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"[Stainless steel merupakan material yang paling banyak digunakan dalam pembuatan turbin pembangkit tenaga listrik Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), karena densitasnya yang tinggi, membuat kinerja turbin menjadi kurang efisien. Salah satu alternatif penggantinya adalah paduan aluminium seri 7xx.x (Al-Zn-Mg) yang memiliki sifat mekanik terbaik dibandingkan dengan seri yang lainnya. Sifat mekanik paduan tersebut dapat ditingkatkan dengan penambahan Cr serta perlakuan pengerasan penuaan. Pada penelitian ini dipelajari pengaruh penambahan Cr sebesar 0, 0.03, 0.1 dan 0.46 wt. % pada paduan Al-10Zn-6Mg. Paduan dibuat dengan proses squeeze casting dengan tekanan sebesar 76 MPa. Pelat selanjutnya dihomogenisasi pada temperatur 400 oC selama 4 jam dan dilakukan proses pengerasan penuaan dengan melakukan solution treatment pada temperatur 440 oC selama 2 jam, pendinginan cepat, dan penuaan pada temperatur 130 oC. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan diantaranya adalah pengujian kekerasan Rockwell B, pengujian impak, pengamatan struktur mikro dengan mikroskop optik dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) dilengkapi dengan Energy Dispersive X-Rays (EDX), dan Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan Cr sebesar 0.03, 0.1 dan 0.46 wt. % meningkatkan kekerasan paduan Al-10Zn-6Mg menjadi 50.9, 52.8, 53.2 HRB yang diakibatkan oleh pengecilan ukuran SDAS, pembentukan larutan padar Cr di dalam matriks serta pembentukan fasa kedua (CrFe)Al7 dan CrAl7 pada penambahan 0.46 wt. % Cr. Penambahan Cr belum memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap proses pemanasan.

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Stainless steel is most widely used in manufacturing of turbine impeller of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). However, due to its high density, the performance of turbine becomes less efficient. One alternative to substitute stainless steel is 7xx.x series aluminum alloys (Al-Zn-Mg) which have good mechanical properties compared to other series. Their mechanical properties can be improved by the addition of Cr as well as precipitation hardening process. This research studied the effect of addition of Cr with variation of 0, 0.03, 0.1 and 0.46 wt. % in Al-10Zn-6Mg alloys. The samples were made by squeeze casting process with pressure of 76 MPa. The plate was then homogenized at 400 ° C for 4 hours, followed by precipitation hardening process which consisted of solution treatment at 440 ° C for 2 hours, water quenching and ageing 130 ° C. Characterization was done by Rockwell B hardness testing, impact testing, microstructure observation by using optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) and Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA). The results showed that addition of Cr 0.03, 0.1 and 0.46 wt. % increase the hardness of Al-10Zn-6Mg aloys to 50.9, 52.8, 53.2 HRB respectively, which were due to reduction of SDAS, solid solution strengthening of Cr in the matrix and the formation of (CrFe)Al7 and CrAl7 second phases when 0.46 wt. % Cr was added. During ageing process also increased hardness alloys, but Cr were not have a significant impact on the transformation phase. The addition of Cr not have a significant influence on the heating process.

;Stainless steel is most widely used in manufacturing of turbine impeller of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). However, due to its high density, the performance of turbine becomes less efficient. One alternative to substitute stainless steel is 7xx.x series aluminum alloys (Al-Zn-Mg) which have good mechanical properties compared to other series. Their mechanical properties can be improved by the addition of Cr as well as precipitation hardening process. This research studied the effect of addition of Cr with variation of 0, 0.03, 0.1 and 0.46 wt. % in Al-10Zn-6Mg alloys. The samples were made by squeeze casting process with pressure of 76 MPa. The plate was then homogenized at 400 ° C for 4 hours, followed by precipitation hardening process which consisted of solution treatment at 440 ° C for 2 hours, water quenching and ageing 130 ° C. Characterization was done by Rockwell B hardness testing, impact testing, microstructure observation by using optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) and Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA). The results showed that addition of Cr 0.03, 0.1 and 0.46 wt. % increase the hardness of Al-10Zn-6Mg aloys to 50.9, 52.8, 53.2 HRB respectively, which were due to reduction of SDAS, solid solution strengthening of Cr in the matrix and the formation of (CrFe)Al7 and CrAl7 second phases when 0.46 wt. % Cr was added. During ageing process also increased hardness alloys, but Cr were not have a significant impact on the transformation phase. The addition of Cr not have a significant influence on the heating process.

, Stainless steel is most widely used in manufacturing of turbine impeller of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). However, due to its high density, the performance of turbine becomes less efficient. One alternative to substitute stainless steel is 7xx.x series aluminum alloys (Al-Zn-Mg) which have good mechanical properties compared to other series. Their mechanical properties can be improved by the addition of Cr as well as precipitation hardening process. This research studied the effect of addition of Cr with variation of 0, 0.03, 0.1 and 0.46 wt. % in Al-10Zn-6Mg alloys. The samples were made by squeeze casting process with pressure of 76 MPa. The plate was then homogenized at 400 ° C for 4 hours, followed by precipitation hardening process which consisted of solution treatment at 440 ° C for 2 hours, water quenching and ageing 130 ° C. Characterization was done by Rockwell B hardness testing, impact testing, microstructure observation by using optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) and Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA). The results showed that addition of Cr 0.03, 0.1 and 0.46 wt. % increase the hardness of Al-10Zn-6Mg aloys to 50.9, 52.8, 53.2 HRB respectively, which were due to reduction of SDAS, solid solution strengthening of Cr in the matrix and the formation of (CrFe)Al7 and CrAl7 second phases when 0.46 wt. % Cr was added. During ageing process also increased hardness alloys, but Cr were not have a significant impact on the transformation phase. The addition of Cr not have a significant influence on the heating process.

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"Aluminium dan paduannya tengah dikembangkan sebagai sudu turbin Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) dalam sistem pembangkit listrik karena sifatnya yang ringan, mudah dibentuk dan tahan korosi. Paduan aluminium 7XXX yang mengandung Zn dan Mg dapat ditingkatkan sifat mekanisnya melalui proses pengerasan penuaan. Penambahan Ti dapat semakin meningkatkan kekerasan melalui mekanisme penguatan batas butir.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan 0, 0.02, 0.05 dan 0.25 wt.% Ti dalam paduan Al-10Zn-6Mg. Pembuatan paduan dilakukan dengan proses squeeze casting. Proses homogenisasi dilakukan pada pada temperatur 400 °C selama 4 jam. Peningkatan kekerasan dilakukan dengan pengerasan pengendapan yaitu laku pelarutan pada temperatur 440 °C selama 4 jam, pencelupan cepat dan penuaan pada temperatur 130 °C selama 200 jam. Karakterisasi meliputi pengujian kekerasan untuk mengamati respon pengerasan penuaan dengan Rockwell B, pengujian impak, pengamatan struktur mikro dan pengujian Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA). Struktur mikro diamati menggunakan mikroskop optik dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) yang dilengkapi dengan Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan Ti sebesar 0, 0.02, 0.05 dan 0.25 wt.% Ti meningkatkan kekerasan as-cast sebesar 49.72, 49.92, 52.02 dan 53.08 HRB akibat pengecilan secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) menjadi 22.78, 22.69, 19.56 dan 16.55µm. Penuaan pada temperatur 130 ºC meningkatkan kekerasan, namun penambahan Ti tidak menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan terhadap kekerasan puncak dan harga impak. Fasa kedua yang terbentuk selama proses solidifikasi adalah T (Mg32(Al,Zn)49, β (Al8Mg5) dan TiAl3 sementara penuaan menghasilkan endapan GP Zone, ƞ? dan ƞ (MgZn2).

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Aluminum alloys are being developed as turbin impeller of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in power plant generation system, due to lightweight, formable and corrosion resistant. Al 7xxx series with Zn and Mg alloying elements are one options because of increase the mechanical properties in high temperatures due to age hardening. Ti as grain refiner was added to further improve hardness through grain boundary strengtening mechanism.

This research aimed to find out the effects of 0, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.25 wt.% Ti addition in the Al-10Zn-6Mg alloys. The alloys were produced by squeeze casting process. Homogenization was conducted at 400°C for 4 hour followed by solution treatment at 440 °C for 1 hour, quenching and ageing at 130 °C for 200 hour. Age hardening response was followed by Rockwell B hardness testing. Other characterization included impact testing, Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA) and microstructural analysis by using optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with EnergyDispersive X-ray (EDX).

The result showed that addition of 0, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.25 wt.% Ti increased the as-cast hardness of Al-10Zn-6Mg to 49.72, 49.92, 52.02 and 53.08 HRB due to decreasing of secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) to 22.78, 22.69, 19.56 and 16.55µm, respectively. Ageing at 130 ºC increased the hardness of the alloys, but addition of Ti did not affect the peak hardness and the impact values. The second phases formed during solidification were found to be T (Mg32(Al,Zn)49, β (Al8Mg5) dan TiAl3, while the precipitates formed during ageing were GP Zone, ƞ? and ƞ (MgZn2)."

"Kendaraan taktis (rantis) merupakan kendaraan yang digunakan dalam dunia militer dengan komponen penyusun utama berupa baja yang berat dengan sifat balistik yang baik. Diperlukan material pengganti yang lebih ringan dengan sifat balistik yang endekati. Aluminium komposit merupakan material yang diharapkan mampu menjadi pengganti baja pada kendaraan taktis dikarenakan sifatnya yang ringan, mudah dipadu dan dapat dilaku panas. Penelitian menggunakan paduan Al-12Zn-5Mg-1Cu-1Si dengan variasi penguat ZrO2 sebesar 5, 7,5 dan 10 vol. % hasil squeeze casting dengan proses laku pelarutan pada temperatur 450 oC selama 1 jam kemudian dlakukan pendinginan cepat menggunakan media air pada temperatur ruang dan dilakukan penuaan selama 200 jam. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan berupa pengujian kekerasan, impak, pengamatan struktur makro dan mikro, SEM, EDX dan pengujian balistik tipe IIIA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengerasan penuaan akan meningkatkan kekerasan komposit. Semakin tinggi kandungan ZrO2 akan menyebabkan turunnya kekerasan dan naiknya harga impak dikarenakan dua faktor yang mempengaruhi, yaitu porositas dan peningkatan ketangguhan oleh penguat ZrO2. Hasil pengujian balistik didapatkan bahwa lapisan pelat ketiga mampu menahan beban peluru akan tetapi pelat mengalami hancur disebabkan harga impak pelat yang rendah dan hadirnya porositas yang mempercepat terjadinya kegagalan.

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Tactical vehicle is used in military need with steel as the main component that is heavy with good ballistic property, so we need a subtitution material which is lighter and having good ballistic property. Aluminium composite is designed to subtitute the use of steel in tactical vehicle due to its low weight and strength.

This study used Al-12Zn-5Mg-1Cu-1Si with the variation of ZrO2 by 5, 7,5 and 10 vol. % that was produced by squeeze casting. The composite were solution treated at 450 oC for 1 hour and then quenched in water at room temperature and aged for 200 oC. The characterization included hardness and impact tests, analysis of microstructure and macrostructure, SEM, EDX and type IIIA of ballistic test.

The results show that by the increase in ZrO2 led to the decrease in hardness and the impact. These were due to two affecting factors, they are porosity and the ZrO2 that will increase the toughness. The ballistic test showed that the third plate could resist the bullet but the plate was broken due to the low impact value and the presence of porosity."

"[ABSTRAKMaterial yang digunakan pada kendaraan balistik harus memiliki kekerasan yang tinggi, namun tidak mengorbankan sifat ketangguhannya.Komposit aluminium berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai material pengganti bajapada kendaraan balistikkarena ringan dan sifat mekanis aluminium sebagai matriks mampu ditingkatkan dengan penambahan unsur-unsur paduan dan partikel penguat SiC. Selain itu, dapat dilakukan pengerasan penuaan pada komposit aluminium untuk meningkatkan kekuatan.Penelitian kali ini menggunakan paduan Al-6Zn-6Si-5Mg berpenguat 10 vol. % SiC dengan variasi penambahan 0, 1, dan 3 wt % Cu hasilsqueeze castingyang berbentuk pelat berketebalan 25 mm. Pelat hasil cor kemudiandihomogenisasi pada temperatur 440 °C selama 24 jam untuk menyeragamkan butir. Selanjutnya dilakukan laku pelarutan dan pengerasan penuaan terhadap pelat komposit ini pada temperatur 200 °C.Karakterisasi komposit aluminium berpenguat SiC tersebut meliputi pengujian kekerasan untuk membuat kurva penuaan, pengujian impak, pengamatan struktur makro dan mikro dengan mikroskop optik dan SEM, serta pengujian balistik tipe III berkaliber 7.62 mm.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan kandungan Cu menyebabkan peningkatan kekerasan pada kondisi as-cast. Penambahan Cu tidak memberi pengaruh terhadap respons pengerasan penuaan, disebabkan oleh tingginya kadar Zn, Mg, dan Si pada paduan ini. Penambahan kandungan Cu sebesar 0, 1 dan 3 wt.% menghasilkan kekerasanpuncak senilai 49.94, 52.92 dan 54.89 HRB berturut-turut selama 4 jam pada temperatur penuaan 200 °C. Penambahan kandungan Cu dari 0, 1 dan 3 wt.%menghasilkan harga impak 18.7 x 10-3, 26.6 x 10-3, dan 25.5 x 10-3J/mm2. Hasil pengujian balistik menunjukkan bahwa semua pelat komposit belum mampu menahan penetrasi peluru pada pengujian balistik tipe III.

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ABSTRACTBallistic application requires materials with high strength and good toughness. Aluminium composite materials is potential to subsitute steel as a material for ballistic vehicle due to its light weight and improved properties by addition of alloying elements and SiC reinforced particles. Age hardening can also applied to this material to improve its properties.This research studied Al-6Zn-6Si-5Mgreinforced by 10 vol. %SiC with varied content of 0, 1, and 3 wt % Cu with 25 mm thickness produced bysqueeze casting. The composite was homogenized at 440 °C for 24 hours, followed by solution treatment at 460 °C for 1 hour and then aged at 200 °C. The characterization included hardness testing to construct the ageing curve, impact testing, microstructure observation by using optical microscope and SEM, as well astype III ballistic testing.The results showed that the addition of Cu increased hardness in as-cast condition. However, addition of Cu did not give any increased response to age hardening due to high content of Zn, Mg, and Si. The peak hardness of 0, 1 and 3 wt. % Cu added composites was 49.94, 52.92 and 54.89 HRB, respectively, achieved after 4 hours at 200 °C. Impact strength decreased with the addition of Cu. Type III ballistic testing type III results showed that all plates could not stop the bullets penetration, Ballistic application requires materials with high strength and good toughness. Aluminium composite materials is potential to subsitute steel as a material for ballistic vehicle due to its light weight and improved properties by addition of alloying elements and SiC reinforced particles. Age hardening can also applied to this material to improve its properties.This research studied Al-6Zn-6Si-5Mgreinforced by 10 vol. %SiC with varied content of 0, 1, and 3 wt % Cu with 25 mm thickness produced bysqueeze casting. The composite was homogenized at 440 °C for 24 hours, followed by solution treatment at 460 °C for 1 hour and then aged at 200 °C. The characterization included hardness testing to construct the ageing curve, impact testing, microstructure observation by using optical microscope and SEM, as well astype III ballistic testing.The results showed that the addition of Cu increased hardness in as-cast condition. However, addition of Cu did not give any increased response to age hardening due to high content of Zn, Mg, and Si. The peak hardness of 0, 1 and 3 wt. % Cu added composites was 49.94, 52.92 and 54.89 HRB, respectively, achieved after 4 hours at 200 °C. Impact strength decreased with the addition of Cu. Type III ballistic testing type III results showed that all plates could not stop the bullets penetration]"

"Material untuk aplikasi peralatan militer (balistik) didesain untuk menahan tembakan peluru yang pada aplikasinya dibutuhkan sifat tangguh terhadap beban impak balistik. Selain itu diperlukan sifat yang kuat dan ringan. MMC dengan matriks aluminium sangat populer untuk dikembangkan karena aluminium memiliki berat yang ringan dan sifat mekanis yang baik. Untuk mendapatkan kekerasan tanpa mengorbankan ketangguhan, diperlukan penambahan elemen paduan pada matriks. Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan material variasi paduan 1, 3.85 dan 4 wt.% Si pada matriks Al–12Zn–6Mg-1Cu dengan penguat 7.5 vol.% ZrO2 hasil squeeze casting. Untuk meningkatkan ketangguhan komposit, dilakukan laku pelarutan pada suhu 450oC selama 1 jam kemudian dilakukan pengerasan penuaan pada suhu 200°C. Karakterisasi material dilakukan untuk melihat efek penambahan Cu pada komposit. Karakterisasi material yang dilakukan diantaranya pengujian kekerasan dengan metode Rockwell B, pengujian impak, analisis struktur mikro menggunakan mikroskop optik dan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), kemudian dilakukan pengujian balistik dengan peluru tipe III berkaliber 7.62 mm. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi kadar Si yang diberikan maka kekerasan menurun mencapai 67.26 HRB yang diikuti dengan turunnya keuletan sehingga harga impak menurun menjadi 0.469 J/mm2 akibat kegetasan material. Komposisi komposit belum mampu menahan beban impak balistik akibat sifat yang terlalu getas. Kegagalan ini juga diakibatkan oleh partikel ZrO2 yang menginisiasi porositas.

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Materials for military equipment application (ballistic) designed to withstand bullets, so that they need high toughness. Beside that, they also need strong and light weight materials. MMC with aluminum matrix is very popular to be developed because aluminum has a light weight and good mechanical properties. To obtain high hardness without sacrifiying the toughness, alloying elements are added in the matrix.

This study evaluate Al-12Zn-6Mg-1Cu alloy added with 1, 3.85 and 4 wt. % Si with 7.5 vol. % ZrO2 as reinforcement. Manufacturing process was squeeze casting to assume good mixing of ZrO2 particulates. To improve the toughness, composite were solution treated at 450 oC for 1 hour and the aged at 200°C.

Materials characterization included composition analysis using Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES), hardness testing (Rockwell B), impact testing (charpy method), microstructure analysis using optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), then ballistic testing with type III bullets of 7.62 mm callibre.

The results show that the higher the Si content, the higher peak hardness of the composite decrease which is proceeded by 67.26 HRB, and impact energy of the composite decrease which is proceeded by 0.469 J/mm2 . With age hardening, the toughness of the composite higher than as-cast condition. This composite were not able to resist penetration of projectile with 7.62 mm bullet."

"Aluminium komposit merupakan material yang dikembangkan untuk aplikasi balistik dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh pada penggunaan material yang lebih ringan sebagai pengganti baja. Untuk aplikasi balistik dibutuhkan material dengan kekerasan yang tinggi namun tidak mengorbankan ketangguhannya, sehingga dia mampu memecah dan menahan penetrasi peluru. Untuk itu, aluminium yang memiliki kekuatan yang rendah perlu ditambahkan dengan unsur-unsur paduan dan penguat SiC. Selain itu komposit aluminium dilakukan proses pengerasan penuaan untuk mendapatkan kekuatan material yang lebih baik.Penelitian kali ini menggunakan paduan Al-8Zn-4Mg berpenguat 15 vol. % SiC dengan variasi 0, 1 dan 3 wt. % Cu hasil squeeze casting. Selanjutnya pada komposit dilakukan proses laku pelarutan pada temperatur 500 oC selama satu jam dan dilanjutkan proses penuaan pada temperatur 200 oC. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan meliputi pengujian kekerasan untuk membuat kurva penuaan, impak, analisis mikrostruktur dan pengujian balistik tipe III berkaliber 7.62 mm.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan penambahan Cu akan meningkatkan kekerasan puncak akibat adanya presipitat selama proses pengerasan penuaan. Semua sampel mencapai kekuatan puncak dalam waktu 2 jam dengan kekerasan bervariasi dari 83.36 sampai 91.17 HRB. Hal ini tidak sama dengan harga impak dimana mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan Cu dari 45440.86 sampai 38533.40 Joule/m2. Hasil pengujian balistik menunjukkan bahwa semua pelat komposit tidak mampu menahan penetrasi peluru pada pengujian balistik tipe III.

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Aluminium composite materials are widely developed for ballistic application to obtain the use of lighter materials as a substitute for steel. Ballistic application requires, materials with high strength and good toughness, so they are able to break the tip of bullets and resist penetration. Therefore, aluminium with low hardness and strength is combined with alloying elements and SiC to produce high strength materials. Age hardening is also conducted to further improve its toughness.

This research studied Al-8Zn-4Mg alloy with varied content of 0,1 and 3 wt. % Cu and reinforced by 15 % SiC produced by squeeze casting methode. The composite was solution treated at 500 oC for 1 hour and then aged at 200 oC. The characterization included hardness testing to construct ageing curves, impact testing, microstructure observation and ballistic testing (type III bullets of 7.62 mm).

The result shows that the addition of Cu increasing the peak hardness due to the presence of precipitates. All samples reached peak hardess within 2 hours with the value of 83.36 to 91.17 HRB. However, impact strength decreases with the addition of Cu. Ballistic testing showed that all composite plates with varied Cu content could not stop the bullets."

"Baja diketahui merupakan material yang sering digunakan untuk kendaraan tempur. Densitas baja yang berat membuat mobilitas baja sebagai kendaraan tempur menjadi kurang efektif. MMC dengan matriks alumunium belakangan ini telah dikembangkan sebagai material alternatif balistik, karena memiliki berat yang ringan dan sifat mekanis yang baik. Sehingga pada penelitian ini digunakan komposit dengan matriks paduan alumunium berpenguat SiC.Dalam penelitian ini, dikembangkan komposit dengan matriks paduan Al - 8 wt. % Zn dengan variasi 3, 4, dan 5 wt. % Mg berpenguat 15 vol. % SiC hasil squeeze casting. Untuk meningkatkan ketangguhan komposit saat menerima beban balistik, dilakukan laku pelarutan pada suhu 500 oC selama 1 jam kemudian dilakukan pengerasan penuaan pada suhu 200 oC. Karakterisasi material yang dilakukan diantaranya adalah pengujian kekerasan untuk mendapatkan kurva penuaan, pengujian impak, analisis fraktografi dan pengamatan mikrostruktur dengan menggunakan mikroskop optik dan SEM. Sebagai target akhir dari penelitian ini, dilakukan pengujian balistik menggunakan senjata SPR 1 dengan peluru kaliber 7.62 mm.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan puncak komposit semakin meningkat dengan bertambahnya kandungan Mg, sementara energi impak dari komposit akan semakin menurun. Nilai kekerasan puncak tertinggi didapatkan pada kandungan 5 wt. % Mg senilai 88.8 HRB. Dan nilai terkecil dari energi impak didapat pada kandungan 5 wt. % Mg senilai 2.83 J. Dengan dilakukan pengerasan penuaan pada komposit, ketangguhan akan meningkat dibandingkan pada komposit hasil pengecoran. Komposit ini tidak mampu untuk menahan penetrasi peluru kaliber 7.62 mm.

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Steel is widely used for armour vehicles. The high density of steel leads to less mobility of the vehicle. MMC with aluminium matrix has recently been developed as an alternative for ballistic material, because of its light weight and good mechanical properties. So this study evaluated alumunium alloy matrix composites strengthened by SiC and precipitation hardening.

This research developed Al - 8 wt. % Zn matrix composite with varied content of 3, 4, and 5 wt. % Mg strengthened by 15 vol. % SiC produced by squeeze casting. To improve the toughness during ballistic loading, composites were solution treated at 500 oC for 1 hour and then aged at 200 oC. Characterizations included hardness testing to construct ageing curves, impact testing, and fractography analysis and microstructure observation using optical microscopy and SEM. As the final target of this research, composite underwent ballistic testing by using SPR 1 rifle gun with of 7.62 mm bullet.

The results show that the higher the Mg content, the higher peak hardness of composite increase, but the lower impact energy. The highest peak hardness of the composite is proceeded by 5 wt. % Mg content with the hardness value 88.8 HRB. The lowest impact energy of the composite is proceeded by 5 wt. % Mg content with the impact energy value 2.83 J. With age hardening, the toughness of the composite higher than that of as cast condition. This composite were not able to resist penetration of projectile with 7.62 mm bullet."

"Dalam pengoperasiannya, kendaraan pengangkat personel alutsista umumnya menggunakan material baja sebagai penyusun utamanya. Penggantian material baja dengan komposit aluminium diharapkan mampu membuat kendaraan tersebut menjadi ringan dan tetap mempunyai ketangguhan yang baik. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, komposit aluminium Al-9Zn-6Mg-3Si dengan berpenguat ZrO2 sudah mampu menahan peluru tipe III, namun mengalami keretakan pada pelat bagian belakang. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini, untuk meningkatkan ketangguhan pelat komposit, ditambahkan unsur Cr pada matriks. Penambahan kadar Cr dipilih karena mampu meningkatkan kekuatan komposit tanpa harus mengorbankan sifat ketangguhan dari komposit bermatriks Aluminium. Komposit yang dipelajari memiliki matriks Al-10Zn-6Mg-2Si dengan penambahan unsur Cr sebanyak 0, 0.06, 0.15, 1.69 wt.% dengan berpenguat partikel ZrO2 sebanyak 5 vol.%.. Proses pembuatan komposit dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode squeeze casting pada tekanan sebesar 76 Mpa. Pelat komposit kemudian dilakukan laku pelarutan pada suhu 4500C selama 1 jam dan laku penuaan pada 2000C selama 1 jam. Pengujian yang dilakukan meliputi: Optical Emmision Spectrometry (OES), uji kekerasan, uji impak, pengamatan mikrostruktur menggunakan Mikroskop Optik dan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) yang dilengkapi dengan Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), serta X-Ray mapping. Hasil pengujian menunjukan adanya peningkatan kekerasan pada pelat komposit dan penurunan ketangguhan seiring dengan kenaikan kadar Cr di dalam pelat komposit. Kandungan ZrO2 pada pelat komposit sulit dideteksi dan tersebar secara tidak merata. Hasil pengamatan SEM dan EDX mendeteksi adanya fasa baru intermetalik (CrFe)Al7 yang menggetaskan material. Adanya unsur Fe yang tinggi serta fasa intermetalik Cr yang muncul pada penambahan kadar Cr sebanyak 1.69% menjadi penyebab penurunan nilai impak dari pelat komposit Al-10Zn-6Mg-2Si tersebut.

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In operation, the personal carrying vehicle uses steel material as a major constituent. Replacement of steel with lighter material, such as aluminum composite is expected to make the vehicles become even lighter without sacrifying their toughness. Previous research had shown that Al-9Zn-6Mg-3Si aluminum composite with ZrO2 reinforcement was able to stop type III bullet, but cracks still occur at the back surface of the composite. Therefore in this research, Cr was added to increase the toughness of the matrix.

The studied composite composed of Al-10Zn-6Mg-2Si matrix with addition of Cr with the amount of 0, 0.06, 0.15, and 1.69% with5 vo.% ZrO2 particles. The composite was manufactured through squeeze casting processat the pressure of 76 Mpa. Solution Treatment was applied at the temperature of 4500C for 1 hour, followed by aging at 2000C for 1 hour. The analysis is done by : Optical Emmision Spectrometry (OES), hardness test, impact test, microsructure observation by Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) linked with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), and X-Ray mapping.

The results showed that the increase in Cr content resulted in the increase of hardness of the composite. The ZrO2 particles were difficult to detect and found to be unevenly spreaded. The observation of SEM and EDX detected the presence of a new intermetallic phase (CrFe)Al7 that makes the composite brittle. The high level of Fe content and (CrFe)Al7 intermetallic phase in the 1.69wt.% Cr Cr containing found to decrease the impact value of the composite."

"Aluminium adalah sebuah logam ringan dan ulet yang memiliki kegunaan terbanyak kedua di dunia industri setelah besi dan baja. Salah satu aluminium yang memiliki aplikasi yang luas adalah paduan Al-Mg-Si yang tergolong ke dalam aluminium seri 6xxx. Walaupun memiliki banyak keunggulan, paduan Al-Mg-Si memiliki kekurangan yaitu nilai kekerasannya yang rendah jika dibandingkan dengan aluminium seri lainnya. Oleh karena itu, peningkatan nilai kekerasan pada paduan Al-Mg-Si dapat dilakukan melalui pengerjaan dingin dan perlakuan penuaan. Kedua proses tersebut dapat digabungkan sehingga menghasilkan perlakuan yang disebut dengan perlakuan panas T8. Penelitian ini menggabungkan metode canai dingin yang dilakukan setelah perlakuan pelarutan kemudian diikuti dengan penuaan buatan pada paduan Al-1Mg-0.54Si ( % berat) yang dihasilkan melalui proses squeeze casting. Canai dingin yang dilakukan menggunakan tiga variasi deformasi yaitu 5, 10, dan 20 %. Sementara itu, penuaan dilakukan pada temperatur 180 °C selama 200 jam. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengujian komposisi kimia, pengujian kekerasan, pengujian metalografi, pengujian SEM–EDS (Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy), dan pengujian XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar deformasi menyebabkan butir semakin memanjang dan setelah penuaan menghasilkan peningkatan kekerasan puncak yang dicapai pada waktu yang semakin singkat. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan paduan Al-Mg-Si setelah dideformasi sebesar 20 % yang diikuti dengan penuaan pada temperature 180 °C selama 30 menit menghasilkan nilai kekeran yang paling tinggi. Hal ini mengindikasikan adanya kombinasi dua mekanisme penguatan, yaitu pengerasan regangan dan penguatan presipitasi.

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Aluminium is a light and ductile material that has the second most use in industry after iron and steel. One of the aluminium that has a wide application is the Al-Mg-Si alloy which classified as aluminium 6xxx series. Although it has many advantages, Al-Mg-Si alloy has a disadvantage, which is its low hardness value compared to other aluminium series. Therefore, increasing the hardness value of Al-Mg-Si alloys can be done through cold working and ageing treatment. The two processes can be combined to produce a treatment known as T8 heat treatment. This research combined the cold rolling method which was carried out after solution treatment followed by ageing of the Al-1Mg-0.54Si alloy (wt. %) which was produced through squeeze casting process. Cold rolling was varied to 5, 10, and 20 % deformation. Meanwhile, ageing was carried out at 180 °C for up to 200 h. Characterization included compositional testing, hardness testing, metallographic testing, SEM - EDS (Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) testing, and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) testing. The results demonstrated that the higher the deformation, the longer the grain elongated, and after ageing resulted in an increase in peak hardness which was achieved in a shorter time. This was demonstrated by the Al-Mg-Si alloy after 20 % deformation and ageing at 180 °C for 30 min, which produced the maximum hardness value. This suggests the presence of two strengthening mechanisms, which included strain hardening and precipitation strengthening."

"Baja sering digunakan sebagai material penyusun pada badan pelindung kendaraan taktis karena ketahanan balistiknya yang baik. Dengan densitasnya yang tinggi, memicu pengembangan material pengganti dengan densitas yang lebih rendah namun tetap dapat menahan penetrasi peluru. Salah satunya adalah komposit aluminium dengan penguat SiC. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, pelat komposit Al-6Mg-xZn dengan variasi 6, 9 wt.% Zn berpenguat 10 dan 20 vol.% SiC telah berhasil menahan peluru tipe III, namun masih mengalami retak dibagian belakang. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya modifikasi matriks agar menghasilkan komposit yang lebih tangguh seperti penambahan Cr.Pada penelitian ini dipelajari komposit Al-11Zn-7Mg berpenguat 10 vol.% SiC dengan variasi kadar Cr sebesar 0, 0.043, 0.051, 0.083 wt.% yang difabrikasi melalui metode squeeze casting. Untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanis, pelat komposit kemudian diberikan laku pelarutan pada temperatur 450 oC selama 1 jam yang dilanjutkan dengan laku penuaan pada temperatur 130 oC selama 102 jam. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan pada pelat komposit yaitu pengujian komposisi kimia menggunakan Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES), analisis struktur mikro dengan mikroskop optik (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) dan Energy Dispersive X-Rays (EDX), perhitungan persentase porositas dan pengukuran Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing (SDAS) menggunakan perangkat lunak Image Pro Plus, pengujian kekerasan Rockwell B, serta pengujian impak metode charpy.

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Steel has been used as the constituent material for body of tactical vehicle due to its high ballistic resistance. But, steel has high density that triggered developments of lighter materials with high hardness and high impact energy such as SiC strengthened aluminium composites. Previous research has shown that 10 and 20 vol.% SiC strengthened Al-6Mg-xZn with variation 6 and 9 wt.% Zn could withstand type III bullets, but cracks remained at the back of the plate. Therefore, matrix modification is needed in order to produce thougher aluminium composite such as addition of Cr.

This research used Al-11Zn-7Mg as matrix and 10 vol.% SiC as reinforcement with variation of 0, 0.043, 0.051 and 0.083 wt.% Cr which are fabricated by squeeze casting method. To improve the mechanical properties, the composite plates were solution treated at 450°C for 1 hour then aged at 130 oC for 102 hours. The characterization consisted of chemical composition testing by using Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES), microstructure analysis by using Optical Microscope (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Rays (EDX), porosity calculation and Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing (SDAS) measurement by using Image Pro Plus software, hardness testing by using Rockwell B and impact testing by using charpy method.

The results showed that addition of Cr from 0 to 0.083 wt.% increased the hardness of composite from 58.8 to 61.8 HRB and decreased the impact values from 11290.4 to 10131.8 J/m2. The increase in hardness was due to solid solution strengthening of Cr in Al-Zn-Mg matrix as well as reduction of SDAS from 21.6 to 17.1 μm respectively from the addition 0.043 to 0.083 wt.% Cr. Ageing at 130°C significantly increased the hardness of the composites from 83.1 to 90.7 HRB, however, Cr did not give impact on the precipitation processes. Along with the increasing hardness, the impact properties decreased which indicated reduction of toughness."