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"ABSTRAKFitosom merupakan suatu teknologi terbaru dalam formulasi obat herbal yang saat ini dikembangkan untuk memperbaiki absorpsi bahan aktif obat herbal yang lebih cepat. Fraksi etilasetat kering daun gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) mengandung senyawa flavonoid yang memiliki khasiat sebagai antiinflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan aktivitas penyembuhan luka bakar gel ekstrak daun gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) fraksi etilasetat kering tanpa dibuat menjadi fitosom dengan gel fitosom ekstrak daun gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) fraksi etilasetat kering, dibandingkandengan Bioplacenton gel sebagai kontrol positif. Tiga formula gel fitosom dibuat dengan konsentrasi fitosom 2%, 3% dan 4%, yang mengandung fraksi etilasetat kering daun gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) dan fosfatidilkolin soya 1:1, menggunakan metode hidrasi lapis tipis. Uji farmakologi dilakukan secara in vivo pada tikus. Perbedaan aktivitas dilihat dari presentase penyembuhan luka pada geltanpa dibuat fitosom (68,83%), fitosom 2% (99,20%), fitosom 3 (99,38%), fitosom 4% (99,91%), Bioplacenton gel (100%). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa gel fitosom 4% memiliki aktivitas penyembuhan luka bakar derajat 2 yang hampir sama dengan Bioplacenton gel dan daya penyembuh lukanya lebih baik dari gel tanpa dibuat fitosom.

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ABSTRACTPhytosome is the advanced technology in herbal medicine formulation that has been developed to improve the absorption rate of herbal active ingredient. Dry aethylacetate fraction of Gaharu leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) containing flavonoid which have antiinflammatory activity. This research aim is to determine the difference wound healing activity of non phytosome gel of dry aethylacetate fraction of Gaharu leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) extract and phytosome gel of dry aethylacetat fraction of Gaharu leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) extract, compared to Bioplacenton gel as positive control in healing the seconddegree burn. Three phytosome gel formulas were made by phytosome concentration of 2%, 3% and 4% containing dry aethylacetate fraction of Gaharu leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) and soy phosphatidylcholine 1:1, by thin layer hydration method. In vivo pharmacological experiment was done in rat. The difference of activity was seen from the percentage of wound healing on non phytosome gel (68.83%), phytosome 2% (99.20%), phytosome 3% (99.38%), phytosome 4% (99.91%), Bioplacenton gel (100%). It can be concluded that phytosome gel 4% has wound healing activity in second-degree burn which is almost the same with Bioplacenton gel, and the wound healing activity is better than the non phytosome gel."

"Daun gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis LAMK) sudah dikenal dan digunakan oleh masyarakat di desa sebagai antiinflamasi, antibakteri dan antioksidan. Salah satu senyawa utama yang terkandung di dalam daun gaharu adalah flavonoid. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat dan menilai efektivitas gel fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu yang mengandung flavonoid terhadap kontrol negatif plasebo dan kontrol positif Povidone Iodine 10% terhadap masa penyembuhan luka terbuka hari ke satu dan hari ke delapan pada tikus putih jantan Spargue Dawley, dan menguji stabilitas gel pada suhu penyimpanan yang berbeda-beda, yaitu 40±2 oC, 28±2 oC, dan 4±2 oC selama 12 minggu. Sejumlah 25 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Sprague Dawley berumur 3 bulan dan secara acak dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari lima ulangan. Insisi dilakukan pada bagian punggung tikus sepanjang ± 1.5 cm, lebar ± 0.5 cm dan sedalam ± 0,3 cm dengan scalpel. Kelompok A diperlakukan tanpa pengobatan, Kelompok B diberikan gel plasebo. Kelompok C diobati dengan Povidone Iodine 10%. Kelompok D dan E diberi pengobatan dengan gel fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu masing-masing 4%.dan 16%. Pada luka terbuka pengobatan dilakukan 1 kali sehari pada pagi hari. Data yang diperoleh dikumpulkan kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Post-Hock Tukey. Hasil menunjukkan pemberian gel fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu 16% terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna dengan pemberian Povidone Iodine 10% terhadap masa dan proses penyembuhan luka terbuka yang lebih baik mulai hari ke satu dan hari ke delapan pada tikus putih jantan Sprague Dawley. Semua sediaan yang dibuat ternyata tetap stabil secara fisik sampai 3 bulan.

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Agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) has been known and used by people in the village as antiinflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant. One of the main compound contained in the leaves of agarwood is flavonoids. The purpose of this study was to make and assess the effectiveness gel fraction of the ethyl acetate leaves agarwood which contains flavonoid as the negative control placebo and Povidone Iodine 10% as the positive control in the healing time of the open wound day at the first day and the eighth day in the rats, and the stability test of the gel at different temperature of storage, which are on 40 ± 2 oC, 28 ± 2 ° C, and 4 ± 2 oC for 12 weeks. 25 male Sprague Dawley rats of 3 months old collected then randomly divided into five groups and each group consisted of five replications. The incision was made along dorsal area about the ± 1.5 cm, ± 0.5 cm width and ± 0.3 cm depth with a scalpel. The group A was not treatment, group B was given a placebo gel. Group C was treated with 10% Povidone Iodine. Group D and E were treated with the 4% and 16% ethyl acetate gel fraction of agarwood leaves as well. Treatment of the open wounds was made once time a day in morning. The data obtained were collected and analyzed by using Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test Post-Hock. The results showed treating with 16% gel fraction ethyl acetate of agarwood leaves significantly better then the administration of 10% Povidone Iodine in healing time and its process of open wound at the first day and the eighth day of male Sprague Dawley. All preparats made were physically stabil until 3 months."

"Agarwood producing plant (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) is one of the Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) that high value. However, its population had strongly decreased due to overexploitation. The objective of this study was to know the population of A. microcarpa. This study was conducted from October-December 2010. This research used sampling technique by mean of making quadrate transect were laid by systematic. Result of this study were as follows; there were poles and sapling stage at Hutan Kota Gunung Kembang (HKGK) and tree, poles and sapling stage at HKGK. Poles stage of A. microcarpa at HKGK was important value index (IVI) 16,18% and sapling stage IVI 20,58%. However, tree stages of A. microcarpa at Hutan Karet was 102,75%; pole stage 20,05% and sapling stage 8,85% respectively. A positive correlation was found between DBH and height. Pole density was 35 trees/ha and sapling stage was 320 trees/ha at HKGK. Tree was 67 trees/ha; pole 17 trees/ha, and sapling 67 trees/ha at Hutan Karet. The population density of A. microcarpa at HKGK more higher than Hutan Karet."

"ABSTRACTGaharu has been traded in East Kalimantan before the Hindu KingdomKutai period. However, the nineteen eighties to nineties was perhaps theglory period for gaharu trade in East Kalimantan. There are only little detailinformation regarding gaharu in East Kalimantan. The information on gaharutrade can only be extracted through anthropological studies on indigenouscommunity conducted by foreigner. Therefore, this study was undertaken togain more information on gaharu trade in East Kalimantan that includedharvest and chain of custody. For the purposes, 1 exporter, 3 middlemen and4 hunters in East Kalimantan were interviewed during the study.Hunter, middlemen, collector and exporter are identified as the 4 actorsthat played in the gaharu trade in East Kalimantan. The gaharu trade is openand does not bind the actors involved. Gaharu has been traded using landtransportation, although in some area sea transportation seems morepractical. Up until now, Samarinda is the center of gaharu trade in EastKalimantan where all big investors are located. Gaharu has been tradedlegally to Jakarta, Singapore and the Middle East. In addition, gaharu been traded to Banjarmasin. However, Gaharu has often been smuggled toMalaysia.In the past five years gaharu production increased significantly alongwith the increasing number of gaharu traders in East Kalimantan. Gaharuharvest is dominantly found in the center of East Kalimantan. Mahakamupstream that covers Kutai Kertanegara and West Kutai is identified as themost targeted location for gaharu hunt in East Kalimantan. The lowest qualitygaharu now dominates the gaharu market in East Kalimantan. It triggered thegaharu oil invention in East Kalimantan"

"Daun mangkokan (Nothopanax scutellarium Merr.) mengandung senyawa flavonoid yang memiliki aktivitas penumbuh rambut. Fitosom merupakan suatu sistem pembawa yang mengandung fitokonstituen bioaktif dari ekstrak tanaman yang dikelilingi dan diikat oleh lipid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat dan memperoleh karakteristik fitosom yang terbentuk melalui metode hidrasi lapis tipis serta untuk memformulasikan dan menguji stabilitas fisik dari sediaan gel fitosom yang mengandung fraksi etil asetat daun mangkokan dengan konsentrasi yang bervariasi, yaitu 1%, 0,5% dan 0,25%. Pembuatan fitosom dengan perbandingan fraksi etil asetat dan fosfatidilkolin sebesar 1 : 2 menunjukkan nilai efisiensi penjerapan sebesar 74,37% dengan nilai distribusi ukuran partikel sebesar 335,4 nm, nilai polidispersitas sebesar 0,252 dan nilai potensial zeta sebesar -3,50 mV. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji stabilitas fisik terhadap gel fitosom yang dilakukan selama 8 minggu dengan uji stabilitas dipercepat. Hasil uji stabilitas menunjukkan bahwa gel dengan konsentrasi fitosom sebesar 0,5% terbukti paling stabil dalam berbagai suhu penyimpanan dan cycling test.

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Nothopanax scutellarium leaves contains flavonoid compounds which have hair growth activity. Phytosome is a carrier system which contains bioactive phytoconstituent of plant extract which surrounded and bonded by lipid. The aims of this research were to make and obtain phytosome characteristic which formed by thin layer hydration method and to formulate and examine the physical stability of phytosome gel containing ethyl acetate fraction of Nothopanax scutellarium with various concentration, that is 1%, 0,5% and 0,25%. Phytosome formulation by ethyl acetate fraction and phosphatydilcholine ratio was 1 : 2 indicated the entrapment efficiency value 74,34% with particle size distribution value 335,4 nm, polidispersity index 0,252 and zeta potential value -3,50 mV. Subsequently physical stability test was performed for phytosome gel during 8 weeks with accelerated stability test. The result of stability test indicated that gel with 0,5% phytosome concentration proved to be the most stable in various temperature storage and cycling test."

"[Latar belakang: Eksisi dini eskar luka bakar yang diikuti dengan autograft merupakan terapi utama pada luka bakar. Meskipun efektif, debridement dengan pembedahan secara teknis sulit dan mempunyai komplikasi. Debridement secara enzimatik menggunakan bromelain dapat mempreservasi epitelisasi dan tidak merusak jaringan sehat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai efek enzim bromelain produksi perusahaan lokal dikombinasi dengan hidrogel pada luka bakar dalam tikus. Metode penelitian: Tikus dibagi atas 3 kelompok yaitu kelompok 1 (luka bakar tanpa intervensi), kelompok 2 (luka bakar yang diberi gel), kelompok 3 (luka bakar yang diberi gel bromelain 10%). Kemudian masing-masing kelompok dibagi atas kelompok berdasarkan waktu 0,2,4,8,12,24 jam Reduksi eskar luka bakar difoto kemudian diukur menggunakan imageJ v 1.48®. Jaringan luka dibiopsi setelah binatang diterminasi dan diperiksa zone lisis, tipe dan derajat inflamasi. Hasil penelitian: Reduksi eskar luka bakar sedikit meningkat pada grup 1 dan 2 pada jam ke- 4 dan 24 (rata-rata 1.05% dan 2.2% pada jam ke-4, 3.52% and 4.13% pada jam ke-24). Gel bromelain sangat aktif merusak eskar luka bakar pada 4 jam pertama dan mencapai puncak pada jam ke-8 dan 12. Secara statistik terdapat perbedaan reduksi eskar dan zona lisis antara gel bromelain dan kontrol (p=0.000). Tipe inflamasi yang dominan pada semua grup adalah tipe campuran dan derajat inflamasi adalah sedang dan berat. Kesimpulan: Penetrasi gel bromelain 10% untuk mendegradasi eskar luka bakar optimal pada jam ke-8 dan ke 12, efektif untuk debridement eskar luka bakar dan tidak merusak jaringan sehat sekitarnya. Persentase PMN hampir sama pada semua grup dan secara statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok intervensi dan kontrol (p=0.47)., Background: Early excision burn eschar followed by autografting is a cornerstone of modern burn therapy. While effective, surgical debridement of the burned tissue is technically difficult and may cause considerable complications. Enzymatic debridement using bromelain can preserve the spontaneous epithelialisation potential and reduce the added injury to the traumatised tissue. The aim of the study was to assess the implication of bromelain enzyme that produce by local company combined with hydrogel on full-thickness skin burns of rats. Methods: Rats were divided in 3 group consist of group 1 (burn wound without intervention), group 2 (burn wound was treated with hydrogel), grup 3 (burn wound was treated with bromelain gel 10%). Each group was divided into subgroups time 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 hours after intervention. The reduction of eschar surface area were measured by photographic documentation of the burns with ImageJ v1.48®. Histopathology preparations were made after terminated to measured lytic zone thickness, type and degree inflammation. Results : Burn eschar surface area reduction slightly increased in group 1 and 2 at 4 and 24 hours (mean 1.05% and 2.2% at 4 hours, 3.52% and 4.13% at 24 hours). Bromelain gel were most actively breaking down burn eschar during the first 4 hours. Peak of burn eschar reduction and lytic zone in the hours between 8 and 12 hours. There are statistically significant difference byrn eschar reduction and lytic zone between bromelain gel and control (p=0.000). The type of inflammation was a mixed inflammation type dominated and the degree of inflammation was moderate and severe in all group. Conclusion : Penetration of bromelain gel 10% optimally at 8 and 12 hours to degradation of the burn eschar and effective debride the burn eschar and has no apparent digestive effect on non-burned viable dermis and normal skin. Percentage PMNs almost similar in all groups and there is no statistically different between group of intervention and the control (p=0.47).]"

"Daun mangkokan (Nothopanax scutellarium Merr.) secara empiris memiliki kandungan flavonoid yang dapat memberikan aktivitas pada pertumbuhan rambut. Fitosom adalah suatu sistem pembawa obat dimana komponen ekstrak tanaman herbal berikatan dengan fosfolipid yang dapat meningkatkan absorpsi obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat fitosom fraksi etil asetat daun mangkokan serta memperoleh karakteristik fitosom yang dibentuk dengan metode hidrasi lapis tipis. Selanjutnya fitosom diformulasikan ke dalam sediaan lotion untuk mengetahui stabilitas secara fisik. Uji kestabilan fisik dilakukan dengan pengamatan lotion fitosom yang disimpan pada tiga suhu yang berbeda, yaitu suhu rendah (4o±2oC), suhu kamar (25o±2oC), dan suhu tinggi (40o±2oC); cycling test; dan uji sentrifugasi. Pembuatan fitosom dengan perbandingan antara fraksi etil asetat dan fosfatidilkolin sebesar 1 : 2 menunjukkan nilai efisiensi penjerapan sebesar 74,36%, nilai distribusi ukuran partikel sebesar 335,4 nm, nilai polidispersitas sebesar 0,252, dan nilai zeta potensial sebesar -3,5 mV. Sediaan lotion fitosom fraksi etil asetat daun mangkokan 1%, 0,5%, dan 0,25% mengalami peningkatan ukuran partikel setelah fitosom ditambahkan ke dalam sediaan lotion tetapi secara fisik terbukti stabil dalam berbagai suhu penyimpanan, cycling test, dan uji sentrifugasi.

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Nothopanax scutellarium leaves contain flavonoid compounds which have hair growth activity. Phytosome is a drug carrier system which herbal plant extracts bind with phospholipid that can enhance the absorption of the drug. The aims of this research are to formulate ethyl acetate fraction phytosome of Nothopanax scutellarium leaves and to obtain phytosome characteristic which formed by thin layer hidration method. Subsequently, the phytosome was formulated into lotion dosage form to know the physical stability. The physical stability test was conducted at low temperature (4o±2oC), room temperature (25o±2oC), and high temperature (40o±2oC) storage; cycling test; and centrifugation test. Phytosome formulation with a ratio of ethyl acetate fraction and phosphatidylcholine was 1 : 2 indicated the entrapment efficiency value was 74,36%, the particle size distribution value was 335,4 nm, polidispersity index was 0,252, and zeta potential value was -3,5 mV. Phytosome lotion containing ethyl acetate fraction of Nothopanax scutellarium leaves 1%, 0,5%, and 0,25% increased the particle size after phytosome was added to the lotion but phytosome lotion was physically proved that stable in a wide range of temperature storage, cycling test, dan centrifugation test."

"Ekstrak daun teh hijau memiliki kandungan polifenol aktif berupa epigalokatekin galat (EGCG). EGCG memiliki absorpsi dan penetrasi yang buruk karena ukuran molekul flavonoid yang besar, koefisien partisi yang kecil serta zat yang bersifat hidrofilik. Pada penelitian ini, Ekstrak daun teh hijau dimodifikasi dalam bentuk nanovesikel fitosom yang diformulasikan dalam sediaan gel untuk mengatasi permasalahan absorpsi dan penetrasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah memformulasikan gel fitosom dan gel ekstrak tanpa fitosom serta membandingkan penetrasi diantara keduanya. Fitosom di formulasi kedalam tiga formula yaitu F1, F2 dan F3 dengan konsentrasi ekstrak daun teh hijau yang setara dengan EGCG 1%; 1,5 % dan 2 %. Pembutan fitosom dilakukan dengan metode hidrasi lapis tipis. Setelah formulasi, dilakukan karakterisasi untuk mengidentifikasi formula terbaik yang akan diformulasikan kedalam gel. Hasil menunjukan bahwa F1 merupakan formula terbaik yang memiliki bentuk partikel sferis dengan ukuran Dmean volume 179,83 ± 4,86 nm , PDI sebesar 0,235 ± 0,11 dan potensial zeta sebesar -61 ± 1,72 serta presentase efisiensi penjerapan sebesar 53,68 ± 2,14 %. Uji penetrasi sel difusi Franz dilakukan pada kedua gel menggunakan membran abdomen tikus galur betina Sprague-Dawley. Jumlah kumulatif EGCG terpenetrasi dari sediaan gel fitosom dan gel non fitosom sebesar 930,39 ± 7,77 μg/cm2 dan 365,26 ± 0,75 μg/cm2 . Presentase jumlah EGCG yang terpenetrasi dari sediaan gel fitosom dan non fitosom sebesar 41,49 ± 0,35 % dan 16,28 ± 0,03 %. Fluks dari sediaan gel fitosom dan non fitosom sebesar 45,54 ± 0,23 dan 39,35 ± 0,26. Gel fitosom ekstrak daun teh hijau memiliki daya penetrasi lebih baik dibandingkan gel ekstrak daun teh hijau tanpa fitosom. Selain itu, uji stabilitas fisik dilakukan pada kedua sediaan untuk menilai stabilitas dari formula. Sediaan gel fitosom dan gel non fitosom menunjukan stabilitas secara fisik melalui hasil analisa pengamatan organoleptis, homogenitas dan viskositas yang dilakukan selama 2 bulan pada berbagai suhu.

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Green tea leaves extract contains active polyphenolic content in form of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). The absorption and penetration properties of EGCG are poor due to its large flavonoid molecule, small partition coefficient, and its hydrophilic properties. In order to overcome these obstacles, a modification of green tea leaf extract is made by formulating a gel containing phytosome nanovesicles in this research. This research aim is to formulate phytosome gels and non-phytosome gels with the extract, also comparing the penetration properties between them. Optimization of phytosome formula which consists of F1, F2, and F3 with green tea leaf extract concentrations equal to 1%, 1.5%, and 2% EGCG were conducted during the experiment.

The phytosomes were made by thin layer hydration method. After the formulation was formed, characterization was done to identify the best phytosome formula, which would be formulated into the gel. Results showed that F1 was the best formulation that contains spherical particles that measures Dmean 179,83 ± 4,86 nm in volume, and a PDI value of 0,235 ± 0,11, also a Zeta potential of -61 ± 1,72. The F1 formulation possesses the largest entrapment efficiency percentage, valued at 53,68 ± 2,14. Franz diffusion cell penetration test was done to both gels using abdominal membranes of Sprague-Dawley rats. The cumulative amount of EGCG penetrated from the phytosome anda non phytosome gel amounts 930,39 ± 7,77 μg/cm2 and 365,26 ± 0,75 μg/cm2.

Percentage of EGCG which penetrated from the phytosome and non phytosome gel reaches 41,49 ± 0,35 % dan 16,28 ± 0,03 %. Flux from the phytosome and non phytosome gel amounts 45,54 ± 0,23 and 39,35 ± 0,26. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the extract of green tea leaves in phytosomal gel holds a better penetration property compared to the extract not formulated with phytosomes. Both phytosomal and non-phytosomal gel are showing good physical stability through organoleptic, homogenicity, and viscosity observations which are done throughout two month at various temperatures."

"Daun sirih (Piper betle L) memiliki kandungan kavikol yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Propionibacterium acne sebagai salah satu bakteri yang berperan dalam patogenesis jerawat. Meskipun bukan merupakan penyakit serius yang mengancam kesehatan, tetapi dapat membuat penderita merasa tidak nyaman. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lanjutan terhadap penelitian sebelumnya yang memformulasikan gel niosom yang mengandung minyak atsiri daun sirih. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuktikan bahwa sediaan gel niosom minyak atsiri daun sirih dapat berpenetrasi dibandingkan dengan gel minyak atsiri daun sirih tanpa niosom. Dan sediaan ini diharapkan memiliki stabilitas yang baik. Dalam penelitian ini, gel niosom minyak atsiri daun sirih dan gel minyak atsiri diuji secara transdermal menggunakan sel difusi Franz. Uji penetrasi dilakukan selama 8 jam dan kadar kavikol yang terpenetrasi diukur dengan metode KCKT. Jumlah kavikol pada gel niosom minyak atsiri sirih yang terpenetrasi pada jam ke 8 adalah 129,504µg/cm ± 4,63. Gel minyak atsiri daun sirih tanpa niosom tidak dapat terpenetrasi. Gel yang dibuat dari minyak atsiri daun sirih dengan atau tanpa niosom dalam penelitian ini memiliki stabilitas fisik yang baik selama 12 minggu.

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Betel leaf (Piper betle L) contains cavichol that has antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acne as one of the bacteria that play a role in the pathogenesis of acne. Although not a serious disease that threatens health, but can make people feel uncomfortable. This study is a follow-up study of previous research formulating niosome gel containing essential of betel leaf. The purpose of this study was to prove that the gel preparation of niosom of betel leaf oil can penetrate compared with the gel of betel leaf oil without niosome. And this preparation is expected to have good stability. In this study, niosome gel essential oils of betel leaf and essential oil gel were tested transdermally using Franz diffusion cells. The penetration test was carried out for 8 hours and the penetrated cavasol level was measured by the HPLC method. The amount of cavichol on niosome gel of volatile oil of betel which penetrated at 8 o'clock is 129,504?g / cm ± 4,63. The essential oil gel of betel leaf without niosomes can not be penetrated. Gel made from the essential oil of betel leaves with or without niosomes in this study had good physical stability for 12 weeks."

"Stunting adalah kondisi tinggi badan anak yang terlalu pendek berdasarkan usia karena kekurangan gizi kronis dan atrofi usus. Daun kelor direkomendasikan sebagai makanan pendamping untuk menekan stunting karena mengandung protein dan zat besi yang tinggi. Namun, zat besi dalam ekstrak daun kelor dapat membentuk kompleks dengan zat anti nutrisi dan polifenol yang menyebabkan ukuran molekul lebih besar sehingga sulit diabsorpsi. Fitosom adalah teknologi untuk meningkatkan absorpsi fitokonstituen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan fitosom yang mengandung ekstrak daun kelor untuk meningkatkan absorpsi pada saluran cerna. Tiga formula fitosom dikembangkan yaitu F1, F2, F3 dengan rasio bobot ekstrak dan fosfatidilkolin masing-masing 1:1; 1:1,5; 1:2, kemudian fitosom dikarakterisasi meliputi morfologi, distribusi ukuran partikel, potensial zeta, efisiensi penjerapan, dan FTIR. Formula tebaik digunakan pada formulsi serbuk instan. Serbuk instan dibuat dua formula, yaitu serbuk instan fitosom (SF) dan serbuk instan non fitosom (SNF), kemudian dilakukan uji absorpsi in vitro menggunakan metode kantong usus terbalik. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan F1 adalah formula fitosom terbaik dengan ukuran partikel 93,20 ± 4,84 nm, indeks polidispersitas 0,230 ± 0,03, potensial zeta -30,93 ± 0,67 mV, dan efisiensi penjerapan tertinggi. Spektrum IR menunjukkan terjadi pembentukan fitosom karena adanya ikatan hidrogen antara fitokonstituen dan fosfatidilkolin dengan adanya puncak baru pada bilangan gelombang 1600,71 cm-1 dan 1377,11 cm-1. Berdasarkan hasil uji absorpsi in vitro SF memiliki jumlah kumulatif zat besi terabsorpsi tertinggi yaitu 6,5 ± 0,05 μg. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa SF dapat meningkatkan absorpsi zat besi melewati usus.

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Stunting is a condition height of child is too short for age due chronic malnutrition and intestinal atrophy. Moringa leaves are a complementary food to suppress stunting because high content of protein and iron. However, iron in Moringa leaf extract can be formed complexes with anti-nutritional substances and polyphenols causes larger molecular size that is difficult to absorb. Phytosomes are technology to enhance the absorption of phytoconstituents. The purpose of this study was developed phytosomes containing Moringa leaf extract to increase absorption in gastrointestinal tract. Three phytosome formulas were developed F1, F2, F3 with a weight ratio extract and phosphatidylcholine 1:1; 1:1.5; 1:2, then characterized including morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and FTIR. The best formula used in instant powder formulations. The instant powder was made into two formulas instant phytosome powder (SF) and instant non-phytosome powder (SNF), an in vitro absorption test was carried out using everted gut sac method. The characterization results showed that F1 was the best phytosome formula with a particle size 93.20 ± 4.84 nm, polydispersity index 0.230 ± 0.03, zeta potential -30.93 ± 0.67 mV, and the highest entrapment efficiency. The IR phytosome spectrum showed formation due hydrogen bonding between phytoconstituents and phosphatidylcholine with new peaks at wave numbers of 1600.71 cm-1 and 1377.11 cm-1. Based on in vitro absorption test, SF had the highest cumulative amount of absorbed iron was 6.5 ± 0.05 mg. Based on these results, it concluded that SF increase iron absorption through the intestine."