekerjaan, kebiasaan diperoleh dari kuesioner. Data tajam penglihatan dan kadar gula darah puasa didapatkan dari rekam medis Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan. Analisis menggunakan regresi Cox dengan waktu konstan. Hasil: 690 pilot sipil yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan, 428 subjek bersedia menjadi responden. Subjek terpilih untuk dianalisis berjumlah 413 pilot dan 15 pilot lainnya menderita miopia berat. Dari 413 pilot, 141(34,1%) miopia ringan dan 272 (65,8%) normal. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi miopia ringan adalah ras, status perkawinan dan jam terbang total secara signifikan. Subjek dengan ras selain Asia dibandingkan dengan ras Asia berisiko 2,1 kali lipat lebih besar menderita miopia ringan [risiko relatif suaian (RRa)=2,19; p=0,030]. Dibandingkan dengan subjek tidak menikah, subjek yang menikah berisiko 3,8 kali lipat menderita miopia ringan (RRa=3,80; p=0,000). Selanjutnya, dibandingkan subjek dengan jam terbang total 16-194 jam, subjek dengan jam terbang total 195-30285 jam mempunyai risiko 4,5 kali lipat menderita miopia ringan (RRa=4,56; p=0,000). Kesimpulan: Subjek yang menikah, ras non Asia dan yang memiliki 195 atau lebih jam terbang total mempunyai risiko lebih tinggi menderita miopia ringan di Indonesia.

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Background: Eye is very important organ in aviation?s operation. One of the functions is to estimate distance where both healthy eyes are needed. The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of total flight hours on the risk of mild myopia among civilian pilots in Indonesia.

Methods: Study design was cross-sectional with purposive sampling among pilots those who got medical examinations at Civil Aviation Medical Center on April 27th - May13th, 2015. Mild myopia is condition the eyes need negatif lens corection for distance visual acuity less than -3 diopters. Demographic characteristic, occupational characteristic, ranking characteristics, and habits were obtained from questionnaire. Visual acuity and fasting blood sugar levels data were obtained from medical records in Aviation Medical Board. Data were analysed with Cox regression.

Resulted: 690 civilian Indonesia?s pilots who conducted medical examination, 428 subjects were willing to participate. Total subjects to be analyzed were 413 pilots and 15 pilots were not involved since severe myopia. Amongst of 413 pilots, 141 (34,1%) mild myopia and 272 (65,8%) normal. Factors influencing mild myopia were race, marital status and total flight hours. Non-Asian subject had 2.1-fold risk of mild myopia compared to Asian race subject [adjusted relative risk (RRa)=2.19; p=0.030]. Subjects who were married had 3.8-fold risk of mild myopia compared with subjects who were not married (RRa=3.80; p=0.000). Subjects who had total flight hours 195-30285 hours had 4.5-fold risk to be mild myopia compared with subjects 194 or less total flight hours (RRa=4.56; p=0.000).

Conclusion: Married subject, non-Asian race and those who have 195 or more total flight hours constitute a higher risk of suffering mild myopia."

"Latar belakang : Diabetes Mellitus (DM) dapat terjadi pada pilot sipil akan menyebabkan struk dan gangguan kardiovaskular sehingga membahayakan keselamatan penerbangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah identifikasi kaitan total jam terbang dan faktor lainnya terhadap DM pada pilot sipil di Indonesia.Metode : Penelitian menggunakan metode potong lintang dengan sampel purposif pada pilot sipil di Indonesia yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan pada tanggal 26 Mei ? 6 Juni 2015. Pengumpulan data menggunakan formulir kuesioner, pemeriksaan fisik dan laboratorium. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah karakteristik demografi dan pekerjaan, kebiasaan makan, indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dan kebiasaan olah raga. Kategori Diabetes Mellitus berdasarkan PERKENI.Hasil: Diantara 690 pilot yang melakukan pemeriksaan medis, 428 subjek bersedia mengikuti penelitian. Subjek yang diikutsertakan dalam analisis sebanyak 292, 10,3% memiliki kadar gula puasa tinggi dan 89,7% memiliki kadar gula puasa normal. Jika dibandingkan subjek dengan jam terbang 16-4999 jam subjek dengan jam terbang 5000-27500 jam mempunyai risiko lebih besar menyandang DM risiko relatif suaian (RRa)=2,86; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI)=1,38-5,94; p=0,005]. Selanjutnya dibandingkan pilot dengan IMT normal, pilot dengan obesitas memiliki risiko lebih besar menyandang DM (RRa=3,29; 95% CI=0,76-14,29; p=0,111).

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Background : Diabetes Mellitus (DM) can occur in civilian pilots will lead to a stroke and cardiovascular disorders, endangering flight safety. The purpose of this study was the identification of linkages total flying hours and other factors against the DM at civilian pilot in Indonesia.Methods: A cross-sectional study using the method with a purposive sample in civilian pilots in Indonesia, which performs periodic health checks on Flight Health Center on May 26 to June 6, 2015. The data were collected using a questionnaire form, physical examination and laboratory findings. The data collected were the demographic characteristics and work, eating habits, body mass index (BMI) and exercise habits. DM classification based on standard PERKENI.Results : Among the 690 pilots who conduct medical examination, 428 subjects were willing to follow the study. Subjects were included in the analysis as much as 292, 10.3% had high fasting glucose levels and 89.7% had normal fasting glucose levels. Compare to the pilots with total flight hours 16-4999 hours, pilots total flight hours 5000-27500 had 2.86 higher risk DM [RRa = 2.86; 95% CI = 1.38 to 5.94; p = 0.005]. Furthermore, compared to the pilot with normal BMI, the pilot with obesity had 3.3 higher risk DM (RRa = 3.29; 95% CI = 0.76- 14.29; p = 0.111).Conclusions: The pilots who had total flight hours 5000 hours or more and obese had higher risk to be DM."

"Tuli mendadak merupakan kedaruratan dibidang audiologi yang perlu penatalaksanaan segera. Konsensus terapi tuli mendadak tahun 2010 di Madrid-Spanyol dan systematic review yang dilakukan Cochrane tahun 2009 menetapkan steroid sebagai terapi utama. Pasien yang mengalami kesembuhan memperlihatkan peningkatan nilai emisi otoakustik selama terapi. Perbaikan emisi terjadi lebih awal dibandingkan perbaikan ambang dengar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi hasil terapi metil prednisolon dosis terbaru pada tuli mendadak dengan pemeriksaan DPOAE dan audiometri nada murni dengan desain pre-eksperimental bersifat analitik pre-post terapi. Pemeriksaan audiometri nada murni dan DPOAE dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah terapi hari ke-15 pada 22 subjek penelitian. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan perubahan bermakna nilai audiometri di semua frekuensi yang diteliti, perubahan bermakna nilai DPOAE di frekuensi 1500 Hz, 2000 Hz, 8000 Hz dan hubungan bermakna perubahan SNR pada DPOAE dengan tingkat perubahan ambang dengar pada frekuensi 8000 Hz dan 10000 Hz. Penelitian ini mendapatkan perubahan yang bermakna nilai audiometri nada murni sebelum dan sesudah terapi pada semua frekuensi yang diteliti dengan menggunakan dosis terbaru metil prednisolon. Oleh karena itu dosis ini dapat diaplikasikan untuk terapi tuli mendadak.

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Sudden deafness is an emergency case in audiology that need immediate treatment. Consensus 2010 in Madrid-Spain and Cochrane systematic review in 2009, stated steroid as drugs of choice in sudden deafness therapy. Patient that has been recovered from sudden deafness has increasing otoacoustic emission during treatment. The emission improvement begins earlier than the improvement of the hearing level.

The aim of research is to evaluate new dose of methylprednisolon therapy in sudden deafness by using DPOAE and pure tone audiometry with pre-experimental analytical design pre-post treatment. Pure tone audiometry and DPOAE evaluation before therapy and day 15th after therapy on 22 subjects.

This reseach found that there are changes in pure tone audiometry for all hearing frequencies, there is also changes in DPOAE for 1500 Hz, 2000 Hz, 8000 Hz frequencies and a significant difference between changes in DPOAE with changes in hearing threshold level for 8000 Hz and 10000 Hz. This research found changes in pure tone audiometry for all hearing frequencies by using new dose of methylprednisolone. There fore, this new dose could be applied for sudden deafness therapy."

"Gangguan pendengaran sensorineural merupakan salah satu komplikasi pada otitis media supuratif kronik (OMSK). Kelainan ini bisa bersifat sementara atau permanen dan dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor. Pemeriksaan audiometri konvensional, masking dan tes Sensorinural Acuity Level (SAL) dapat menilai seberapa besar kejadian ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi gangguan pendengaran sensorineural pada OMSK dan faktor yang berhubungan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang bersifat deskriptif analitik yang dilakukan di Poli THT RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo periode Januari-Mei 2015 melibatkan 73 telinga OMSK. Gangguan pendengaran sensorineural pada OMSK didapatkan sebanyak 24,7% dan umumnya terjadi pada frekuensi tinggi. Tipe OMSK, durasi penyakit, dan tipe perforasi dapat memengaruhi gangguan pendengaran sensorineural dan secara statistik bermakna. Gangguan pendengaran sensorineural terjadi pada OMSK dan pemeriksaan audiometri yang benar dapat menentukan kejadian ini. Tipe OMSK, durasi penyakit, dan tipe perforasi memengaruhi kejadian gangguan pendengaran sensorineural pada OMSK.

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Sensorineural hearing loss is one of the complications of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). This order can be temporary or permanent and influenced by many factors. Conventional audiometry, masking, and Sensorineural Acuty Level (SAL) test can diagnose this incident. This study aims to determine the prevalence sensorineural hearing loss in chronic suppurative otitis media and related factors.

This study was a cross sectional descriptif analytic which done at ENT Department Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital periode January to May 2015 involving 73 ears of CSOM. The prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss in CSOM is about 24,7% and generally occurs at high frequency. Type of CSOM, duration of disease, and type of perforation may affect sensorineural hearing loss and statistically significant. Sensorineural hearing loss accurs in CSOM and audiometry examination can determine this condition. Type of CSOM, duration of disease, and type of perforation influence the incidence of sensorineural hearing loss in CSOM."

"Gangguan pendengaran sebagai penyakit akibat kerja yang paling sering terjadi di berbagai industri membutuhkan perhatian dari banyak pihak. Gangguan pendengaran yang dialami seseorang akan berpengaruh pada produktivitas kerja dan kualitas hidup pekerja tersebut, sehingga pengendalian bising sangat penting untuk dilaksanakan di semua industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pelaksanaan dan kesesuaian dari elemen program konservasi pendengaran yang dilakukan PT XYZ sesuai dengan peraturan dan rekomendasi yang ada, agar dapat diketahui hal-hal yang dapat diperbaiki untuk mewujudkan Program Konservasi Pendengaran yang efisien, efektif dan memadai. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Data diperoleh dengan cara wawancara mendalam, observasi dan telaah dokumen, dan kuisioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya ketidaksesuaian penerapan elemen Program Konservasi Pendengaran di PT XYZ dengan peraturan dan rekomendasi. Peneliti merekomendasikan bahwa perlu dibuat kebijakan khusus terkait dengan PKP, dan pelaksanaan pencatatan dan pelaporan yang lebih baik, serta pengawasan yang lebih pada pelaksanaan setiap elemen Program Konservasi Pendengaran.

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Hearing loss as the most common occupational disease in many industries requires attention from many parties. Hearing loss experienced by a person will affect the work productivity and quality of life of the worker, so noise control is very important to be implemented in all industries.

This study aims to determine the description of the implementation and suitability of the elements of hearing conservation program conducted by PT XYZ in accordance with existing regulations and recommendations, in order to know the things that can be improved to realize an efficient, effective and adequate Hearing Conservation Program. This research uses descriptive study design with qualitative approach. Data were obtained by in-depth interviews, observation and document review, and questionnaires.

The results of the study indicate that there is a mismatch of the implementation of Hearing Conservation Program elements in PT XYZ with the rules and recommendations. The researcher recommends that special policies relating to Hearing Conservation Program, better implementation of recording and reporting, and more oversight of the implementation of each element of the Hearing Conservation Program."

"Latar belakang: Lingkungan kerja pilot dengan paparan radiasi kosmik dan hipoksia dapat menyebabkan gangguan metabolisme lemak yang terlihat pada pemeriksaan profil lipid darah. Dislipidemia merupakan faktor risiko utama aterosklerosis yang menyebabkan serangan jantung sehingga dapat mengancam keselamatan penerbangan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor - faktor risiko dislipidemia pada pilot sipil di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan consecutive sampling pada pilot sipil yang memeriksakan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan. Data profil lipid didapatkan dari pengisian kuesioner. Variabel yang dianalisis adalah jam terbang total, asupan makanan, Indeks Massa Tubuh IMT, kebiasaan merokok, dan latihan fisik. Hasil: Terdapat 128 responden yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan bersedia mengikuti penelitian. Didapatkan prevalensi dislipidemia 61,7 dengan mayoritas kadar HDL rendah sebesar 57. Faktor - faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan dislipidemia adalah obesitas dan asupan makanan tidak sesuai. Pilot sipil dengan asupan makanan tidak sesuai meningkatkan risiko dislipidemia sebesar 2x lipat dibandingkan pilot sipil dengan asupan makanan sesuai OR= 2,44; IK 95 = 1,15 - 5,18; p= 0,02. Jika dibandingkan dengan pilot sipil dengan IMT normal, pilot obese berisiko 4x lipat terjadi dislipidemia OR= 4,21; IK 95 = 1,48 - 11,99; p= 0,007. Simpulan: Asupan makanan tidak sesuai dan obesitas berhubungan dengan terjadinya dislipidemia pada pilot sipil di Indonesia.

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Background: Pilot's occupational environment with cosmic radiation and hypoxia exposure can influence lipid metabolism which reflected in blood lipid profile. Dyslipidemia is the main risk for atherosclerosis that lead to heart attack which can threats flight safety. The purpose of this study was to identify associated risk factors for dyslipidemia among civilian pilot in Indonesia.

Methods: This was cross - sectional study using consecutive sampling among civilian pilots who went to periodic medical check - up in Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan. Blood lipid profiles data was obtained from questionnaire. Variables that went into analyze are total flight hours, food intake, Body Mass Index BMI, smoking habit, and physical activity.

Results: There were 128 respondents who met the inclusion criteria and willing to participate. The dyslipidemia prevalence was 61,7 with low - HDL index was the highest up to 57. Obesity and inapproriate food intake were dominant risk factors that associated with dyslipidemia. Civilian pilots with inapproriate food intake compared with those who had appropriate food intake had 2 - fold risk to have dyslipidemia OR 2,44 95 CI 1,15 - 5,18 p 0,02. Obese pilots had 4 - fold risk to have dyslipidemia compared with those pilots with normal BMI OR 4,21 IK 95 1,48 - 11,99 p 0,007.

Conclusion: Inapropriate food intake and obesity associated with dyslipidemia among civilian pilots in Indonesia. "

"[ABSTRAKGangguan pendengaran akibat stroke yang terjadi pada jalur auditorik merupakan aspek yang sedikit sekali dieksplorasi pada pasien pasca stroke dan berpotensi menimbulkan dampak pada fungsi dan kualitas hidup. Pendengaran memfasilitasi komunikasi verbal sehingga hal ini penting untuk memberikan penatalaksanaan yang sesuai dan maksimal. Untuk mengukur proporsi gangguan pendengaran dan gangguan komunikasi verbal pada pasien pasca stroke dapat dilakukan pemeriksaan audiometri nada murni, audiometri tutur, dan audiometri tutur dalam bising untuk mengkaji bagaimana gangguan pendengaran berkorelasi dengan karakteristik demografik dan karakteristik klinis serta faktor yang mempengaruhi. Penelitian potong lintang ini dilakukan di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta pada bulan November 2014 sampai Mei 2015, melibatkan 40 subyek pasien pasca stroke otak (eksklusi afasia, gangguan fungsi luhur dan gangguan kognitif) yang terdiagnosis dari pencitraan tomografi komputer kepala. Sebanyak 40% mengalami gangguan pendengaran sensorineural (ringan 37,5% dan sedang 20%). Gangguan pendengaran sentral didapatkan 12,5 dan campuran (sensorineural dan sentral) sebanyak17,5%. Didapatkan gangguan komunikasi verbal dalam suasana tenang dan bising 12,% sedangkan gangguan dalam suasana bising sebanyak 32,5%. Berdasarkan nilai odds rasio didapatkan kecenderungan faktor risiko usia lebih dari 60 tahun, letak lesi kortikal dan atau subkortikal serta vaskularisasi lesi dapat mempengaruhi gangguan pendengaran dengan atau tanpa disertai gangguan komunikasi dan secara statistik bermakna.

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ABSTRACTHearing loss due to stroke which disturb the auditoric path is less known, and may potentially effect the function and quality of life. Hearing facilitates a good speech hence it is important to give appropriate and optimal treatment. To measure the proportion of hearing loss and speech disorder in post stoke patient, we did pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and word in noise and to analyze how it could correlate with demographic, clinical characteristic and other factors. This cross sectional study was conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital Jakarta which started from November 2014 to May 2015, involving 40 samples after stroke patient (with the exclusion of aphasia and cognitive disorder) which were diagnosed with brain CT scan. Fourty percents patients had sensoryneural hearing loss (mild 37,5% and moderate 20%,). Central Hearing loss was found in 12.5% patients and mixed (sensorineural and sentral) hearing loss was found in 17.5%. Speech disorder in quite and noise background was found in 12.5% patients and disorder in noise background was found in 32.5% patients. Based on the odds ratio it is found that age older than 60 year old, cortical and or subcortical lesion, and vascularization of the lesion is the risk factor that can influence hearing disorder with or without speech disorder and it is statistically significance.;Hearing loss due to stroke which disturb the auditoric path is less known, and may potentially effect the function and quality of life. Hearing facilitates a good speech hence it is important to give appropriate and optimal treatment. To measure the proportion of hearing loss and speech disorder in post stoke patient, we did pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and word in noise and to analyze how it could correlate with demographic, clinical characteristic and other factors. This cross sectional study was conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital Jakarta which started from November 2014 to May 2015, involving 40 samples after stroke patient (with the exclusion of aphasia and cognitive disorder) which were diagnosed with brain CT scan. Fourty percents patients had sensoryneural hearing loss (mild 37,5% and moderate 20%,). Central Hearing loss was found in 12.5% patients and mixed (sensorineural and sentral) hearing loss was found in 17.5%. Speech disorder in quite and noise background was found in 12.5% patients and disorder in noise background was found in 32.5% patients. Based on the odds ratio it is found that age older than 60 year old, cortical and or subcortical lesion, and vascularization of the lesion is the risk factor that can influence hearing disorder with or without speech disorder and it is statistically significance., Hearing loss due to stroke which disturb the auditoric path is less known, and may potentially effect the function and quality of life. Hearing facilitates a good speech hence it is important to give appropriate and optimal treatment. To measure the proportion of hearing loss and speech disorder in post stoke patient, we did pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and word in noise and to analyze how it could correlate with demographic, clinical characteristic and other factors. This cross sectional study was conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital Jakarta which started from November 2014 to May 2015, involving 40 samples after stroke patient (with the exclusion of aphasia and cognitive disorder) which were diagnosed with brain CT scan. Fourty percents patients had sensoryneural hearing loss (mild 37,5% and moderate 20%,). Central Hearing loss was found in 12.5% patients and mixed (sensorineural and sentral) hearing loss was found in 17.5%. Speech disorder in quite and noise background was found in 12.5% patients and disorder in noise background was found in 32.5% patients. Based on the odds ratio it is found that age older than 60 year old, cortical and or subcortical lesion, and vascularization of the lesion is the risk factor that can influence hearing disorder with or without speech disorder and it is statistically significance.]"

"Latar belakang: Tekanan darah tinggi diantara pilot sipil akan menyebabkan gangguan kardiovaskular sehingga akan mengganggu kelangsungan dan kelancaran penerbangan serta bagi perusahaan maskapai juga akan kekurangan pilot. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor dominan terhadap tekanan darah sistolik tinggi pada pilot sipil. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dengan metode sampling purposif pada pilot yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan pada tanggal 18-29 Mei 2015. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan formulir khusus untuk penelitian ini. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah karakteristik demografi dan pekerjaan, klinis, kebiasaan olahraga, kebiasaan makan, indeks massa tubuh dan riwayat penyakit. Tekanan darah sistolik tinggi ialah tekanan darah sistolik ≥ 140 mmHg. Hasil: Dari 690 pilot yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala, 428 pilot laki-laki bersedia berpartisipasi mengikuti penelitian ini. Usia dan riwayat penyakit hipertensi merupakan faktor risiko dominan yang berhubungan dengan tekanan darah sistolik tinggi. Jika dibandingkan dengan pilot usia 19-39 tahun, yang berusia 40-65 tahun mempunyai 15,1 kali lipat lebih besar risiko terkena tekanan darah sistolik tinggi [rasio odds suaian (ORa)= 15,12; p= 0,001]. Pilot dengan riwayat penyakit hipertensi dibandingkan dengan yang tidak ada riwayat memiliki risiko tekanan darah sistolik tinggi 93,2 kali lipat lebih besar (ORa= 93,21; p= 0,001). Kesimpulan: Usia 40-65 tahun dan memiliki riwayat hipertensi meningkatkan risiko tekanan darah sistolik tinggi di antara pilot sipil di Indonesia.

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Background: High blood pressure among civilian pilot will cause cardiovascular disease and this condition will disrupt the flight and for the airline company will have problem with pilot shortage. The purpose of this study was to identified the dominant factors related to high systolic blood pressure on the civilian pilot.

Methods: A cross-sectional study with a purposive sampling method on a pilot who perform periodic medical examinations in the Civil Aviation Medical Center on 18 to 29 May 2015. Data were collected using a special form for this study. The data collected were demographic and job characteristics, clinical, exercise habits, eating habits, body mass index and history of the disease. High systolic blood pressure is systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg.

Results: Of the 690 pilots who conduct periodic health examinations, 428 male pilots willing to participate to follow this study. Age and history of hypertension is the predominant risk factor associated with high systolic blood pressure. When compared with the pilot age 19-39 years, 40-65 years old have a 15.1-fold greater risk of high systolic blood pressure [odds ratio (adjusted ORa)= 15.12; p= 0.001]. Pilot with a history of hypertension compared to those without a history of having high systolic blood pressure risk 93.2 times larger (ORa= 93.21; p= 0.001).

Conclusion: Age of 40-65 years and had history of hypertension increased the riskj of systolic blood pressure among civilian pilot in Indonesia."

"Latar Belakang: Bising adalah bahaya potensial (hazard) yang dapat menyebabkan NIHL pada pekerja tambang nikel yang terpajan bising. Adanya peningkatan ambang dengar pada pekerja dengan pajanan bising yang tinggi dan dalam jangka waktu yang lama dapat menyebabkan NIHL. Kejadian NIHL yang semakin meningkat merupakan salah satu masalah pada pekerja tambang PT. X. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui tren audiometri dan prevalensi NIHL, mengetahui perbedaan NAD akibat pajanan bising tinggi dan rendah, mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan NIHL pada pekerja tambang nikel yang terpajan bising di PT. X tahun 2012-2016. Metode: Penelitian dengan desain observasional analitik dengan kohort retrospektif di UBP Nikel PT. X pada Bulan Desember 2017, dengan cara pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode total sampling. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara mengumpulkan data sekunder MCU pekerja yang sudah dilakukan pemeriksaan audiometri, data baseline 2011, data annual dari tahun 2012 sampai dengan 2016, dan analisis data dilakukan dengan program statistik SPS Statistics 20.0. Hasil: Prevalensi kejadian NIHL sebesar 15,97% tahun 2012 dan mencapai 39,54% pada tahun 2016. Kejadian kasus (prevalensi) NIHL selalu mengalami peningkatan baik pada area kerja dengan risiko kebisingan <85dB atau ≥85dB sejak tahun 2012 sampai 2016, namun tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara risiko kebisingan dengan kejadian NIHL setiap tahunnya. Pada penelitian ini diketahui bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan NAD telinga kanan dan kiri baik pada area kerja dengan risiko kebisingan <85dB atau ≥85dB pada tahun 2012-2016. Pada penelitian diketahui bahwa faktor usia memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan kejadian NIHL usia ≥40 tahun sebanyak 47,21% (p 0,000, IK 1,33-1,87), responden dengan usia ≥40 tahun memiliki risiko mengalami NIHL 1,58 kali lebih besar dibandingkan kelompok usia <40 tahun. Masa kerja ≥10 tahun sebanyak 40,15% memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan kejadian NIHL (IK 1,51-1,85) dan memiliki risiko mengalami NIHL 1,67 kali lebih besar dibandingkan kelompok masa kerja <10 tahun. Kriteria STS yang positif (90,91%) dengan (p 0,000) signifikan menunjukkan terjadinya NIHL. Kesimpulan: Tren Audiometri dan prevalensi NIHL terlihat kecenderungan meningkat dari tahun 2012 sampai tahun 2016. Tidak terdapat perbedaan NAD telinga kanan dan kiri baik pada area kerja dengan risiko kebisingan <85dB atau ≥85dB pada tahun 2012-2016. Hasil ini menunjukkan tren kecenderungan meningkat terjadinya kejadian (prevalensi) NIHL di PT. X. Kejadian kasus (prevalensi) NIHL selalu mengalami peningkatan baik pada area kerja dengan risiko kebisingan <85dB atau ≥85dB sejak tahun 2012 sampai 2016, namun tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara risiko kebisingan dengan kejadian NIHL setiap tahunnya. Faktor usia, masa kerja, kriteria STS positif memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan kejadian NIHL.

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Background: High-volume noise is a potential hazard which may cause Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) among nickel mine workers who are exposed to noise. The increase of hearing threshold in workers with chronic exposure to high-volume noise may cause NIHL. The increasing prevalence of NIHL is a problem for nickel mine workers of PT. X. The objective of this study is to identify the audiometry trend and NIHL prevalence among mine workers who are exposed to high-volume noise, to investigated correlation of noise level exposure and the others that causes NIHL, to know how difference hearing treshold value on the workers worked with noise level <85 dB and ≥85 dB since 2012 until 2016.

Method: This study used an analytical observational design with retrospective cohort at UBP Nikel PT X in December 2017, with the method of obtaining samples by total sampling. This study was conducted by collecting secondary medical check-up data of workers who have undergone audiometry examinations, baseline data from 2011, annual data from 2012 until 2016, and data analysis was done using SPSS program version 20.0

Results: The prevalence of NIHL was shown starting from 15,97% in 2012, and the prevalence reached 39,54% in 2016. The prevalence of NIHL always showed an increase, both in the working areas with noise level <85dB and ≥85dB since 2012 until 2016, however there was no significant relation between noise levels and NIHL prevalence each year. In this study it was discovered that there were no differences in hearing treshold value right ear and left ear, both in the working areas with noise level <85dB and ≥85dB during 2012-2016. It was found that age had a significant association with NIHL prevalence, respondents aged >40 years old as much as 47,21% (p 0,000, 95% CI 1,33-1,87); respondents aged >40 years old had 1,58 times higher risks to develop NIHL than the age group <40 years old. Respondents with the period of work ≥10 years as much as 40,2% (IK 1,51-1,85) had a significant association with NIHL prevalence. They had 1,67 times higher risks to develop NIHL than period of work <10 years. It was found that Positive STS Criteria (90,91%) had a significant association with NIHL prevalence (p 0,000).

Conclusion: The NIHL prevalence and the audiometry trend showed a tendency to increase from 2012 until 2016. The prevalence of NIHL always showed an increase, both in the working areas with noise level <85dB and ≥85dB since 2012 until 2016, however there was no significant relation between noise levels and NIHL prevalence each year. There were no differences in hearing treshold value right ear and left ear, both in the working areas with noise level <85dB and ≥85dB since 2012 until 2016. The factor of age and period of work had a significant association with NIHL It was found that Positive STS Criteria had a significant association with NIHL prevalence."