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"Ethanol 70% and water extracts of alpinia spp. i.e. alpinia zerumbet, A. Katsumadai. A. malaccensis and A. officinarum were examined for their impact in in-vitro phagocytosis activity and capacity of mouse (mus musculus) peritoneum macrophage induced by staphylococcus epidermis. The extract concentrations used in this experiment were 0; 0.1; 1.0; 10; 100 ml, imboost (echinacea purpurea extract) 1000 ml was used as positive control while distilled water as negative control. The assay result showed that all of the extract were activity to promote phagocytosis activity and capacity of macrophage cells. The phagocytosis activity and capacity were increases by increasing extract concentration, and ethanol extract showed better activity than water extract. Alpina officinarum and A. Katsumadai extract reveal better phagocytosis activity and capacity than others. Activity and capacity of phagocytosis of each concentration was significantly (p<0,05) different each other as well as with negative control. There is significant difference among each extracts and positive control at 1000 ml"

"In vitro shoot explants of white ginger and red ginger are irradiated by two different techniques....."

"Tuberkulosis (TB) sampai dengan saat ini masih merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatanutama di Indonesia. Sepuluh persen dari TB ekstraparu adalah TB tulang, dan sekitar 50%penderita TB tulang menyerang tulang belakang (Spinal Tuberkulosis). Respon tubuhterhadap Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) sehingga menimbulkan penyebaranekstraparu, khususnya respon makrofag sebagai pertahanan lini pertama, masih belumsepenuhnya dimengerti. Makrofag menghasilkan molekul reactive oxygen species (ROS)sebagai hasil dari oxygen burst untuk mengeliminasi antigen. Nitrat Oksida (NO) danmieloperoksidase (MPO) berperan pada oxygen burst Selain itu, Pada fagositosisterdapat organel lisosom yang di dalamnya terdapat enzim hidrolase (fosfatase asam danbeta glukuronidase) berguna pada pencernaan intraseluler. Penelitian ini mengujihipotesis bahwa ada gangguan fungsi makrofag pada pasien TB tulang belakang. Monositdiisolasi dari peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) dari lima pasien TB tulangbelakang dan lima orang sehat sebagai kontrol. Monosit yang terisolasi dikultur denganstimulasi dari macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) selama tujuh hari untukpematangan. Kemampuan fagositosis makrofag dinilai aktivitasnya terhadapa sel darahmerah domba (SDMD). Sedangkan nitrat oksida (NO), mieloperoksidase (MPO), betaglukuronidase,dan aktivitas fosfatase asam diselidiki dengan metode spektrofotometer.Analisis data dengan menggunakan aplikasi SPSS versi 20. Kami menemukan bahwamonosit yang diisolasi dari PBMC pasien TB tulang belakang secara signifikan lebihsedikit dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (2992.103 vs 6474.103 (sel / mL)) danjuga lebih sedikit makrofag yang melekat pada sel darah merah domba (SDMD) (264.103vs 598.103 (sel / mL)). Namun, produksi NO (2346 vs 325,17 (μmol / gram protein)), danMPO (570,7 vs 17,4 (unit / mg), beta-glukuronide (0,149 vs 0,123 (unit / mg)), dan asamfosfatase aktivitas (1776,9 vs 287,9 (unit / mg)) dari makrofag kelompok TB tulangbelakang lebih tinggi daripada kelompok yang sehat serta korelasi negatif kuat danbermakna antara fagositosis makrofag dengan tiap variabel tersebut. Selain itu, Terdapatkorelasi positif lemah dan tidak bermakna antara kejadian fagositosis dan uji WST.Meskipun pengenalan rendah pada benda asing, proses makrofag intraseluler, termasukaktivitas oksidatif dan fungsi lisosom, tinggi secara signifikan. Hasil ini menunjukanpenurunan fungsi makrofag pada pasien TB tulang belakang serta terdapat kemungkinanadanya dominasi imunitas non-spesifik bawaan pada infeksi TB tulang belakangTuberculosis (TB) is still one of the main health problems in Indonesia. Ten percent ofextrapulmonary TB is bone TB and about 50% of people with bone TB affected to thespine. The immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), which causesextrapulmonary spread, particularly the response of macrophages as a first-line defense,is still not fully understood. Macrophages produce reactive oxygen species (ROS)molecules as a result of oxygen bursts to eliminate antigens. Nitric Oxide (NO) andmyeloperoxidase (MPO) play a role in oxygen burst. Also, phagocytosis process involvedlysosomal organelles in which there are hydrolase enzymes (acid phosphatase and betaglucuronidase),which have important role in intracellular digestion. This study examinedthe hypothesis about impairment of macrophage function in spondylitis TB patients.Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collectedfrom five spinal TB patients and five healthy people as controls. Isolated monocytes werecultured by stimulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) for seven daysfor maturation. The phagocytic ability of macrophages is assessed as to their activity onsheep red blood cells. Whereas nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), betaglucuronidase,and acid phosphatase activity were investigated by spectrophotometermethods. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. We found that monocytes isolatedfrom PBMC of spondylitis TB patients were significantly less than in the control group(2992,103 vs 6474,103 (cells / mL)) and also fewer macrophages attached to red bloodcells sheep (264,103 vs 598,103 (cells / mL)). However, NO production (2346 vs 325.17(μmol / gram protein)), MPO (570.7 vs. 17.4 (units/mg), beta-glucuronide (0.149 vs 0.123(units/mg)), and acids phosphatase activity (1776.9 vs 287.9 (units/mg)) of macrophagesin the spondylitis TB group were higher than in the healthy group. There was a strongand significant negative correlation between phagocytosis of macrophages with each ofthe previous variables. There was no significant difference between phagocytic abilityand the WST test. Although the recognition against foreign bodies was low, intracellularmacrophage processes, including oxidative activity and lysosomal function, weresignificantly higher than control. This result showed a decrease of macrophage functionin spondylitis TB patients as well as a possible dominance of non- specific immunity."

"Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh virus dengue (DENV). DBD masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia. Namun, belum ditemukan antivirus yang spesifik terhadap DENV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak etanol fraksi etil asetat daun Moringa oleifera sebagai antivirus DENV in vitro. Moringa oleifera, biasa dikenal dengan tanaman kelor, mengandung berbagai senyawa bioaktif yang memiliki aktivitas biologis yang bermanfaat bagi kesehatan, salah satunya sebagai antivirus. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah focus assay untuk mengetahui aktivitas inhibisi ekstrak daun M. oleifera (nilai IC50) dan MTT assay untuk mengetahui toksisitas ekstrak daun M. oleifera terhadap sel vero (nilai CC50). Selanjutnya, ditentukan nilai SI dengan membagi nilai CC50 terhadap IC50. Melalui analisis statistik uji one-way anova, didapatkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara setiap kelompok perlakuan pada metode focus assay (p = 0,000) maupun MTT assay (p = 0,002). Pada uji post-hoc Tukey, didatapatkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak daun M. oleifera pada konsentrasi 80 μg/ml (p = 0,001) dan 40 μg/ml (p = 0,004) memberikan perbedaan persentase infektivitas yang bermakna dibanding DMSO. Pada uji post-hoc Tukey, didatapatkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak daun M. oleifera pada konsentrasi 320 μg/ml (p = 0,002), 160 μg/ml (p = 0,006), 80 μg/ml (p = 0,010), 40 μg/ml (p = 0,006), 20 μg/ml (p = 0,005), dan 10 μg/ml (p = 0,021) memberikan perbedaan persentase viabilitas yang bermakna dibanding DMSO. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai IC50, CC50, dan SI berturut-turut adalah 31.51 μg/ml, >320 μg/ml, dan >10,2. Nilai SI yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat M. oleifera memiliki aktivitas in vitro yang selektif terhadap DENV tanpa bersifat toksik bagi sel.

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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by dengue virus (DENV). It is still a major health problem in many countries, including Indonesia. However, there is no DENV-specific antivirus has been found. This study aims to determine the potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves extract as an in vitro DENV antiviral. Moringa oleifera, commonly known as the Moringa plant, contains various bioactive compounds. These compounds have biological activities beneficial to health, one of which is antiviral. The focus assay method was used in this study to determine the inhibitory activity of M. oleifera leaves extract (IC50 value). The MTT assay method was used to determine the toxicity of M. oleifera leaves extract to vero cells (CC50 value). Next, the selectivity index (SI) value is determined by dividing the CC50 value against IC50. The statistical analysis of one-way ANOVA test. found that there were significant differences between treatment groups in the focus assay (p = 0.000) and the MTT assay (p = 0.002). Tukey post-hoc test found that the administration of M. oleifera leaf extract at a concentration of 80 μg / ml (p = 0.001) and 40 μg / ml (p = 0.004) gave significant differences in the percentage of infectivity compared to DMSO. Tukey post-hoc test found that the administration of M. oleifera leaf extract at a concentration of 320 μg / ml (p = 0.002), 160 μg / ml (p = 0.006), 80 μg / ml (p = 0.010), 40 μg / ml (p = 0.006), 20 μg / ml (p = 0.005), and 10 μg / ml (p = 0.021) gave significant differences in the percentage of viability compared to DMSO. The results showed that the IC50, CC50, and SI values were 31.51 μg/ml, >320 μg/ml, and >10.2, respectively. This SI value indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction of M. oleifera has selective in vitro activity against DENV without being toxic to cells."

"ABSTRAKNama : Elvira YunitaProgram Studi : Program Magister Ilmu BiomedikJudul : Efek In Vitro Andrografolida terhadap Apoptosis Jalur Intrinsik pada Sel Punca Kanker Payudara Manusia yang Dipaparkan Rotenon: Tinjauan Ekspresi Caspase-9, Caspase-3 dan Survivin. Latar belakang: Andrografolida ANDRO merupakan senyawa bioaktif utama yang berasal dari sambiloto, Andrographis paniculata. Penelitian in silico yang telah dilakukan menunjukan ANDRO mempengaruhi apoptosis intrinsik dengan berinteraksi dengan survivin, caspase-9 dan caspase-3. Penelitian lain menunjukkan bahwa Breast Cancer Stem Cell BCSC memiliki survival rate yang lebih tinggi setelah dipaparkan dengan rotenon jika dibandingkan dengan non-BCSC. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis apoptosis jalur intrinsik pada BCSC yang telah dipaparkan rotenon dan ANDRO.Metode: BCSC dipaparkan dengan 50 ?M rotenon selama 6 jam dan kemudian sel dipaparkan dengan ANDRO 0.075 mM, 0.15 mM, 0.3 mM dan 0.6 mM selama 24 jam. RNA sel diisolasi dan diikuti dengan pengukuran ekspresi mRNA caspase-9 dan 3 dengan qRT-PCR. Protein sel akan digunakan untuk pengukuran ekspresi protein survivin total dan survivin terfosforilasi. Selain itu, Apoptosis sel juga diukur dengan flowcytomety.Hasil: Perlakuan dengan rotenon dan ANDRO dapat meningkatkan ekspresi mRNA caspase-9 dan caspase-3 yang juga disertai dengan penurunan viabilitas. Paparan ANDRO dengan konsentrasi rendah hingga 0.015 mM pada BCSC yang telah diberikan rotenon dapat menurunkan ekspresi mRNA survivin. Dosis yang lebih tinggi dapat meningkatkan ekspresi mRNA survivin. Ekspresi protein survivin mengalami peningkatan yang disertai dengan penurunan rasio survivin yang teraktivasi. Selain itu, persentase apoptosis setelah paparan rotenon dan ANDRO hingga 0.3 mM ANDRO juga mengalami peningkatan seiring dengan bertambahnya konsentrasi ANDRO yang dipaparkan dose dependent manner .Kesimpulan: Paparan rotenon dan ANDRO dapat menginduksi kematian sel melalui apoptosis jalur intrinsik pada BCSC. Selain itu, ANDRO juga diusulkan sebagai senyawa yang potensial menjadi agen terapi pendamping bagi pasien-pasien yang menjalani kemoterapi maupun radioterapi.

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ABSTRACTABSTRACT Name Elvira YunitaStudy Program Biomedical ScienceTitle In Vitro Effect of Andrographolide on the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in rotenone induced human breast cancer stem cells Focus on caspase 9, caspase 3 and survivin expression Background Andrographolide ANDRO is an active compound of Andrographis paniculata, has been suggested to have an anti cancer property. Our in silico study has shown that ANDRO could interact with survivin, caspase 9 and caspase 3 which influence the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. We have also demonstrated that human breast cancer stem cells BCSCs could survive better than their counterpart non BCSCs after rotenone treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether andrographolide could induced apoptotic of rotenone induced BCSCs.Method Human BCSCs ALDH cells were first induced by 50 M rotenone for 6 hours and treated with 0.075 mM, 0.15 mM, 0.3 mM dan 0.6 mM of ANDRO for 24 hours. Total RNA from the cells was isolated, followed by determination of survivin, caspase 9 and caspase 3 m RNA expression level using Real Time RT PCR technique. Protein from the cells used to examine expression of survivin and phosphorylated survivin. Besides, examining of apoptotic cell also measured by flowcytometry.Result Treatment of rotenone and ANDRO drastically increase caspase 9 and caspase 3 expression, leading to the decrease of cell viability. Low concentration of ANDRO treatment until 0.15 mM could supress survivin expression, but gradually increased higher than the control in line with the increasing of ANDRO concentration. Survivin protein expression was increased following by decreasing ratio of activated survivin. Besides, percentage of apoptosis after rotenone and ANDRO treatment until 0.3 mM of ANDRO treatment also increased in line with increasing ANDRO concentration dose dependent manner .Conclusion Rotenone and ANDRO treatment could induced apoptotic intrinsic in BCSCs. Thus, we propose that andrographolide as potential compound that could be used as a novel co chemoradiation therapy and radiotherapy targeted to BCSCs."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Infeksi Staphylococcus aureus semakin meningkat dan diperumit oleh munculnya jenis yang resisten terhadap antibiotik methicillin. Perkembangan terakhir melaporkan penurunan kepekaan Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) terhadap terapi lini pertamanya yaitu antibiotik vankomisin. Daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) telah lama diketahui memiliki banyak manfaat bagi kesehatan dan berpotensi memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap MRSA.Tujuan: Mengetahui kemampuan antibakteri yang dimiliki oleh fraksi heksan daun kelor terhadap MRSA.Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan uji Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) fraksi heksan daun kelor terhadap MRSA menggunakan metode makro dilusi. Konsentrasi yang digunakan adalah 0,078125 μg/mL hingga 1280 μg/mL. Uji makro dilusi antibiotik vankomisin terhadap MRSA dilakukan sebagai standar pembanding.Hasil: Tidak ditemukan KHM dan KBM fraksi heksan daun kelor terhadap MRSA pada konsentrasi yang digunakan pada penelitian. Kesimpulan: Fraksi heksan daun kelor tidak memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap MRSA pada konsentrasi 0,078125 μg/mL hingga 1280 μg/mL.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Staphylococcus aureus infection is increasing and becomes more complicated as a methicillin-resistant strain arises. Latest updates report decline in sensitivity of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to vancomycin as its first line therapy. Moringa oleifera leaves has long been known to possess many health benefits and potentially has antimicrobial properties against MRSA.

Aim: To find out antimicrobial activities possessed by hexane fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves against MRSA.

Methods: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) test was carried out by macrodilution method. Concentration of hexane fraction used in the study was 0,078125 μg/mL to 1280 μg/mL. Macrodilution of vancomycin was done as a comparison standard.

Results: In MIC and MBC test of hexane fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves, there was no MIC nor MBC found in all concentration.

Conclusion: Hexane fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves in concentrations of 0,078125 μg/mL to 1280 μg/mL does not possess antimicrobial activities against MRSA."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Bakteri methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) merupakan bakteri Gram positif Staphylococcus aureus yang sudah resisten terhadap methicillin. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kejadian infeksi bakteri MRSA semakin bertambah. Gejala yang ditimbulkan dari infeksi akibat bakteri MRSA dapat bervariasi mulai dari yang ringan seperti infeksi pada kulit hingga sepsis, bahkan sampai menyebabkan kematian. Tatalaksana yang digunakan untuk mengatasi infeksi MRSA ini pun masih sangat sedikit. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk menemukan obat-obatan baru yang dapat menyembuhkan infeksi MRSA. Pada beberapa penelitian ditemukan bahwa daun Moringa oleifera memiliki banyak manfaat, salah satunya sebagai antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk membuktikan efektivitas fraksi metanol daun Moringa oleifera sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri MRSA. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode makro dilusi dengan kadar konsentrasi 1280 µg/ml sampai 0,078 µg/ml. Sebagai pembanding atau kontrol, digunakan antibiotik vankomisin dengan kadar konsentrasi 256 µg/ml sampai 0,25 µg/ml. Hasil: Pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan adanya Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) fraksi metanol daun Moringa oleifera terhadap bakteri MRSA pada konsentrasi dari 1280 µg/mL hingga konsentrasi 0,078 µg/mL. Kesimpulan: Dapat disimpulkan bahwa fraksi metanol daun Moringa oleifera pada konsentrasi 1280 µg/mL hingga konsentrasi 0,078 µg/mL tidak memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap bakteri MRSA.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to the methicillin. Over time, the incidence of MRSA infections is increasing. Symptoms arising from infections due to MRSA can vary from mild ones such as infections of the skin to sepsis, even death. The management used to treat MRSA infection is still slightly. Therefore, research to find new drugs that can cure MRSA infections. In some studies, it was found that Moringa oleifera leaves have many benefits, one of which is as antibacterial. The aim of the study was to prove the effectiveness of the methanol fraction of M. oleifera leaves as an antibacterial against MRSA. Methods: This study used a macro dilution method with concentrations of 1280 µg/ml to 0,078 µg/ml. As a comparison or control, this study used vancomycin antibiotics with concentrations of 256 µg/ml to 0,25 µg/ml. Results: In this study, there was no minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the M. oleifera methanol fraction against MRSA at concentrations from 1280 µg/mL to 0.078 µg/mL. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the methanol fraction of M. oleifera leaves at a concentration of 1280 µg/mL to 0.078 µg/mL did not have an antibacterial effect on MRSA."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 333-337

Hyperglycemia which occurs in type 2 diabetic patient increases prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cytokine expression, and decreases neutrophil phagocytotic function. This will induce inflammation and periodontal destruction, thus decreasing periodontal status. The aim of the study was to analyze the pattern of interleukine-1β (IL-1β) level, phagocytotic function, and periodontal status. The study's design was cross-sectional on 45 controlled diabetes mellitus (CDM) and 45 uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (UCDM) subjects and 45 non diabetic subjects, 40-60 years old in Metabolic-Endocrinology Clinic Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Statistical analysis was performed using a Stata 7.0 software computer. The result showed that the pattern alteration of increasing IL-1β level was in 2 hours-post prandial glucose level of >150mg/dL, decreasing phagocytotic function in glucose level of >170mg/dL, and decreasing periodontal status in glucose level of >240mg/dL. Therefore it is concluded that the pattern alteration of decreasing periodontal status, increasing IL-1β, and decreasing phagocytotic function showed on certain blood glucose level."