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"This book assesses the institutional, technical and market constraints as well as opportunities for smallholders, notably, emerging farmers in disadvantaged areas such as the former homelands of South Africa. Emerging farmers are previously disadvantaged black people who started or will start their business with the support of special government programs. Public support programs have been developed as part of the Black Economic Empowerment strategy of the South African government. These programs aim to improve the performance of emerging farmers. This requires, first and foremost, upgrading the emerging farmers skills by providing access to knowledge about agricultural and entrepreneurial practices. To become or to remain good farmers they also need access to suitable agricultural land and sufficient water for irrigation and for feeding their cattle. Finally, for emerging farmers to be engaged in viable farming operations, various factors need to be in place such as marketing and service institutions to give credit for agricultural inputs and investments; input markets for farm machinery, farm implements, fertilizers and quality seeds; and accessible output markets for their end products. This book develops a policy framework and potential institutional responses to unlock the relevant markets for smallholders."

"Berdasarkan teori perdagangan intemasional, terdapat hubungan antara keunggulan komparatif terhadap permintaan suatu produk di suatu negara. Suatu negara melakukan perdagangan intcmasional dengan negara lainnya karena dua hal, yaitu perbedaan sumber daya dan kemampuan berpnoduksi, serta tujuan untuk mencapai skala ckonomi (Krugman and Obstfeld, 1994). Berdasarkan pemikiran tersebut, peningkatan ekspor dapm dilakukan apabila suatu negara memiliki produk-produk yang kompetitii Dalam rangka mencapai pertumbuhm ekonomi, perubahan struktur produksi berdasarkan permintaan dalam negeri dan peluang perdagangan internasional sangatlah diperlukan. Proses pembahan tersebut akan mengikutsertakan kontribusi Sektor industri dan pexalihan keterganhmgan akan ekspor produk-produk primer ke produk-produk manuihktur sebaga suatu sumber devisa bagi negara. [nduslri manufaktur potensi lmtuk dikembangkan dalam sektor ekonomi di suatu negara. Namun, pnoduk-produk manufaktur Indonesia kuxang merniliki daya saing di pasar dunia sampai saat Antisipasi dapat dilakukan melalui divemitikasi pasar ekspor sehingga peningkatan ekspor non-migas, khususnya produk manufaktur, dapat dilakukan dengan m buka kesempatan terhadap pasar-pasar bam atau yang' disebut dengan pasar ?non-tradisionali Promosi ekspor merupakan salah satu diantara beberapa faktor penentu yang mempengaruhi peningkatan ekspor manufakmr Indonesia. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) dan Export Specializaiion Index (ESD dapat dignnakan untuk mencari produk-produk yang memiliki keunggulan komparatigdaya saing di dunia dan beberapa pasar non-iradisional (Afrika Selatnn, Brazil, dan Bulgaria). Disamping itu, Matrix Mandeng Competitiveness Matrix juga dapat digunakan untuk menganalisa posisi pasar suat produk dalarn rangka menentukan strategi promosi ekspor

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According to the international trade theory, comparative advantage has a relation to the demand for a product in one country. There are two reasons why some cormtries do intemational trade. First, every country has diH`erent resources and producing capability. Second, some countries have the objective to achieve economics of scale. The di&`ererrt of resources was caused trading between two countries, and each country take gain from trade (Krugman and Obstfeld, 1994). Base on this concept, export performance will increase if a country has many competitive products. In order to create the economic growth. it is needed a change of production structure based on domestic demand and intemational trade opportunity. The changing process will involve a contribution of industry sector and a switchover of primary products export dependency to manufacturing products as a source of foreign exchange. Manuiircturing industry has a potential to be developed in economic sector in a cormtry. However, the Indonesia?s manufacturing products are still not competitive yet in global market until now. Anticipation can be done through export market diversification so that it should be opened for other markets that called as ?non-traditional? markets in order to increase Indonesia?s oil and gas exports, especially manufacturing products. Furthermore, trade promotion is one of the determinant factors that influence the increasing of Indonesia manufactming export product. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Export Specially Index (ESI) are found usetirl to measure Indonesia?s Comparative Advantage level in the world and some non-traditional markets (South Africa, Brazil, and Bulgaria). Moreover, Matrix Mandeng Competitiveness Matrix is also usefirl to analyze the market position of the products concerned and decision of promotion strategy."