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"Karbon monoksida merupakan senyawa gas yang tidak berbau, tidak berwarna dan tidak berasa tetapi sangat beracun. Karbon monoksida terutama berasal dari asap hasil pembakaran mesin dan kendaraan bermotor. Keracunan terutama terjadi karena proses inhalasi dan melalui mekanisme hipoksia, selanjutnya dapat menimbulkan gangguan sistem saraf pusat dengan gejala gangguan neurobehavioral dan fungsi kognitif.Penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan antara pajanan kronis karbon monoksida dengan gangguan fungsi kognitif pada pekerja di lokasi parkir dalam gedung. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional, melibatkan 93 pekerja di lokasi parkir dalam gedung rumah sakit dan hotel di Jakarta pada tahun 2015. Pengukuran kadar karbon monoksida di udara lingkungan kerja dilakukan 1 kali menggunakan metode spektrofotometri dengan iodida pentoksida. Pengukuran kadar COHb dilakukan dengan metode kromatografi gas melalui udara CO ekshalasi, sedangkan fungsi kognitif dinilai menggunakan kuesioner Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Prevalensi gangguan fungsi kognitif pada populasi pekerja di lokasi parkir dalam gedung 22,58%. Gangguan fungsi kognitif memiliki hubungan bermakna (p<0,05) berturut-turut dengan kadar CO ruang (ORcr=4,28; 95% CI = 1,15-15,86), kadar COHb (ORcr=6,5; 95% CI = 2,21-19,10) dan kebiasaan merokok (ORcr=6,81; 95% CI = 1,98-23,42).Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan faktor risiko utama yang berhubungan dengan gangguan fungsi kognitif adalah kadar COHb ≥5% (ORadj=4,47; 95% CI = 1,23-16,25). Disimpulkan pajanan kronis CO di udara lingkungan kerja dapat menimbulkan gangguan fungsi kognitif yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar COHb dalam darah. Kebiasaan merokok merupakan faktor perancu utama, karena dapat secara langsung meningkatkan kadar COHb dalam darah dan menimbulkan gangguan fungsi kognitif melalui mekanisme kerusakan sel syaraf. Pemerintah perlu menyusun regulasi terkait pembangunan fasilitas parkir dalam gedung untuk menjamin kesehatan dan keselamatan pekerja.

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Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, nonirritating, odorless and tasteless gas. The most important human-made source of CO arises from the exhaust of automobiles. Carbon monoxide chronic intoxication mostly occurs from an inhalation process and can cause brain damage due to its sensitivity over hypoxia, and leads to various neural defects including neurobehavioral and cognitive function disturbance.This study aimed to determine the relationship between chronic CO exposure and cognitive function among basement parking lot workers. This study used a cross-sectional design, involving 93 people age 20-40 years who work in a hospital or hotel basement parking lot in Jakarta on 2015. Carbon monoxide air levels in workplace were measured using iodine pentoxidespectrophotometric method, while COHb levels were measured once using Gas Chromatography through a CO exhalation procedure. Cognitive function was determined using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) questionnaire.Study result showed the CO air levels were all below threshold limit value (TLV) of 29 mg/m3. The prevalence of impaired cognitive function among basement parking lot workers was 22,58%. Carbon monoxide air levels, COHb levels and smoking habit factors were statistically significant related to impaired cognitive function, with ORcr 4.28 (95% CI = 1,15-15,86); ORcr 6.5 (95% CI = 2,21-19,10); and ORcr 6.81(95% CI = 1,98-23,42). Logistic regression method shows COHb levels is the only predictive factor of cognitive function with ORadj 4.47 (95% CI = 1,23-16,25). Therefore, it is concluded that chronic exposure of CO in the air workplace can cause cognitive function impairment, marked by a significant increase of COHb levels. Smoking habit is the main confounding factor, for it can directly increase COHb levels and impair cognitive function. Government should establish a punctual and effective regulation on how to build a basement parking lot facility regarding the safety of the workers."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Gangguan fungsi kognitif dapat terjadi pada pekerja yang terpajan toluen. Gangguan fungsi kognitif tersebut terutama adalah penurunan memori, atensi dan konsentrasi, yang dapat menurunkan produktifitas kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui prevalensi gangguan fungsi kognitif dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Metode Penelitian. Desain potong lintang dilakukan pada 102 orang pekerja perempuan usia 19-40 tahun dan pendidikan minimal SMA. Data dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner, pemeriksaan fisik dan laboratorium serta MMSE. Kriteria inklusi adalah masa kerja ≥ 1 tahun dan bersedia menjadi responden dengan menandatangani informed consent. Kriteria eksklusi adalah hamil, menstruasi,merokok, minum alkohol, riwayat cedera kepala, hipertensi, gula darah dan dislipidemia. Faktor risiko yang diteliti antara lain umur, status perkawinan, masa kerja, lama kerja, kepatuhan pakai masker , stres kerja dan status gizi. Umur, status perkawinan,masa kerja dan lama kerja diambil dari data HRD. Status gizi didapatkan dari perhitungan Indeks Massa Tubuh. Kepatuhan pakai masker berdasarkan pengawasan kepatuhan APD. Stres kerja dinilai menggunakan kuesioner Survey Diagnostik Stress . Hasil. Walaupun kadar toluen didapat lebih kecil dari nilai ambang batas toluen , didapatkan prevalensi gangguan fungsi kognitif sebesar 52 %. Area kognitif yang menurun adalah atensi kalkulasi dan visuospasial. Faktor risiko yang secara bermakna mempengaruhi gangguan fungsi kognitif adalah masa kerja, lama kerja, kepatuhan pemakaian masker, stres kerja yang meliputi konflik peran, ketaksaan peran, beban kerja kualitatif, beban kerja kuantitatif, pengembangan karir dan tanggung jawab rekan kerja. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan konflik peran merupakan faktor risiko yang paling mempengaruhi gangguan fungsi kognitif ( OR 7,546 Interval kepercayaan 95% 1,5 ? 41,88 ) Kesimpulan. Prevalensi penurunan fungsi kognitif studi ini lebih besar dari penelitian sebelumnya dan teori. Aspek kognitif yang menurun didominasi oleh atensi kalkulasi dan visuospasial. Konflik peran merupakan faktor risiko yang paling mempengaruhi gangguan fungsi kognitif.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Cognitive Function Impairment can happen among workers expose by Toluene. This impairment mainly effect in attention, concentration and memory function, and can decrease working productivity. This study aims to calculate the prevalence of Cognitive Function impairment and related risk factors Method. Cross sectional design study was conducted on 102 female workers, age 19-40 years old and graduated from senior high school. Age and education were obtained from secondary data, and followed by interviews, physical and laboratory examination and Mini Mental States Examination. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 1 year of work and willing to be the subject of research. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, menstruation, smoker, Alcohol consumption, history of head injury, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Dyslipidemia. Risk factor included in this study were age, marital status, duration of work,time of work, PPE obedience ,work stress and nutritional status. Age, Marital status, Duration and Time of work were from secondary data of HRD department. Nutritional status was obtained from body mass index calculation. face mask obedience was obtained from data of wearing mask compliance. Work stress was assessed using Survey Diagnostic Stress Questionnaire. Results. The prevalence of Cognitive Function Impairment was 52 % , mainly at Attention ? Calculation and Visuospasial Aspect respectively. Significant risk factors ( p value < 0,05 ) in this study were duration of work and time of work, PPE obedience and all of work stress domain. The Result of multivariate analysis show that conflict of role was the most influence factor ( OR 7,546 C.I 95% 1,5 ? 41,88 ) Conclusion. This study found that the prevalence of cognitive function impairment was higher than theory and other similar studies . Cognitive aspects mainly affected were attention ? calculation and visuospatial. Conflict of role was the most inluence risk factor relating with cognitive function impairment;Background. Cognitive Function Impairment can happen among workers expose by Toluene. This impairment mainly effect in attention, concentration and memory function, and can decrease working productivity. This study aims to calculate the prevalence of Cognitive Function impairment and related risk factors Method. Cross sectional design study was conducted on 102 female workers, age 19-40 years old and graduated from senior high school. Age and education were obtained from secondary data, and followed by interviews, physical and laboratory examination and Mini Mental States Examination. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 1 year of work and willing to be the subject of research. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, menstruation, smoker, Alcohol consumption, history of head injury, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Dyslipidemia. Risk factor included in this study were age, marital status, duration of work,time of work, PPE obedience ,work stress and nutritional status. Age, Marital status, Duration and Time of work were from secondary data of HRD department. Nutritional status was obtained from body mass index calculation. face mask obedience was obtained from data of wearing mask compliance. Work stress was assessed using Survey Diagnostic Stress Questionnaire. Results. The prevalence of Cognitive Function Impairment was 52 % , mainly at Attention – Calculation and Visuospasial Aspect respectively. Significant risk factors ( p value < 0,05 ) in this study were duration of work and time of work, PPE obedience and all of work stress domain. The Result of multivariate analysis show that conflict of role was the most influence factor ( OR 7,546 C.I 95% 1,5 – 41,88 ) Conclusion. This study found that the prevalence of cognitive function impairment was higher than theory and other similar studies . Cognitive aspects mainly affected were attention – calculation and visuospatial. Conflict of role was the most inluence risk factor relating with cognitive function impairment, Background. Cognitive Function Impairment can happen among workers expose by Toluene. This impairment mainly effect in attention, concentration and memory function, and can decrease working productivity. This study aims to calculate the prevalence of Cognitive Function impairment and related risk factors Method. Cross sectional design study was conducted on 102 female workers, age 19-40 years old and graduated from senior high school. Age and education were obtained from secondary data, and followed by interviews, physical and laboratory examination and Mini Mental States Examination. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 1 year of work and willing to be the subject of research. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, menstruation, smoker, Alcohol consumption, history of head injury, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Dyslipidemia. Risk factor included in this study were age, marital status, duration of work,time of work, PPE obedience ,work stress and nutritional status. Age, Marital status, Duration and Time of work were from secondary data of HRD department. Nutritional status was obtained from body mass index calculation. face mask obedience was obtained from data of wearing mask compliance. Work stress was assessed using Survey Diagnostic Stress Questionnaire. Results. The prevalence of Cognitive Function Impairment was 52 % , mainly at Attention – Calculation and Visuospasial Aspect respectively. Significant risk factors ( p value < 0,05 ) in this study were duration of work and time of work, PPE obedience and all of work stress domain. The Result of multivariate analysis show that conflict of role was the most influence factor ( OR 7,546 C.I 95% 1,5 – 41,88 ) Conclusion. This study found that the prevalence of cognitive function impairment was higher than theory and other similar studies . Cognitive aspects mainly affected were attention – calculation and visuospatial. Conflict of role was the most inluence risk factor relating with cognitive function impairment]"

"ABSTRACTLatar belakang: Berat badan lahir rendah, lingkar kepala yang kecil, berkurangnya panjang badan dan peningkatan kelahiran prematur telah diketahui sebagai akibat pajananan rokok selama kehamilan. Masih sedikit penelitian di Indonesia yang menilai kadar karbon monoksida ekshalasi, kadar kotinin darah tali pusat untuk melihat tingkat pajanan akibat rokok selama masa kehamilan. Pajanan asap rokok dalam jangka panjang berpotensi menurunkan respon inflamasi. Pengukuran kadar TNF-alfa untuk melihat respon inflamasi akibat pajanan rokok.Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang. Subyek penelitian adalah ibu hamil yang melahirkan di Rumah sakit Persahabatan dan dikelompokkan menjadi 3 kategori, yaitu perokok aktif, perokok pasif dan tidak merokok. Pengukuran kadar karbon monoksida ekshalasi dengan menggunakan alat smoke analyzer, untuk pengukuran kadar kotinin dan TNF-alfa darah tali pusat menggunakan teknik ELISA.Hasil: Dari total 85 subyek yang mengikuti penelitian rerata umur ibu adalah 30 tahun (16-24) tahun. Dengan distribusi ibu hamil perokok aktif 20 (23,6 %), perokok pasif 35 (41,2 %) dan tidak merokok 30 (35,3%) subyek. Rerata berat badan bayi lahir pada kelompok perokok aktif lebih rendah 2886±658 dari kelompok perokok pasif 3098±479 dan tidak merokok 3098±279. Rerata berat plasenta lebih rendah pada kelompok perokok aktif (463) gram dari kelompok perokok pasif (497) gram dan bukan perokok (527) gram. Kadar karbon monoksida ekshalasi ibu perokok aktif lebih tinggi (rerata 11,4 ppm), dari perokok pasif (7,9 ppm) dan tidak merokok (3,8 ppm) dan bermakna secara statistik (p 0,001). Berat badan lahir tidak berhubungan dengan derajat pajanan rokok (p 0,153). Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada kadar kotinin dan TNF-alfa darah tali pusat antara kelompok ibu perokok aktif dengan perokok pasif dan tidak merokok. Kadar CO ekshalasi memiliki korelasi negatif dengan kadar TNF-alfa darah tali pusat.Simpulan: Kadar karbon monoksida ekshalasi pada perokok aktif didapatkan lebih dari 11 ppm. Kadar kotinin perokok aktif didapatkan 3 pg/ml. Kadar CO ekshalasi dan kadar kotinin darah tali pusat dapat digunakan untuk menilai pajanan rokok dan status merokok pada ibu hamil. Kadar karbon monoksida ekshalasi dan kadar kotinin darah tali pusat didapatkan korelasi negatif terhadap berat badan bayi. Didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna pada kadar TNF-alfa, kelompok ibu perokok aktif lebih rendah dibanding kelompok ibu yang tidak merokok, Berat badan lahir bayi dan berat plasenta pada kelompok ibu terpajan rokok memiliki kecenderungan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok ibu yang tidak terpajan rokok.

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ABSTRACTBackground : Low birth weight, small head circumference, reduced body length and an increase in premature births has been known as a result of smoking exposure during pregnancy. Few studies in Indonesia, which assesses levels of carbon monoxide exhaled, levels of cord blood cotinin and measure the level of smoke exposure during pregnancy. Cigarette smoke exposure in the long term potentially reduce the inflammatory response. Measurement of levels of TNF-alpha to see the inflammatory response due to exposure to cigarette.Methods of study : This study was a cross sectional study. Subjects were pregnant women who gave birth in Persahabatan hospital and grouped into 3 categories: active smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers. Measurement of carbon monoxide levels exhaled using smoke analyzer, to measure the levels of TNF – alpha and cotinin cord blood using ELISA.Results : From a total of 85 subjects were recruited in this study, with mean maternal age of 30 years (16-24) years. The distribution of maternal active smokers 20 (23.6 %), 35 passive smokers (41.2 %) and 30 non-smokers (35.3 %) subjects. The mean birth weight in the group of active smokers is lower (2883) than passive smokers (3031) and non-smokers (3098). The mean placental weight was lower in the group of active smokers (463) grams of passive smoking group (497) grams and non smokers (527) grams. Carbon monoxide levels active smokers was higher (mean 11.4 ppm), from passive smokers (7.9 ppm) and non-smoker (3.6 ppm) and statistically significant (p 0.001). Birth weight not associated with the degree of smoking exposure (p 0.153). There are significant differences in the levels of TNF-alpha and cotinin cord blood between the group of active smokers, passive smokers and non smokers. Levels of CO exhaled have negative correlation with levels of TNF-alpha cord blood .Conclusions : Levels of exhaled carbon monoxide in active smokers more than 11 ppm. Levels of active smokers cotinin 3 pg/ml. Levels of cord blood cotinin and CO exhaled can be used to assess exposure and cigarette smoking status in pregnant women. Exhaled carbon monoxide levels and levels of cord blood cotinin have negative correlation to the weight of the baby. Statistically significant differences in the levels of TNF-alpha, an active smoker is lower than non smoker mothers. Low birth weight and reduced placental weight was commonly found in active smoker mother."

"Gas karbonmonoksida merupakan salah satu gas yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan apabila dihirup dalam jumlah tertentu. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan suatu upaya untuk mengurangi konsentrasi gas tersebut di alam yaitu dengan menggunakan metode adsorpsi. Dalam penelitian ini, zeolit alam Malang dan Lampung diuji kapasitas adsorpsi gas CO-nya dalam proses adsorpsi dari 0 psia sampai 178 psia dengan interval 25 psi dengan variasi ukuran dan suhu adsorpsi. Kedua jenis zeolit tersebut dibandingkan kapasitas adsorpsi, baik setelah maupun sebelum mengalami pengaktifan. Proses pengaktifan menggunakan metode dealuminasi, pertukaran ion dan kalsinasi. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa adsorben dengan kapasitas adsorpsi terbesar yaitu zeolit alam Lampung dengan ukuran 37-50 mikron dan suhu adsorpsi 25°C dengan kapasitas adsorpsi sebesar 0,5866 mmol/g pada tekanan 175 psia. Hasil ini juga ditunjang dengan karakterisasi adsorben menggunakan metode BET dan XRF untuk mengetahui luas permukaan, ukuran pori dan kandungan Si/Al pada tiap adsorben. Dengan demikian telah didapatkan spesifikasi zeolit dengan kapasitas adsorpsi terbesar terhadap gas CO dari kedua zeolit alam yang digunakan pada percobaan ini.

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Carbon monoxide is one of a toxic gas which harmful for health if being sniffed in current volume. Thus, it is need to be treated to decrease the concentration of those gas in our environment using adsorption method. In this research, Malang and Lampung natural zeolite are being tested its adsorption capacity of CO in pressure condition 0 to 178 psia with 25 psi interval and using variation of adsorbent size and adsorption temperature. Both of those zeolites are being compared its adsorption capacity, before and after the activation process. Activation processes are de-alumination, ion exchange, and calcinations.

The result of this research is Lampung natural zeolite which has 37-50 mikron in size that being operated in 25°C is an adsorbent which has the highest adsorption capacity of CO, 0,5866 mmol/g at 175 psia. This result is supported with characterization of each adsorbent using BET and XRF method to know its surface area, porous size, and ratio of Si/Al. So, it can be found the best specification of an adsorbent which has the highest adsorption capacity of CO between two of natural zeolite in this research."

"Kasus kebakaran sebagai penghasil gas karbon monoksida (CO) yang tinggi masih menjadi salah satu permasalahan yang harus diselesaikan, mengingat seringnya terjadi peristiwa kebakaran. Jika terjadi kebakaran, potensi kematian akibat keracunan gas CO akan semakin meningkat. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan suatu usaha untuk mengurangi kadar CO, salah satunya adalah dengan metode adsorpsi gas CO menggunakan metode volumetrik dengan temperatur konstan (temperetur 25°C) pada tekanan 0 psia -315 psia dengan interval 50 psi. Sehingga dapat dilakukan perhitungan adsorpsi isotermal Gibbs menggunakan Zeolit Alam Lampung teraktivasi yang dimodifikasi oleh TiO2 melalui metode sol-gel. Variasi kandungan TiO2 yang dilakukan adalah 10, 15, 20, 25 dan 30 (wt%). Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa pelapisan TiO2 terhadap Zeolit Alam Lampung dapat meningkatkan kapasitas adsorpsi. Dari variasi kandungan TiO2 yang telah dilakukan didapatkan komposisi optimum TiO2 sebesar 20 % dan didapatkan kapasitas adsorpsi paling besar yaitu nmax= 0,54361 mmol/gram dengan kandungan TiO2 3,58 (wt%) dan luas permukaan 96,25 m2/gram.

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Case of fire has a high content of gas carbon monoxide production which has to be solved because of the high frequency of this incident. If it happens, the potential death caused by CO poisoning will increase. Therefore, an effort is needed to reduce CO concentration. One of them is CO gas adsorption method using a volumetric method with a constant temperature (25°C) at pressure 0 psia -315 psia at intervals of 50 psi. It can be calculated by Gibbs adsorption isotherm using activated Lampung Natural Zeolites modified by TiO2 via sol-gel methods. Variations of TiO2 content is done with 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 (wt%). From the result of this research shows that TiO2 coating on Natural Zeolites Lampung can increase adsorption capacity. TiO2 content of the variations that have been carried out the optimum composition of TiO2 obtained by 20% and the greatest adsorption capacity is nmax = 0.54361 mmol / g with a TiO2 content of 3.58 (wt%) and the surface area 96.25 m2/gram."

"Dengan masih kurangnya pemakaian gerbang tol otomatis diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pemakaian gerbang tol otomatis untuk mengurangi emisi karbon monoksida. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kulitatif dengan menghubungkan hasil dengan faktor yang mempengaruhinya menggunakan perhitungan dan analisa terkait. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode NDIR untuk mengambil emisi karbon monoksida dan menggunakan teori antrian untuk mengambil rata ndash; rata waktu antrian setiap gerbang tol. Hasil penelitian ini adalah pada gerbang tol otomatis didapatkan rata ndash; rata emisi karbon monoksida selama 5 hari sampling sebesar 8150.13 ?g/Nm3 dan gerbang tol manual didapatkan didapatkan rata ndash; rata emisi karbon monoksida selama 5 hari sampling sebesar 11198.26 ?g/Nm3, dengan uji signifikansi yang menunjukkan rata ndash; rata konsentrasi karbon monoksida gerbang tol manual dan otomatis berbeda. Faktor ndash; faktor yang mempengaruhi emisi karbon monoksida di gerbang tol adalah waktu antrian yaitu semakin tinggi waktu antrian maka semakin tinggi emisi karbon monsoksida disebebkan peningkatan laju percepatan dan perlambatan kendaraan dan faktor kedua adalah suhu yaitu semakin tinggi suhu maka semakin tinggi emisi karbon monoksida disebabkan bahan pencemar yaitu karbon monoksida dalam udara menjadi kering sehingga polutan akan cenderung tinggi . Walaupun demikian, konsentrasi karbon monoksida di tiap gerbang tol masih berada di bawah baku mutu dan emisi di gerbang tol otomatis di bawah gerbang tol manual. Dengan penelitian ini, disimpulkan bahwa gerbang tol otomatis dapat mengurangi emisi karbon monoksida sebesar 24.54 .

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With the lack of utilization of automatic toll gates is expected to increase the use of automatic toll gates to reduce carbon monoxide emissions. This research is a skin related research by linking the results with the factors that influence it using the calculation and related analysis. This study uses the NDIR method to extract carbon monoxide emissions and use queuing theory to take the average queue time for each toll gate. The result of this research is at automatic toll gate obtained average carbon monoxide emission during 5 days sampling equal to 8150.13 g Nm3 and manual toll gate obtained got average carbon monoxide emission during 5 day sampling equal to 11198.26 g Nm3, with significance test which Shows the average carbon monoxide concentration of manual and automatic toll gates differently. Factors affecting carbon monoxide emission at toll gate is queue time that is higher queue time hence higher carbon emission of monsoksida disebebkan increase of acceleration rate and slowing of vehicle and second factor is temperature that is higher temperature then higher carbon monoxide emission caused by pollutant Ie carbon monoxide in the air becomes dry so that pollutants will tend to be high. However, carbon monoxide concentrations in each toll gate are still below the standard and emissions at auto toll gates beneath manual toll gates. With this study, it was concluded that automatic toll gates could reduce carbon monoxide emissions by 24.54."

"Merokok dianggap sebagai sumber utama pajanan terhadap karbon monoksida (CO). Pemeriksaan kadar CO udara ekspirasi dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker status merokok. Metode ini mudah dilakukan, non invasif dan menimbulkan kepatuhan yang lebih baik bagi pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar CO udara ekspirasi pada perokok dan bukan perokok sekaligus mengetahui kadar CO pada masing-masing jenis perokok terutama perokok kretek sebagai perokok mayoritas di Indonesia.METODEPenelitian potong lintang yang dilaksanakan pada Januari 2013 sampai Oktober 2013. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 125 orang yang terdiri dari 85 orang kelompok perokok dan 40 orang kelompok bukan perokok dipilih secara consecutive sampling. Dilakukan wawancara untuk mengisi kuesioner data dasar, kuesioner Fagerstorm dan skor Horn yang dilanjutkan dengan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis dan pengukuran kadar CO udara ekspirasi dengan menggunakan alat pengukur CO portabel (piCO+cSmokerlyzer Bedfont).HASILPenelitian ini mendapatkan kadar CO udara ekspirasi pada kelompok perokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok bukan perokok dengan rerata kadar CO pada kelompok perokok sebesar 22 (4;48) ppm dan kelompok bukan perokok sebesar 5,83 + 1,82 ppm (p=0,000). Tidak didapatkan perbedaan kadar CO antara kelompok perokok kretek, perokok putih dan perokok campuran (22 + 10,96 ; 22,60 + 10,44 ; 21,43 + 11,72 ; p=0,943). Faktor yang paling berkorelasi terhadap kadar CO udara ekspirasi pada perokok adalah jenis kelamin, laki-laki cenderung memiliki kadar CO yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perempuan.KESIMPULANKadar CO udara ekspirasi pada perokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan bukan perokok serta tidak ditemukan perbedaan kadar CO diantara perokok kretek, perokok putih dan perokok campuran. Faktor yang paling berkorelasi terhadap kadar CO udara expirasi pada kelompok perokok adalah jenis kelamin.Kata kunci : Kadar CO udara ekspirasi, perokok, perokok kretek

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Smoking has been considered as a prime cause of carbon monoxide (CO) exposures.Exhaled air CO measurement is a reliable indicator for smoking status. It is noninvasive, easy procedure and better compliance. The present study was undertaken to measure exhaled air CO levels in smokers and non smokers and also to measure exhaled air CO levels in clove cigarette (kretek) smokers as a majority smokers in Indonesia.

METHOD

This study used cross sectional method conducted from Januari 2013 until October 2013. A Total of 125 subject consist of 85 smokers and 40 non smokers selected based on consecutive sampling. Interview was done to fill out question about sociodemografic and smoking habit, Fagerstorm test for nicotine dependence and Horn score for smokers profile if the respondent is smoker follow by anamnesis, physical examination and breath CO measurement using portable CO analyzer ((piCO+cSmokerlyzer Bedfont).

RESULT

Average exhaled air CO levels were 22 (4;48) ppm in smokers, significantly higher compared to non smokers with the level of exhaled air CO were 5,83 + 1,82 ppm (p=0,000). No significant difference was found (p = 0,943) in the distribution of CO readings of the clove cigarette smokers compared to white cigarette and mix cigarette smokers (22 + 10,96 vs 22,60 + 10,44 vs 21,43 + 11,72) ppm. Gender was the most correlated factor to exhaled air CO levels, men tend to have higher exhaled air CO levels compared to women.

CONCLUSION

Exhaled air CO levels in smokers is higher than non smokers whereas no significant difference in the distribution of breath CO readings between clove cigarette, white cigarette en mix cigarette smokers. The most correlated factor that influence CO levels is gender."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk pengurangan kadar CO dan penjernihan asap kebakaran dengan pemanfaatan karbon aktif dari tempurung kelapa termodifikasi TiO2. Pada hasil uji XRF kandungan TiO2 didalam karbon aktif termodifikasi TiO2 sebesar 20,54 % wt. Pada hasil uji BET, luas permukaan terjadi peningkatan dari 760,30 m2/g menjadi 782,54 m2/g dari karbon aktif dan karbon aktif termodifikasi TiO2. Untuk uji kinerja, karbon aktif termodifikasi TiO2 ukuran 200 mesh dengan massa 3 gram memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi CO paling tinggi (12,59 %) dan nilai t10 untuk penjernihan asap paling baik yaitu dengan waktu 20 menit, 27 menit, 28 menit.

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This research was conducted for the reduction of CO levels and purification by use of fire smoke from coconut shell activated carbon modified TiO2. In the XRF test results in the TiO2 content of activated carbon modified TiO2 of 20,54 % wt. The test results showed the BET surface area increased from 760,30 m2/g to 782,54 m2/g of activated carbon and activated carbon modified TiO2. To test performance, activated carbon modified TiO2 with a size 200 mesh and 3 gram have the highest CO adsorption capacity (12,59 %) and t10 values for the purification of smoke that is best with a time of 20 minutes, 27 minutes, 28 minutes."

"ABSTRACTGas CO merupakan salah satu gas yang berbahaya. Gas ini bisa menyebabkan kematian apabila dihirup dengan kadar yang sangat tinggi. Sudah banyak kejadian atau kecelakaan fatal yang disebabkan oleh gas ini. Gas CO tidak berwarna, tidak berbau namun sangat beracun. Jika tidak berhati-hati, bisa berbahaya bagi kelangsungan hidup makhluk hidup, utamanya manusia. Sintesis nanopartikel NdFeO3 atau senyawa-senyawa dari logam tanah jarang (rare-earth orthoferrites) merupakan salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas pada sensor gas. Dalam penelitian ini disintesis empat macam sampel NdFeO3 yang disintesis melalui sintesis presipitasi dansol-gel citrate serta digunakan dua bahan baku, yakni bahan baku impor dan lokal. Karakterisasi sintesis menggunakan XRD, TEM, FT-IR dan TGA. Hasil XRD menunjukkan jika sampel NdFeO3 memiliki struktur orthorombic dan partikel berukuran 21,3 ; 15,56; 37,55 dan 46,53 nanometer, FT-IR menunjukkan adanya fase pembentukan NdFeO3 pada peak 400 cm-1-750 cm-1, TEM menunjukkan morfologi partikel serta ukuran partikel berukuran nanometer. dan TGA menunjukkan karakterisasi thermal serta perubahan massa partikel NdFeO3 dan hasil pengujian sensor menunjukkan jika respon sensor terhadap gas CO memiliki hasil yang variatif.

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ABSTRACTCarbon monoxide is a one of dangerous gases. It can cause a death if it is inhaled in a high concentration. There are so many moments or fatality accident caused by this gas. Carbon monoxide is colorless, has no smell but it is very-very toxic. If we are not aware, life of organism, especially human being is under danger. Therefore,  detector devices of carbon monoxide is urgently needed, in order to prevent the toxic influences of carbon monoxide gas around us.nanoparticle synthesis from rare-earth orthoferrite is a one of attempts to improve the sensivity of a gas sensor. In this research where nanoparticle NdFeO3 is synthesized with precipitation and sol-gel citrate method and use two kind of raw materials, Sigma Aldrich and PSTA-BATAN. XRD result showed that NdFeO3 nanoparticles is an orthorombic structure and showed that the size of the particle is in 21,3; 15,56; 37,55 and 46,55 nanometer, FT-IR showed theres a forming phase of NdFeO3 at 400 cm-1-750 cm-1, TEM showed the particless morphology and TGA showed the thermal characteristics. The result of CO gas sensor test, showed that response to the analit gas is variative."

"Tingkat kematian karena keracunan asap kebakaran jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kematian karena luka bakar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk penjernihan asap dan penyerapan CO mengunakan material berukuran nano. Penelitian ini dibagi tiga tahapan, tahap pertama dilakukan seleksi adsorben dalam menyerap CO dengan metode adsorpsi isotemis. Tahap kedua dilakukan uji pembuatan asap dari tisu. Tahap ketiga dilakukan uji penjernihan asap menggunakan adsorben terpilih di tahap pertama dalam kompartemen tunggal yang dilengkapi alat pendeteksi asap fotoeletrik berbasis micro controller. Variabel penelitian adalah ukuran partikel, massa adsorben dan ketinggian sensor di dalam ruang uji dengan parameter tingkat penjernihan 10% (t10).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif dan zeolit alam teraktifasi memiliki kemampuan yang baik dalam penyerapan CO. Nilai ngibbs berturut-turut karbon aktif dan zeolit alam teraktifasi, adalah 0,0682 dan 0,0352 mmol/g. Massa tisu 6 gram dapat menghasilkan asap yang pekat. Proses penjernihan asap lebih efektif menggunakan adsoben dibandingkan tanpa adsorben, waktu t10 adsorben dibawah 50% dari t10 tanpa adsorben. Adsorben dengan ukuran partikel 53 μm mempunyai kemampuan paling baik. Kolom bagian atas lebih cepat jernih dibandingkan tengah dan bawah. Urutan kemampuan adsorben dalam menjernihkan asap berturut-turut: Accom> ACZnCl2> zeolit alam. Nilai t10 terbaik dari ACcom untuk bagian atas, tengah dan bawah kolom adalah 4, 4,6 dan 7,7 menit.

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Mortality level due to fire smoke poisoning larger than caused by burn. The aim of this study is smoke clearing and CO adsorption using nano sized material. This study is conducted in three stages, the first stage is the selection of adsorbent to adsorb CO using isotherm adsorption method. The second stage is smoke production testing from tissue as raw material. The final stage is smoke clearing testing using adsorbent chosen in the first stage, conducted in a single compartment equipped with a photoelectric smoke detector based on micro controller. The variables in this study are particle size, adsorbent mass, and detector height in the compartment test, with degree of clearing called t10 as observed parameter.The results showed that activated carbon and activated natural zeolite has the best ability to adsorb CO. ngibbs value for activated carbon and activated natural zeolite is 0.0682 and 0.0352 mmole/g respectively. 6 grams of tissue can produce high density of smoke. Smoke clearing process using adsorbent more effective than without adsorbent, with t10 using adsorbent less that 50% compared to without adsorbent. Adsorbent with particle size 53μm has the most excellent abilities. Top section of compartment cleared faster than middle and bottom section. The order of adsorbent ability in smoke clearing is as follows: ACcom > ACZnCl2 > natural zeolite. The best parameter of t10 for ACcom at the top, middle, and bottom of compartment is 4, 4.6 and 7.7 minutes respectively."