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"[ABSTRAKMeningkatnya insiden patah tulang di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun memerlukan pemecahan dari masalah terbatasnya sumber tulang pengganti sementara dengan kriteria sesuai. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berfokus pada optimasi sifat-sifat material untuk aplikasi scaffold. Komposit PVA/kitosan-hidroksiapatit (HA) telah berhasil dibuat dengan metode kimiawi basah yang dilanjutkan proses freeze-thawing dan freeze-drying. Variabel yang digunakan adalah kadar hidroksiapatit sebesar 0, 25, 40 dan 50% (b/v). Karakterisasi yang dilakukan adalah spektroskopi Fourier transform infra red (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), uji tekan, dan swelling behavior. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan penambahan hidroksiapatit menghasilkan morfologi berpori dengan ukuran rata-rata 42,39 µm untuk variabel 50% HA, dan meningkatkan modulus tekan dari 14 MPa untuk sampel tanpa HA menjadi 143, 191, dan 187 MPa untuk sampel dengan penambahan HA sebesar 25, 40 dan 50% (b/v). Selain itu penambahan hidroksiapatit juga mengurangi derajat pembengkakan dari 296% untuk sampel tanpa HA menjadi 85, 78, dan 59% untuk sampel dengan penambahan HA sebesar 25, 40 dan 50% (b/v), masing-masing. Hasil ini menunjukkan PVA/kitosan-HA memiliki sifat-sifat potensial untuk digunakan sebagai scaffold dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang.ABSTRACTThe increasing number of bone fracture incident in Indonesia from year to year needs the problem solving of the limited bone substitute which meet all the criteria. Therefore, this study is focusing in optimization of material?s properties used as scaffold. Composite of PVA/chitosan-hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully made by wet chemically method which followed by freeze thawing and freeze drying. The variable used in this study is the percentage of hydroxyapatite with 0, 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v). The samples were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive test, and swelling behavior. The results showed that addition of hydroxyapatite has yielded porous structure with average pore size of 42,39 µm (50% HA) and increased in compressive modulus from 14 MPa for 0% HA to 143, 191, and 187 MPa for samples with addition of HA with amount of 25, 40, 50% (wt/v). Besides, addition of HA also reduced the swelling ratio from 296% for sample without HA to 85, 78, and 59% for sample with addition of HA with the following amount: 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v), respectively. This results show that PVA/chitosan-HA in the current study is potential to be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering.;The increasing number of bone fracture incident in Indonesia from year to year needs the problem solving of the limited bone substitute which meet all the criteria. Therefore, this study is focusing in optimization of material?s properties used as scaffold. Composite of PVA/chitosan-hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully made by wet chemically method which followed by freeze thawing and freeze drying. The variable used in this study is the percentage of hydroxyapatite with 0, 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v). The samples were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive test, and swelling behavior. The results showed that addition of hydroxyapatite has yielded porous structure with average pore size of 42,39 µm (50% HA) and increased in compressive modulus from 14 MPa for 0% HA to 143, 191, and 187 MPa for samples with addition of HA with amount of 25, 40, 50% (wt/v). Besides, addition of HA also reduced the swelling ratio from 296% for sample without HA to 85, 78, and 59% for sample with addition of HA with the following amount: 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v), respectively. This results show that PVA/chitosan-HA in the current study is potential to be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering., The increasing number of bone fracture incident in Indonesia from year to year needs the problem solving of the limited bone substitute which meet all the criteria. Therefore, this study is focusing in optimization of material’s properties used as scaffold. Composite of PVA/chitosan-hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully made by wet chemically method which followed by freeze thawing and freeze drying. The variable used in this study is the percentage of hydroxyapatite with 0, 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v). The samples were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive test, and swelling behavior. The results showed that addition of hydroxyapatite has yielded porous structure with average pore size of 42,39 µm (50% HA) and increased in compressive modulus from 14 MPa for 0% HA to 143, 191, and 187 MPa for samples with addition of HA with amount of 25, 40, 50% (wt/v). Besides, addition of HA also reduced the swelling ratio from 296% for sample without HA to 85, 78, and 59% for sample with addition of HA with the following amount: 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v), respectively. This results show that PVA/chitosan-HA in the current study is potential to be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering.]"

"Inovasi dalam bidang rekayasa jaringan dan manufaktur aditif mendorong pengembangan scaffold tulang cerdas yang dapat disesuaikan secara kustomisasi. Scaffold cerdas ini meniru sifat mekanik dan biologis tulang asli, dan memiliki kemampuan self-fitting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh penambahan senyawa bioaktif hidroksiapatit (HAp) pada scaffold berbahan PLA yang dibuat menggunakan metode pencetakan 3D FDM. Scaffold PLA kemudian dilapisi dengan lapisan HAp melalui proses perlakuan alkali selama 1 jam, diikuti dengan coating dispersi 1% w/v HAp. Penambahan HAp bertujuan untuk meningkatkan biokompatibilitas dan bioaktivitas scaffold. Variabel yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah waktu agitasi coating dispersi HAp, yaitu 0,5, 1, dan 2 jam. Pengaruh waktu agitasi terhadap bioaktivitas dan sifat mekanik scaffold diamati melalui pengujian imersi dalam larutan simulasi cairan tubuh (r-SBF), pengujian swelling, observasi visual menggunakan mikroskop optik, SEM & EDS, dan pengujian kompresi dinamis. Hasil pengujian imersi menunjukkan bahwa scaffold PLA/HAp memiliki bioaktivitas enam kali lipat dibandingkan dengan scaffold PLA dengan variabel 1% w/v HAp-1 jam sebagai kondisi optimal. Deposisi mineral apatit terjadi selama tujuh minggu imersi dalam r-SBF, sedangkan perubahan warna PLA terjadi pada minggu ketiga hingga keempat. Hasil SEM & EDS pada scaffold imersi r-SBF selama 7 minggu menunjukkan ukuran deposisi apatit lebih besar pada sampel PLA/HAp, munculnya porositas pada permukaan scaffold, dan retakan permukaan. Hasil pengujian swelling menunjukkan peningkatan rasio swelling seiring peningkatan waktu agitasi, yang menunjukkan peningkatan sifat hidrofilik scaffold. Namun, penambahan waktu agitasi juga berhubungan dengan penurunan kemampuan self-fitting scaffold. Scaffold PLA dapat mengalami enam siklus kompresi dan pemulihan sebelum mengalami kegagalan, sebesar 97-99%. Sementara itu, scaffold PLA/HAp mengalami kegagalan setelah dua siklus kompresi dan pemulihan, dengan pemulihan mencapai 90-91% akibat intrusi HAp pada penampang strut. Secara keseluruhan, penambahan HAp pada scaffold berbasis PLA meningkatkan biokompatibilitas dan bioaktivitas. Kondisi optimalnya adalah 1% w/v HAp-1 jam, memberikan solusi yang menjanjikan untuk aplikasi regenerasi medis dan rekayasa jaringan.

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Innovation in the field of tissue engineering and additive manufacturing is driving the development of customizable smart bone scaffolds. These smart scaffolds mimic the mechanical and biological properties of natural bone and possess self-fitting capabilities. This research aims to investigate the influence of adding bioactive compound hydroxyapatit (HAp) to PLA-based scaffolds produced using the FDM 3D printing method. The PLA scaffold was subsequently coated with an HAp layer through an alkaline treatment process for 1 hour, followed by a 1% w/v HAp dispersion coating. The addition of HAp aims to enhance the biocompatibility and bioactivity of the scaffold. The variable observed in this study is the agitation time for the HAp dispersion coating, which was set at 0.5, 1, and 2 hours. The influence of agitation time on the bioactivity and mechanical properties of the scaffold was evaluated through immersion testing in simulated body fluid (r-SBF), swelling testing, visual observation using optical microscopy, SEM & EDS analysis, and dynamic compression testing. The immersion test results revealed that the PLA/HAp scaffold exhibited six times higher bioactivity compared to the PLA scaffold, with the optimal condition being 1% w/v HAp-1 hour. Apatit mineral deposition occurred during a seven-week immersion in r-SBF, while PLA color change was observed from the third to fourth week. SEM & EDS analysis of the scaffolds immersed in r-SBF for seven weeks showed larger apatit deposition on the PLA/HAp samples, the appearance of surface porosity in the scaffold, and surface cracking. Swelling testing demonstrated an increase in swelling ratio with longer agitation time, indicating improved hydrophilic properties of the scaffold. However, longer agitation time was also associated with a decrease in the self-fitting ability of the scaffold. The PLA scaffold endured six cycles of compression and recovery before failure, with a recovery rate of 97-99%. In contrast, the PLA/HAp scaffold failed after two cycles of compression and recovery, with a recovery rate of 90-91% due to HAp intrusion into the strut cross-section. In summary, adding HAp to PLA-based scaffolds enhances biocompatibility and bioactivity. The optimal condition is 1% w/v HAp-1 hour, providing a promising solution for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications."

"Saat ini, metode fabrikasi aditif merupakan pilihan optimum untuk menciptakan implan yang memiliki banyak manfaat bagi pasien dibandingkan dengan manufaktur subtraktif. Misalnya, manufaktur aditif dapat memfabrikasi produk secara berlapis-lapis dengan mendepositkan material secara berlapis. Oleh karena itu, dapat dibuat implan khusus desain yang sesuai dengan anatomi pasiennya. Ini juga bisa mengurangi biaya dengan meminimalkan bahan terbuang saat memfabrikasi produk. Dalam makalah ini penulis akan mempelajari sifat biomekanik dari scaffold komposit yang dicetak 3D dan terbuat dari Poly Lactic-acid PLA dan keramik Hidroksiapatit HA yang dapat diinjeksi. Scaffold dirancang untuk ditanamkan di tulang belakang sebagai spacer pada Cervical Laminoplasty. Oleh karena itu, simulasi stress dan strain akan diterapkan pada COMSOL untuk memahami modulus Young dari setiap scaffold dengan jumlah pengisi HA yang berbeda. Metode pendekatan eksperimental lainnya juga akan dilakukan untuk membuat perbandingan hasil aktual dan hasil simulasi. Selain itu, berbagai pendekatan untuk memahami persentase porositas scaffold juga akan dilakukan.

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Nowadays, a method of additive manufacturing is the optimum option to create any implant that has many benefits for the patient compared to subtractive manufacturing. For instance, an additive manufacturing can construct the product in layers by successively depositing material. Hence, it can create a design specific implant which will fits the patient rsquo s anatomy. It could also reduce cost by minimizing wasted material when constructing the product and many more. This paper, studies the biomechanical properties of a 3D printed composite scaffold made from Poly Lactic acid PLA and injectable Hydroxyapatite ceramic. The scaffold is designed to be implanted on the backbone as a spacer in cervical laminoplasty. Therefore, a stress and strain simulation will be applied on COMSOL to understand the Young rsquo s Modulus of each scaffold with different number of fillers. Another experimental method of approach will also be conducted to create a comparison of actual result and simulated result. In addition, various approach to understand the porosity percentage of the scaffold will also be done."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang mechanical properties dari multimaterial berupa bahan polimer dan hydrogel dalam pembuatan konstruksi multiple layer dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan sifat dan struktur mekanikal yang kuat sebagai scaffold dalam aplikasi rekayasa jaringan lunak. Material yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah PLA (poly lactic acid) sebagai bahan polymer dan gelatin sebagai hydrogel dengan tambahan starch komersil sebagai penguat gelatin. Terdapat dua metode dalam pembuatan scaffold yaitu casting untuk fabrikasi scaffold PLA dan gelatin, hybrid bioprinting untuk fabrikasi scaffold gelatin dan starch. Variasi pengujian dilakukan dengan memberikan perbedaan volume gelatin terhadap PLA dan perbedaan konsentrasi starch dalam campuran gelatin. Hal ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan mechanical properties scaffold yang dibentuk oleh PLA dan gelatin pada volume berbeda dan mechanical properties scaffold dari gelatin dan konsentrasi starch berbeda. Dari pengukuran dan pengujian mechanical properties berupa uji tekan (compressive test) akan didapatkan bentuk struktur yang cocok dan sifat mekanik dari sistem multimaterial scaffold. Untuk fabrikasi scaffold didapatkan nilai young modulus, E= 5.8 MPa pada scaffold campuran gelatin dan starch.

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This study discusses about mechanical properties of multimaterial scaffold which is constructed by polymer and hydrogel to get good mechanical properties and structure scaffold for soft tissue engineering application. The materials for this study are PLA (poly lactid acid) as polymer and gelatin as hydrogel with commercial starch. There are two methods to fabricate scaffold, they are casting for PLA and gelatin scaffold fabrication and hybrid bioprinting for gelatin and starch scaffold fabrication. Variation testing is done by giving difference volume between PLA and gelatin, and difference consentration of starch. From the measurement and mechanical properties test by compressive test will be obtained suitable structure and mechanical properties for multimaterial scaffold. The lowest yopung moduslus is E=5.8 MPa which fabricated by gelatin and starch."

"ABSTRAKSeiring dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan akan scaffold, banyak dilakukan penelitian untuk meningkatkan kualitas daripada scaffold dalam berbagai aspek, termasuk dalam kemampuan perlindungan terhadap bakteri penyebab infeksi. Dalam penelitian ini, bone scaffold berbahan dasar kitosan-kolagen dengan penambahan seng oksida sebagai agen antibakteri. Terdapat empat variabel yang digunakan yaitu tanpa penambahan seng oksida dan dengan penambahan 1 , 3 , dan 5. Metode yang digunakan adalah Thermally Induced Phase Separation TIPS . Dari penelitian ini didapatkan scaffold berpori dan memiliki permukaan kasar yang teramati melalui SEM. Dari uji SEM juga terlihat bahwa semakin banyak seng oksida yang didapatkan, ukuran dan persentase pori semakin kecil. Karakterisasi dengan FTIR membuktikan bahwa dari proses ini didapatkan scaffold yang memiliki gugus fungsi yang sama dengan kitosan dan kolagen. Selanjutnya, hasil uji DSC-TGA menunjukkan bahwa proses pemanasan sampai 105 oC yang dilakukan pada dehydrothermal treatment DHT tidak menyebabkan degradasi pada scaffold karena dari grafik yang didapatkan terlihat bahwa kitosan dan kolagen memiliki temperatur degradasi yang lebih yaitu mencapai diatas 200 oC. Untuk mengetahui kemampuan aktivitas antibakterinya, scaffold diuji dengan menggunakan bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa sampel tanpa penambahan seng oksida tidak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Sedangkan dengan penambahan 1, 3, dan 5 scaffold memiliki diameter zona hambat sebesar 1.25 mm, 1.68 mm, 2.50 mm terhadap bakteri E. coli dan 2.40 mm, 4.02 mm, 5.10 mm terhadap bakteri S. aureus. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa kekuatan perlindungan terhadap bakteri berbanding lurus dengan banyaknya seng oksida yang ditambahkan.

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ABSTRACTAlong with the increasing need for scaffold, many studies have been conducted to improve the quality of scaffolds in various aspects, including the ability to against infectious bacteria. In this study, bone scaffold was made from chitosan collagen with the addition of zinc oxide as an antibacterial agent. There are four variables used without zinc oxide and with 1, 3, and 5 zinc oxide addition. Thermally Induced Phase Separation TIPS is used for the fabrication method. This process has successfully fabricated a porous scaffolds with rough contour that has been observed by SEM. However, SEM images of the scaffolds show that addition of more zinc oxide could reduce the percentage of porosity and pores size of the scaffold. Chemical characterization by using FTIR shows that the scaffolds have similar functional group to chitosan and collagen. Furthermore, the DSC TGA test result indicates that the heating process at 105 oC on dehydrothermal treatment DHT did not cause degradation of the scaffold, because the graph shows that chitosan and collagen have higher degradation temperatures that reach above 200 oC. Antibacterial testing was conducted using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to observe the ability of scaffold to against bacteria. The result shows that scaffold without zinc oxide has no antibacterial activity, whereas scaffold with the addition of 1 , 3 , and 5 zinc oxide have antibacterial activities that are shown by inhibition zone diameter of 1.25 mm, 1.68 mm, 2.50 mm against E. coli and 2.40 mm, 4.02 mm, 5.10 mm against S. aureus. Thus it can be concluded that the strength of antibacterial activity is directly proportional to the amount of zinc oxide added to the scaffold."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran penerapan scaffolding, tools, dan internalisasi dari teori Vygotskypada Taman Kanak-Kanak Nasional Plus "Y" di Jakarta Utara. Gambaran ini didapat dengan analisis kualitatif melalui metode observasi dan wawancara. Metode observasi dipakai untuk menggambarkan penerapan scaffolding dan penggunaan tools pada proses pembelajaran. Metode wawancara dilakukan kepada guru untuk mengetahui alasan pemilihan tools yang digunakan, dan kepada anak untuk melihat proses internalisasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar interaksi guru-anak tidak dilakukan secara kontingen, dan bertujuan untuk menyelesaikan tugas; terdapat perbedaan jumlah informasi yang diinternalisasi oleh anak; dan kurang adanya variasi tools selama tiga hari proses pembelajaran.

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This study aimed at describing the application of scaffolding, tools, and internalization of Vygotsky's theory at "Y" National Plus Kindergarten in North Jakarta. This study is done through qualitative analysis by conducting observation and interviews. Observation is used to describe the application of scaffolding and tools in class while interviews are conducted to teacher aimed on knowing the reasons behind the usage of tools and to students aimed on knowing the process of internalization. Results show that most of the interactions between teacher and students are not contingent and that teacher is more likely on finishing a task; there are differences in amount of information internalized by children; and lack of tools variation during three days of learning process."

"ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran penerapan scaffolding, tools, dan internalisasi dari teori Vygotsky pada sekolah dasar swasta T di Jakarta Barat.

Data dalam penelitian didapat dengan metode observasi dan wawancara yang kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Scaffolding dilihat melalui kontingensi, means, dan intentions nya; Tools dilihat melalui penggunaan technical dan psychological tools selama interaksi; dan internalisasi dilihat melalui think aloud anak dalam menyelesaikan soal terkait materi yang dibahas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan banyaknya scaffolding yang tidak kontingen dan kaitannya dengan pembahasan soal; perbedaan proses internalisasi yang terjadi; dan penggunaan, alasan serta fungsi tools.

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to describe the application of scaffolding, tools, and internalization of Vygotsky’s theory at T private elementary school in West Jakarta.

Data are collected through observation and interview method that will be analyzed qualitatively. The concept of scaffolding is seen through its contingency, means, and intentions; tools through the usage of technical and psychological tools in all interactions; and internalization through children’s think aloud while answering the questions related to subject. Result of this study show that most of scaffolding are not contingent and its relationship with problem discussion; differences of internalization processs; and the usage, reason, and function of tools.

"

"Non-union biasanya terjadi sebanyak 1.9–10% dari total kasus fraktur tulang. Rekayasa jaringan tulang berpotensi menjadi pilihan terapi yang efektif dan personal untuk pengobatan fraktur non-union. Penelitian ini menggunakan komposit osteobiologis berbasis HAp/HA/CS ditambahkan dengan pilihan material f-MWCNT, f-Gr, dan GO  serta difabrikasi secara liofilisasi untuk membentuk struktur mikropori dengan sifat osteoinduktif dan osteokonduktif. UCMSC akan ditanam di dalam perancah yang telah difabrikasi in vitro dan setelah berkembang, perancah akan dikarakterisasi untuk kapasitas proliferasi dan diferensiasi dengan pewarnaan MTS dan alizarin merah. Perancah HAp/HA/CS/f-MWCNT merupakan pilihan komposit terbaik dengan kemampuan mendukung viabilitas (54.52 OD) dan diferensiasi (0.27 OD) pada UCMSC secara signifikan tetapi memerlukan perbaikan untuk integritas perancah.

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Non-union occurs around 1.9-10% from the total case of fractures. Bone tissue engineering is a potential choice for Non-union that is effective, personal for treating the abnormality. This research used HAp/HA/CS as base added with optional materials of f-MWCNT, f-Gr, and GO as the osteobiology composite and further fabricated by freeze drying to create a microporous structure with osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. UCMSC is planted with the fabricated scaffold in vitro and after development, scaffold is characterized for proliferation and differentiation capacity using MTS and red alizarin staining. HAp/HA/CS/f-MWCNT scaffold proves to be the best composite option in this research that significantly promotes viability (54.52 OD) and differentiation (0.27 OD) to UCMSC but needs further refinement for scaffold integrity."

"Gangguan dan penyakit tulang merupakan hal yang mengkhawatirkan karena prevalensinya yang meningkat. Rekayasa jaringan tulang dengan pengembangan struktur melalui kombinasi perancah, sel, dan/atau faktor biologis merupakan solusi yang menjanjikan untuk regenerasi tulang. Kolagen dan hidroksiapatit termasuk bahan perancah yang paling umum digunakan untuk rekayasa jaringan tulang dan dapat diekstraksi dari sumber alam. Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar dan produsen ikan terbesar kedua di dunia, memiliki sumber daya laut yang melimpah. Perikanan tuna yang termasuk paling besar dan paling produktif di dunia menghasilkan produk sampingan dengan jumlah yang besar. Pada penelitian ini, kolagen dan hidroksiapatit diekstraksi dari produk sampingan tuna, yaitu tulang kerangka dan kepala, menggunakan ekstraksi pelarutan asam untuk kolagen dan kalsinasi untuk hidroksiapatit. Kolagen hasil ekstraksi dikarakterisasi menggunakan UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, dan SEM-EDX, sedangkan hidroksiapatit hasil ekstraksi dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, SEM-EDX, dan XRD. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi, kolagen hasil ekstraksi memiliki puncak absorbansi di 225 nm, memiliki struktur heliks rangkap tiga, struktur mikro lembaran berlapis, berpori, dan sedikit berkerut. Sedangkan hidroksiapatit hasil ekstraksi memiliki ukuran dan bentuk partikel bervariasi dengan ukuran kristal 16,64 nm, 15,62 nm, 16,63 nm, 4,39 nm, crystallinity index 0,643, 0,572, 0,613, 0,027, dan nilai Ca/P 1,753±0,052, 1,806±0,074, 1,792±0,021, 1,935±0,091 masing-masing untuk sampel kalsinasi 1, sampel kalsinasi 2, sampel kalsinasi 3, dan sampel ultrasonikasi. Kolagen hasil ekstraksi dapat dikembangkan sebagai bahan perancah tulang karena memliki struktur berpori yang dibutuhkan untuk penetrasi sel, nutrisi dan transfer limbah, serta angiogenesis; sedangkan hidroksiapatit sampel kalsinasi 1 memiliki nilai rasio Ca/P (1,753±0,052) yang paling mendekati rasio Ca/P pada tulang manusia (1,67). Ekstraksi kolagen dan hidroksiapatit ini diharapkan dapat memanfaatkan produk sampingan sumber daya laut dan dapat digunakan sebagai material perancah tulang untuk mengatasi gangguan dan penyakit tulang.

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Bone disorders and diseases are a matter of concern because of their increasing prevalence. Bone tissue engineering with structural development through a combination of scaffolds, cells, and/or biological factors is a promising solution for bone regeneration. Collagen and hydroxyapatite are among the most commonly used scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering and can be extracted from natural sources. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country and the second-largest fish producer in the world, has abundant marine resources. Tuna fisheries, which are among the largest and most productive in the world, produce large amounts of by-products. In this study, collagen and hydroxyapatite were extracted from tuna by-products, including skeleton and head, using acid solubilization extraction for collagen and calcination for hydroxyapatite. The extracted collagen was then characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, and SEM-EDX, while the extracted hydroxyapatite was characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX, and XRD. Based on the characterization results, the extracted collagen has an absorbance peak at 225 nm, has a triple-helix structure, a layered sheet microstructure, is porous, and is slightly wrinkled. While the extracted hydroxyapatite has various particle sizes and shapes with crystal sizes of 16.64 nm, 15.62 nm, 16.63 nm, 4.39 nm, crystallinity index 0.643, 0.572, 0.613, 0.027, and Ca/P values were 1.753±0.052, 1.806±0.074, 1.792±0.021, 1.935±0.091 for the calcined sample 1, calcined sample 2, calcined sample 3, and ultrasonicated sample, respectively. Extracted collagen can be developed as a bone scaffold material because it has a porous structure required for cell penetration, nutrition and waste transfer, and angiogenesis; while the hydroxyapatite of calcined sample 1 has a Ca/P ratio value (1.753±0.052) which is closest to the Ca/P ratio in human bone (1.67). The extraction of collagen and hydroxyapatite is expected to be able to utilize marine by-products and can be used as bone scaffold material to treat bone disorders and diseases."

"Latar Belakang: Terapi regeneratif jaringan periodontal pada kasus kerusakan tulang alveolar horizontal telah dilaporkan dapat meningkatkan perlekatan jaringan periodontal secara klinis. Tetapi, efek perawatan pada sintesis matriks ekstraseluler tulang belum diketahui. Osteopontin merupakan salah satu marker penanda tulang sehingga dapat digunakan dalam menganalisis keberhasilan regenerasi jaringan periodontal pascaterapi regeneratif. Tujuan: Menganalisis ekspresi osteopontin pascaterapi regeneratif PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan dan PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold terhadap regenerasi jaringan periodontal. Metode dan Bahan: Sampel penelitian adalah sediaan mikroskopik jaringan periodontal M.nemestrina yang telah ditanam bahan regeneratif PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan dan PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold selama empat minggu setelah perawatan. Sediaan diwarnai dengan metode imunohistokimia menggunakan antibodi osteopontin. Ekspresi osteopontin dianalisis area dan intensitas pewarnaannya dengan metode grid pada ImageJ, serta uji statistik menggunakan SPSS. Hasil: Median area pewarnaan positif pada PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan 74,81% (53,48%-81,06%) lebih besar dari PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold 63,99% (52,43%-80,31%), namun tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik pada kedua bahan tersebut (p >0,05). Median intensitas area pewarnaan positif lemah 43,05% (14,16%-61,52%), sedang 14,49% (6,70%-22,81%), dan kuat 17,82% (3,66%-20,20%) pada kelompok PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan lebih besar dibanding PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold, namun tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik. Kesimpulan: Ekspresi osteopontin lebih tinggi pada kelompok PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan dibanding kelompok PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold, meskipun kedua bahan tersebut tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik.

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Background: Periodontal regenerative therapy in bone horizontal defect cases has been reported to increase clinical periodontal tissue attachment. However, the outcome treatment on the synthesis of bone extracellular matrix is unknown. Osteopontin is one of the bone markers that can be used in analyzing the effectiveness regeneration after periodontal regenerative therapy.

Objectives: To analyse osteopontin expression after periodontal regenerative therapy with PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan and PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold.

Methods and Materials: Specimen was used from M.nemestrina periodontal tissue that had been planted for four weeks after regenerative therapy with PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan and PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold.

Results: Median value of positive staining area in PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan with 74.81% (53.48%-81.06%) is greater than in PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold with 63.99% (52.43%-80.31%), and the two groups statistically showed no significant differences. Median value of positive staining intensity in weak area 43.05% (14.16%-61.52%), moderate 14.49% (6.70%-22.81%), and strong 17.82% (3.66%-20.20%) in PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan is greater than PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold, but there were no significant differences between the two groups.

Conclusion: Regenerative therapy with PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan increased osteopontin expression higher than PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold, even though there were no significant differences between the two groups."