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"Bone substitute biomaterials are fundamental to the biomedical sector, and have recently benefitted from extensive research and technological advances aimed at minimizing failure rates and reducing the need for further surgery. This book reviews these developments, with a particular focus on the desirable properties for bone substitute materials and their potential to encourage bone repair and regeneration.Part I covers the principles of bone substitute biomaterials for medical applications. One chapter reviews the quantification of bone mechanics at the whole-bone, micro-scale, and non-scale levels, while others discuss biomineralization, osteoductivization, materials to fill bone defects, and bioresorbable materials. Part II focuses on biomaterials as scaffolds and implants, including multi-functional scaffolds, bioceramics, and titanium-based foams. Finally, part III reviews further materials with the potential to encourage bone repair and regeneration, including cartilage grafts, chitosan, inorganic polymer composites, and marine organisms."

"One of the key challenges current biomaterials researchers face is identifying which of the dizzying number of highly specialized characterization tools can be gainfully applied to different materials and biomedical devices. Since this diverse marketplace of tools and techniques can be used for numerous applications, choosing the proper characterization tool is highly important, saving both time and resources.Characterization of biomaterials is a detailed and multidisciplinary discussion of the physical, chemical, mechanical, surface, in vitro and in vivo characterization tools and techniques of increasing importance to fundamental biomaterials research.Characterization of biomaterials will serve as a comprehensive resource for biomaterials researchers requiring detailed information on physical, chemical, mechanical, surface, and in vitro or in vivo characterization. The book is designed for materials scientists, bioengineers, biologists, clinicians and biomedical device researchers seeking input on planning on how to test their novel materials, structures or biomedical devices to a specific application. Chapters are developed considering the need for industrial researchers as well as academics."

"Dental biomaterials reviews the materials used in this important area, their performance and how such performance can be measured and optimised. Chapters review optical and electron microscopy imaging techniques for dental biomaterial interfaces. Specific materials such as dental cements, fibre-reinforced composites, metals and alloys are discussed. There is an analysis of stresses, fracture, wear and ageing in dental biomaterials as well as an evaluation of the performance of dental adhesives and resin-dentine bonds. Chapters also review ways of assessing the performance of dental handpieces, crowns, implants and prostheses. The book also reviews the use of computer models in such areas as bond strength and shape optimisation of dental restorations." "With its distinguished editors and team of experienced contributors Dental biomaterials: Imaging, testing and modelling will provide researchers, materials scientists, engineers and dental practitioners with an essential guide to the use and performance of dental biomaterials"

"Penggabungan hidroskiapatit (HA), yaitu material bioaktif untuk pengganti tulang, dengan senyawa kalsium fosfat yang resorbable seperti TCP menjadi Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sifat osteokonduktifitas dari HA sehingga terapi kerusakan tulang dapat dilakukan lebih efektif. Pencampuran serbuk HA, yang pembuatannya menggunakan bahan baku batu gamping, dengan serbuk TCP komersial dilakukan secara mekanik dengan beberapa perbandingan persen massa HA/TCP. Perbandingan persen massa HA/TCP yang diperoleh setelah proses sintering pada suhu 1000°C selama 10 menit adalah 94/6, 83/17, 90/10, 73/24 (dengan tambahan fasa CaCO3) dan 61/30 (juga dengan tambahan fasa CaCO3). Proses sintering menyebabkan perubahan khususnya pada komposisi fasa, akibat dekomposisi HA, TCP dan CaCO3, juga perubahan pada derajat kekristalan, menjadi lebih tinggi, dan ukuran kristalit, menjadi lebih besar. Uji bioresorbsi dilakukan secara in vitro dengan merendam lima jenis sampel BCP dengan komposisi fasa berbeda pada larutan SBF selama 10 hari dengan pengambilan data kandungan kalsium yang terdisolusi dalam SBF pada hari ke-2, 4, 6, 8 dan 10. Hasil uji memperlihatkan bahwa sifat bioresorbsi BCP cenderung dipengaruhi oleh komposisi fasa, khususnya kandungan HA dan TCP-nya, serta derajat kekristalan fasa HA. Semakin tinggi kandungan TCP maka semakin resorbable suatu material BCP. Sebaliknya, semakin tinggi kandungan HA maka kurang resorbable material BCP tersebut. Selain itu, BCP dengan derajat kekristalan yang lebih tinggi memiliki sifat resorbabilitas yang lebih rendah.

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The combination of hydroxyapatite (HA) and tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) as a new material called biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) is an ideal material for bone substitute due to its excellent bioactivity, from its HA content, and good bioresorbability, from its TCP content. The concept is based on an optimum balance of HA and TCP therefore the implant can be adjusted to fit the rate of bone ingrowth without loosing its bioactivity. In this research, HA, which was derived from limestone, and TCP, which was obatained commercially and is an industrial grade, were mixed mechanically with five different HA/TCP weight ratio. After sintered at 1000°C during 10 minutes, it was obtained BCP samples with five different HA/TCP ratio, i.e. 94/6, 83/17, 90/10, 73/24 (with the addition of CaCO3 phase) dan 61/30 (also with the addition of CaCO3 phase). The sintering process has changed not only their chemical composition but the degree of crystallinity and crystallite size as well.

The in vitro biocompatibility test was carried out by immersion of the BCP samples into simulated body fluid (SBF) during 10 days, with the measurement of calcium release from the samples on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th day. The result shows that the rate of bioresorbtion tends to be influenced by the HA and TCP content, and the degree of crystallinity as well. The higher TCP content the more bioresorbable the BCP. In contrary, the higher HA content the less bioresorbable the BCP. More over, the higher the degree of crystallinity the less bioresorbable the BCP."

"Biomaterials and medical devices must be rigorously tested in the laboratory before they can be implanted. Testing requires the right analytical techniques. Characterization of biomaterials reviews the latest methods for analyzing the structure, properties and behaviour of biomaterials.Beginning with an introduction to microscopy techniques for analyzing the phase nature and morphology of biomaterials, Characterization of biomaterials goes on to discuss scattering techniques for structural analysis, quantitative assays for measuring cell adhesion, motility and differentiation, and the evaluation of cell infiltration and tissue formation using bioreactors. Further topics considered include studying molecular-scale protein-surface interactions in biomaterials, analysis of the cellular genome and abnormalities, and the use of microarrays to measure cellular changes induced by biomaterials. Finally, the book concludes by outlining standards and methods for assessing the safety and biocompatibility of biomaterials."

"This book reviews the biomaterials (metallic, non-metallic and bone allografts) used for orthopaedic applications and explains both the engineering and clinical aspects of their use and performance within the human body."

"Hidroksiapatit (HA) merupakan biomaterial yang memiliki sifat bioaktif dan osteoinduktif. Akan tetapi HA juga memiliki sifat yang rapuh sehingga perlu dicampurkan dengan material polimer untuk meningkatkan sifat mekaniknya. Kolagen merupakan polimer alam yang dapat mendukung proses pertumbuhan sel tulang, dan memperbaiki karakteristik komposit serta dapat membentuk pori yang memungkinkan sel osteoblas untuk migrasi dan berpoliferasi seperti pada siklus darah. Gabungan kedua material ini dapat digunakan dalam proses regenerasi tulang. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis HA dengan metode ek-situ berbantukan iradiasi gelombang mikro. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh rasio kolagen terhadap nilai kekerasan komposit HA/Kolagen. Sintesis HA telah berhasil dilakukan menggunakan metode iradiasi gelombang mikro 720 W selama 15 menit. Kolagen yang digunakan merupakan kolagen hasil isolasi dari Chicken Gizzard inner lining (GIL) dengan metode perendaman basa NaOH 0.1 M. Kemudian HA dicampurkan dengan kolagen membentuk komposit HA/Kolagen dengan cara ek-situ menghasilkan material berpori dengan variasi rasio HA/Kolagen yaitu 90/10, 80/20, dan 70/30 (v/v). Hasil uji XRD komposit HA/Kolagen menunjukkan fasa HA terbentuk untuk semua variasi yang ditunjukkan pada sudut 2θ yaitu 26.03, 28.35, 33.05, 33.05 dan pada bidang miller (002), (210), (300), dan (310). Hasil perhitungan XRD didapatkan nilai indeks kristalinitas dan ukuran kristal paling rendah terdapat pada rasio HA/Kolagen 90/10 dengan nilai masing-masing 0.056 dan 29.247 nm. Hasil FTIR komposit HA/Kolagen menunjukkan keberadaan HA dengan gugus fungsi PO43- pada bilangan gelombang 565 cm-1, 604 cm-1, 1040 cm-1, dan O- pada bilangan gelombang 3565 cm-1. Sedangkan kolagen dengan gugus fungsi amida A (N-H stretching), amida B (C-H), amida I (C=O stretching), amida II (N-H bending), dan amida III (C-N stretching) pada bilangan gelombang masing-masing 3248 cm-1, 2922 cm-1, 1663 cm-1, 1404 cm-1, dan 1234 cm-1. Hasil SEM memperlihatkan bahwa ukuran partikel menurun ketika rasio kolagen meningkat. Hasil kekerasan vickers mencapai nilai maksimal pada sampel HA/Kolagen 90/10 dengan nilai 0.068 GPa dan menurun pada sampel HA/Kolagen 80/20 dan 70/30 yaitu 0.037 GPa.

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Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a biomaterial that has bioactive and osteoinductive properties. However, HA has the brittle nature so it needs to be mixed with polymer materials to improve its mechanical properties. Collagen is a natural polymer that can support the growth process of bone cells, and improve the characteristics of composites and can form pores that allow osteoblast cells to migrate and proliferate as in the blood cycle. The combination of these two materials can be used in bone regeneration proccess. In this research, the synthesis of HA was carried out using the ex-situ method assisted by microwave irradiation. This research aims to study the effect of the collagen ratio to the hardness value of HA/Collagen composites. The synthesis of HA has been successfully carried out using the microwave irradiation method at a power of 720 Watt for 15 minutes. The collagen used is collagen isolated from Chicken Gizzard inner lining (GIL) with 0.1 M NaOH base immersion method. Then HA is mixed with collagen to form a HA/Collagen composite by ex-situ method to produce a porous material with a variation of the HA/Collagen ratio of 90/10, 80/20, and 70/30 (v/v). XRD test results of HA/Collagen composites showed that the HA phase was formed for all variations shown at 2θ angles, namely 26.03, 28.35, 33.05, 33.05 and in the Miller plane (002), (210), (300), and (310). The results of XRD calculation is the crystallinity index and the lowest crystal size were found at the ratio of HA/Collagen 90/10 with values of 0.056 and 29.247 nm. FTIR results for HA/Collagen composites showed the presence of HA with functional groups PO43- at wave number 565 cm-1, 604 cm-1, 1040 cm-1, and OH- in the wavenumber 3565 cm-1. Meanwhile, collagen with functional groups amide A (N-H stretching), amide B (C-H), amide I (C=O stretching), amide II (N-H bending), and amide III (C-N stretching) at wave numbers of 3248 cm-1, 2922 cm-1, 1663 cm-1, 1404 cm-1, and 1234 c-1. The results of the SEM test showed that the particles size is decrease while the collagen ratio is increase. Vickers hardness reached its maximum value in HA/Collagen 90/10 samples with a value of 0.068 GPa and decreased in HA/Collagen 80/20 and 70/30 samples 0.037 GPa."

"This book reviews the current status of biomaterials for regenerative medicine, and highlights advances in both basic science and clinical practice. The latest methods for regulating the biological and chemical composition of biomaterials are described, together with techniques for modulating mechanical properties of engineered constructs. Contributors delineate methods for guiding the host response to implantable materials, and explain the use of biologically-inspired materials for optimal biological functionality and compatibility. "

"Biomaterials for surgical operation offers a review of the latest advances made in developing bioabsorbable devices for surgical operations which include surgical adhesives (sealants), barriers for the prevention of tissue adhesion, polymers for fractured bone fixation, growth factors for the promotion of wound healing, and sutures. Over the years, many descriptions of biomaterials have appeared in academic journals and books, but most of them have been devoted to limited clinical areas. This is in marked contrast with this volume which covers a wide range of bioabsorbable devices used in surgery from a practical point of view. The currently applied polymeric devices are critical in surgery, but all involve serious problems due to their poor performance. For instance, fibrin glue, the most widely used surgical sealant, can produce only a weak gel with low adhesive strength to tissues, accentuating the limited effectiveness of current treatment options. Likewise, the currently available barrier membranes cannot fully prevent tissue adhesion at the acceptable level and are, moreover, not easy to handle with endoscopes due to their poor mechanical properties"

"Non-union biasanya terjadi sebanyak 1.9–10% dari total kasus fraktur tulang. Rekayasa jaringan tulang berpotensi menjadi pilihan terapi yang efektif dan personal untuk pengobatan fraktur non-union. Penelitian ini menggunakan komposit osteobiologis berbasis HAp/HA/CS ditambahkan dengan pilihan material f-MWCNT, f-Gr, dan GO  serta difabrikasi secara liofilisasi untuk membentuk struktur mikropori dengan sifat osteoinduktif dan osteokonduktif. UCMSC akan ditanam di dalam perancah yang telah difabrikasi in vitro dan setelah berkembang, perancah akan dikarakterisasi untuk kapasitas proliferasi dan diferensiasi dengan pewarnaan MTS dan alizarin merah. Perancah HAp/HA/CS/f-MWCNT merupakan pilihan komposit terbaik dengan kemampuan mendukung viabilitas (54.52 OD) dan diferensiasi (0.27 OD) pada UCMSC secara signifikan tetapi memerlukan perbaikan untuk integritas perancah.

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Non-union occurs around 1.9-10% from the total case of fractures. Bone tissue engineering is a potential choice for Non-union that is effective, personal for treating the abnormality. This research used HAp/HA/CS as base added with optional materials of f-MWCNT, f-Gr, and GO as the osteobiology composite and further fabricated by freeze drying to create a microporous structure with osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. UCMSC is planted with the fabricated scaffold in vitro and after development, scaffold is characterized for proliferation and differentiation capacity using MTS and red alizarin staining. HAp/HA/CS/f-MWCNT scaffold proves to be the best composite option in this research that significantly promotes viability (54.52 OD) and differentiation (0.27 OD) to UCMSC but needs further refinement for scaffold integrity."