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"Toleransi perubahan angulasi vertikal pada radiografi gigi insisif rahang atas (studi in vitro). Tingkat distorsi vertikal yang cukup besar pada radiograf periapikal gigi anterior rahang atas serta penggunaan lebar singulum sebagai acuan evaluasi distorsi vertikal radiograf gigi anterior. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perubahan sudut vertikal yang masih dapat ditoleransi pada radiograf periapikal gigi insisif rahang atas. Metode: Pada 30 gigi insisif rahang atas, dilakukan pembuatan radiograf periapikal sudut vertikal 0° sebagai acuan standar, selanjutnya dilakukan perubahan sudut vertikal -10°, +10°, -15°, +15°, -20°, dan +20°. Sumbu panjang gigi diatur posisinya supaya sejajar film pada saat dilakukan paparan sinar-X. Kemudian panjang gigi dan lebar singulum pada radiograf dengan perubahan sudut vertikal diukur dan dibandingkan dengan kondisi sebenarnya. Seluruh hasil pengukuran diuji secara statistik dengan menjadi uji T. Hasil: Perbedaan antara panjang gigi klinis dengan panjang gigi radiografik pada seluruh perubahan sudut vertikal terbukti tidak signifikan (p>0.05), sedangkan perubahan lebar singulum signifikan pada sudut +15° dan -10° (p<0.05). Simpulan: Panjang gigi pada radiograf periapikal gigi insisif rahang atas yang diposisikan sejajar dengan film radiograf masih dapat ditoleransi sampai dengan perubahan sudut vertikal sebesar 20º. Lebar singulum menyempit secara signifikan pada radiograf yang mengalami perubahan sudut +15º dan melebar secara signifikan pada radiograf yang mengalami perubahan sudut -10º.

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The prevalence of vertical distortion in the periapical radiograph of the anterior maxillary teeth is quite significant and cingulum is commonly used as the reference of vertical distortion in anterior radiograph.

Objective: To evaluate the limit of vertical angulation error that still can be tolerated.

Methods: Periapical radiograph with vertical angle 0° was obtained from 30 maxillary incisors as reference, then the vertical angulation was changed into -10°, +10°, -15°, +15°, -20° and +20°. Long axis of the teeth was adjusted parallel to the film. Tooth length and cingulum width with vertical angulation alteration was measured and compared to the actual length. All of the measurement was tested using T test.

Results: There were no significant differences between all the measurements of tooth length with the alteration in vertical angulation (p>0.05), whereas cingulum width had a significant difference at +15° and -10°, p<0.05.

Conclusion: Tooth length in periapical radiograph of maxillary incisor with parallel position is still tolerable until 20º vertical angle errors. Cingulum width on radiograph with +15º vertical angle alteration is significantly narrowed and on radiograph with -10° vertical angle alteration is significantly widened."

"Tingkat distorsi vertikal yang cukup besar pada radiograf periapikal gigi anterior rahang atas serta penggunaan lebar singulum sebagai acuan evaluasi distorsi vertikal radiograf gigi anterior. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perubahan sudut vertikal yang masih dapat ditoleransi pada radiograf periapikal gigi insisif rahang atas. Metode: Pada 30 gigi insisif rahang atas, dilakukan pembuatan radiograf periapikal sudut vertikal 0° sebagai acuan standar, selanjutnya dilakukan perubahan sudut vertikal -10°, +10°, -15°, +15°, -20°, dan +20°. Sumbu panjang gigi diatur posisinya sejajar film pada saat dilakukan paparan sinar-X. Kemudian panjang gigi dan lebar singulum pada radiograf dengan perubahan sudut vertikal diukur dan dibandingkan dengan kondisi sebenarnya. Seluruh hasil pengukuran diuji secara statistik dengan T test. Hasil: Perbedaan antara panjang gigi klinis dengan panjang gigi radiografik pada seluruh perubahan sudut vertikal terbukti tidak signifikan (p>0.05), sedangkan perubahan lebar singulum signifikan pada sudut +15° dan -10° (p<0.05). Kesimpulan: Panjang gigi pada radiograf periapikal gigi insisif rahang atas yang diposisikan sejajar dengan film radiograf masih dapat ditoleransi sampai dengan perubahan sudut vertikal sebesar 20º. Lebar singulum menyempit secara signifikan pada radiograf yang mengalami perubahan sudut +15º dan melebar secara signifikan pada radiograf yang mengalami perubahan sudut -10º.

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The prevalence of vertical distortion in the periapical radiograph of anterior maxillary teeth is quite significant and cingulum is commonly used as the reference of vertical distortion in anterior radiograph.

Objective: To evaluate the limit of vertical angulation error that still can be tolerated.

Method: Periapical radiograph with vertical angle 0° was obtained from 30 maxillary incisors as reference, then the vertical angulation was changed into -10°, +10°, -15°, +15°, -20°, and +20°. Long axis of the teeth was adjusted parallel to the film. Tooth length and cingulum width with vertical angulation alteration was measured and compared to the actual length. All of the measurement was tested using T test.

Result: There were no significant difference between all the measurements of tooth length with the alteration in vertical angulation (p>0.05), whereas cingulum width had a significant difference at +15° and -10°, (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Tooth length in periapical radiograph of maxillary incisor with parallel position is still tolerable until 20º vertical angle errors. Cingulum width on radiograph with +15º vertical angle alteration is significantly narrowed and on radiograph with -10° vertical angle alteration is significantly widened."

"By means of a double-chamber model, different root canal filling materials and procedures were compared. Briefly, the root canals of single-rooted human teeth, extracted for periodontal reasons, were instrumented and obturated by gutta-percha/Pulp Canal Sealer EWT (PCS) or by Resilon, in association with different sealers (Real Seal, RelyX Unicem or Meta). Obturation was achieved by traditional continuous wave of condensation technique (TCWCT), a modified version of it (MCWCT), or single cone technique (SCT). The obturated roots, inserted in a double-chamber model, were sterilized by gamma irradiation. Next, Enterococcus faecalis was added to the upper chamber and the specimens were incubated at 37°C for up to 120 days: the development of turbidity in the lower chambers' broths indicated bacterial leakage through the obturated root canals. The kinetics of leakage were analyzed in different groups by means of Kaplan-Meier statistics and compared by log-rank test. The results showed that root canals obturated with either gutta-percha/PCS using the MCWCT, Resilon/Real Seal SCT or Resilon/RelyX Unicem using the TCWCT displayed significantly better performance than the remaining groups (p < 0.01). Histological evaluation, performed to investigate microbial localization inside specimens, confirmed that this parameter varied according to the obturation procedures and materials employed. This ex vivo study indicates that gutta-percha/PCS, if used with the MCWCT, is as effective as Resilon when coupled to Real Seal with the SCT or, interestingly, to RelyX Unicem with the TCWCT. These data suggest that further improvement of the currently employed root canal filling procedures is achievable, depending on booth the filling materials and the technique employed, thus encouraging clinical studies in this direction."

""Pitt Ford's Problem-based Learning in Endodontics combines the theory and practice of endodontics, providing the reader with information that is both clinically relevant to everyday practice and also evidence based. It includes a wealth of cases that span topics such as the maintenance of a vital pulp, root canal treatment, surgical endodontics and trauma. Each case is accompanied by full colour photographs and/​or radiographs that illustrate the key stages in diagnosis, treatment planning, treatment and prognosis. In addition, the detailed commentry provides information on viable alternative treatment strategies, rationale (biologic considerations) for the treatment described, evaluation of the current evidence for/​against the course of treatment and finally the prognosis. The book allows the reader to apply their existing knowledge to a range of clinical scenarios and to gain new knowledge and apply it to further clinical situations. In addition the reader will be encouraged to transfer knowledge and diagnostic skills from one problem to another and guided to improve their self-directed learning and reflective skills. Over 60 clinical cases Evidence-based Richly illustrated in full colour throughout Unique problem-solving approach International list of contributors"--Provided by publisher."

"Perkara perceraian yang dilakukan dengan mengajukan gugatan ke Pengadilan dengan terdapat salah satu pihak yang murtad, Undang-Undang Perkawinan dan juga Kompilasi Hukum Islam tidak mengatur secara jelas terkait hal tersebut. Namun dalam perspektif Hukum Islam dijelaskan bahwa ketika salah seorang suami atau istri murtad maka perkawinan mereka menjadi fasakh (batal) disebabkan kemurtadan yang terjadi. Putusnya perkawinan dalam hal terdapat salah satu pihak yang murtad memiliki implikasi terhadap hak waris anak disaat salah satu orang tuanya memiliki agama yang berbeda dengan anaknya saat terjadi pewarisan. Permasalahan yang diteliti adalah terkait konstruksi hukum dan teori tentang cerai gugat yang salah satu penyebabnya adalah murtad serta implikasinya terhadap hak waris anak. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut digunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Adapun tipologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksplanatoris. Hasil analisis adalah bahwa konstruksi hukum perkara cerai gugat yang salah satu penyebabnya adalah murtad yaitu putusnya perkawinan karena perceraian harus didasarkan pada kaedah tentang perkawinan. Berdasarkan kaedah Hukum Islam, dalam hal suatu perkawinan terdapat pihak yang murtad maka perkawinan tersebut akan putus karena terdapat perbedaan agama diantara kedua pihak. Implikasinya terhadap hak waris anak, bagi anak sebagai ahli waris yang berbeda agama (non-muslim) dengan orang tuanya sebagai pewaris (muslim), tetap dapat menerima harta peninggalan dengan melalui wasiat atau apabila tidak ada wasiat maka melalui wasiat wajibah. Pemberian wasiat wajibah tersebut hanya berlaku bagi pewaris yang beragama Islam. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut perlu adanya pengaturan dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam terkait murtad sebagai sebab putusnya perkawinan, dan juga pengaturan terkait hak waris anak dari orang tua yang berbeda agama.

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Divorce cases are carried out by filing a lawsuit in court with one of the apostates, the Marriage Law and also the Islamic Law Compilation do not clearly regulate this. However, in the perspective of Islamic Law, it is explained that when one of the husbands or wives apostatizes and does not return, the marriage becomes fasakh (canceled) due to the apostasy that occurred. The termination of a marriage if one of the parties is apostate has implications for the inheritance rights of the child when one of the parents has a different religion from the child when the inheritance. The problems studied are related to legal construction and theories about divorce, one of the causes of which is apostasy and its implications for children’s inheritance rights. To answer this problem, a normative juridical research method is used. The research typology used is explanatory research. The result of the analysis is that the legal construction of the lawsuit for divorce is one of the causes of apostasy, namely the breakup of marriage because divorce must be based on the rules of marriage. Based on the principles of Islamic law if there is an apostate party in a marriage, the marriage will break up because there are religious differences between the two parties. The implications for children's inheritance right, for children as heirs who have a different religion (non-muslim) with their parents as heir (muslim), they can still receive inheritance using a testament or if there is no testament, then through a wajibah testament. Giving a wajibah testament only applies to heir who are Muslim. In this regard, it is necessary to have regulations in Compilation of Islamic Laws related to apostasy as the cause of breaking up a marriage, as well as regulations regarding the inheritance rights of children from parents of different religions."

"ABSTRAKPerencanaan dan pengujian audit sangat penting untuk proses audit. Dalam penugasan ini, saya akan membahas proses perencanaan dan pengujian audit BlueCircle Chemicals Ltd. berdasarkan informasi yang tersedia dan menerapkan prosedur audit yang relevan dalam praktiknya. Laporan ini akan menjelaskan risiko audit yang dapat diterima yang dinilai organisasi, risiko yang melekat, risiko pengendalian, dan analisis rasio.

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ABSTRACTAudit planning and testing is essential to the audit process. In this assignment, I am going to discuss BlueCircle Chemicals Ltd. s process of audit planning and testing based on available information and apply relevant audit procedures in practice. This report will describe the organization s assessed acceptable audit risk, inherent risk, control risk and analysis of ratios."

"Many studies show that nanofluids, especially with carbon nanotubes, improve heat transfer. Other studies show that a nanofluid is a good candidate for solar systems because of its good absorptivity. We are facing an increasing number of miniaturized and more powerful systems. Especially in microelectronics, small heat sinks with high heat transfer are being developed, called micro-channel heat sinks (MCHS). In this paper, the heat transfer behavior of carbon nanotube–water nanofluid in a microchannel solar collector is studied experimentally. The exchanger is composed of 16 micro-channel hydraulic diameters of 1 mm and a glass or quartz cover with a surface area of 25 cm2. Solar radiation is simulated by a halogen lamp. The experimental set-up includes a solar meter, pressure, and temperature sensors, and it is allowed to control the flow. The nanofluid is a solution of water containing a 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.5% weight fraction, respectively, of the carbon nanotubes, which are 9.2 nm in diameter and 1.5 µm in length. Viscosity and density are measured experimentally. The evolution of efficiency and the pressure drop are presented according to the Reynolds number and are compared with the results obtained with distilled water."

"Area Motor adalah toko suku cadang mobil di daerah Lubuk Begalung, kota Padang, Sumatera Barat. Memasuki usianya yang ke dua puluh lima tahun, Area Motor menghadapi situasi kompetisi yang semakin ketat dengan bertambahnya pesaing baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang strategi pemasaran bagi Area Motor yang berdasarkan konsep relationship marketing. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa implementasi relationship marketing di Area Motor adalah dengan cara mengelola pelanggan tetap melalui strategi customer retention.

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Area Motor is a spare-part shop for cars and trucks in Lubuk Begalung, Padang,

West Sumatra. On its umping twenty-fifth year business, it is facing a tighter competition as more new shops oin the competition. Therefore, this research aims to analyze and design the marketing strategy for Area Motor on the basic of relationship marketing concept. The results reveal that Area Motor supposedly applies relationship marketing by maintaining existing customer through customer retention strategy."