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"Cell in the distress situation, denaturation of proteins may occur, and may also respond by expressing stress proteins. However, such homeostatis effort does not always succeed and even may lead to disease, including cancer. In distress situation also ensue much protein misfolding. Objective: This research were to explain the role of heat shock protein 40 (Hsp40) and HSP20 in pathogenesis of occured oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSSC) patient which realized human papiloma virus (HPV) infection. Material and method: Tissue biopsy frozen section were taken from BOSC and OSCC patients was cut into three part. Parrafin blocks were made from cutting I, which was subsequently stains with HE to ascertain the type of neoplasm. Cutting II was subjected to DNA isolation. The DNA isolation results were subjected to PCR to amplify L1-HPV gene for fixed the HPV stressor. Protein isolation was treated from cutting III, followed with Blottdot test by using anibody monoclonal anti Hsp40 and Hsp 70 and continued with measurement using densitometer to find the concentration of Hsp40 and Hsp70. The collected data were analyzed with F Test (Manova) and discriminant analysis. Result: This experiment showed the differences in concentration of Hsp40 (p<=0,070) and Hsp70 (p<=0,006) between benign oral squamous cell (BOSC) and OSCC patients which realized HPV infection. Conclusion: This experiment proved that OSCC patients which realized HPV infection indicated an up regulated of Hsp70 concentration, so that there was occurs misfolding of the proteins cell. The misfolding was ensue obstacle of apoptosis and to raise cell poliferation which to storm carcinogenesis. An up regulated of Hsp40 was role as co-chaperone."

"Suhu permukaan bumi umumnya berbeda sesuai lokasi geografis, salah satunya dipengaruhi oleh ketinggian wilayah. Wilayah Universitas Indonesia UI terletak pada ketinggian 50--140 m dpl dengan suhu rata-rata 28,6 C, sementara wilayah Kebun Raya Cibodas KRC terletak pada ketinggian 1.300--1.425 m dpl dengan suhu rata-rata 20,06oC. Perbedaan suhu diduga dapat memengaruhi respons tumbuhan seperti ekspresi gen heat shock protein Hsp 70. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui ekspresi gen Hsp70 pada Emilia sonchifolia dan Sphagneticola trilobata yang berasal dari UI dan KRC.Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengisolasi RNA dari daun muda Emilia sonchifolia dan Sphagneticola trilobata UI dan KRC, diubah menjadi complementary DNA cDNA dengan tektik reverse transcription, dan diamplifikasi dengan teknik polymerase chain reaction PCR menggunakan primer Hsp70 Arabidopsis thaliana.Hasil amplifikasi kemudian di-sequencing dan dianalisis dengan teknik in-silico. Hasil amplifikasi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat produk parsial gen Hsp70. Penyejajaran urutan basa nukleotida antara keempat sampel yang diteliti dengan gen Hsp70 dari spesies referensi Arabidopsis thaliana menunjukkan adanya kesamaan secara parsial, dan perbedaan satu basa nukleotida posisi ke-65 yang tidak berpengaruh pada perubahan asam amino. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa gen Hsp70 terekspresi pada Emilia sonchifolia dan Sphagneticola trilobata yang tumbuh di UI dan KRC.

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The temperature of earth surface is generally different according to geographical location, one of which is influenced by the altitude. Universitas Indonesia UI is located at an altitude of 50 140 m amsl with an average temperature of 28.6 C, while Kebun Raya Cibodas KRC located at an altitude of 1.300 1.425 m amsl with an average temperature of 20,06 C. Temperature differences are thought to affect plant responses, such as the expression of heat shock protein Hsp 70 genes. The research aims to find out the expression of Hsp70 genes on Emilia sonchifolia and Sphagneticola trilobata derived from UI and KRC.

The study was conducted by isolating RNA from young leaves of Emilia sonchifolia and Sphagneticola trilobata collected from UI and KRC, then converted into complementary DNA cDNA. The cDNA product was further amplified by polymerase chain reaction PCR using Hsp70 Arabidopsis thaliana primer. The amplification products then sequenced and analyzed by in silico techniques.

The results of amplification show that there is partial product of the Hsp70 gene. The sequencing results show a nucleotide variation in the 65th base which has no effect on amino acid changes. The results indicate Hsp70 gene is expressed in Emilia sonchifolia and Sphagneticola trilobata grown in UI and KRC."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 435-438Heat Shock Protein (HSP) is a molecular chaperone that prevents stress induced aggregation of partially denatured proteins and promotes their return to native confimations when the condition is favorable. Asmolecular chaperones, the HSP protect protein structure and activity, thereby preventing disease, but they may contribute to cell malfunction if they are perturbed. In inracellular quantities and cellular localizalion of HSP was changed in response to anoxia/hypoxia, heat and oxidation, and in relation to pathological status. This review discuses the role of HSP in several human medical condition particularly in oral mucosa."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV:239-242Oral squamous cell carcinorna ( OSCC ) is the most common malignant tumor of the oral cavity, and its account for 80-90% of all malignancies in oral cavity. The aim of this study was to detemine the presenceof p53 mutations and to associate these mutations with the histopathological type of OSCC such as well differentiated and poorly differentiated. Analitycal observational comparative study by cross sectional design was used. Forty untreated well and poorly differentiated OSCC biopsy sample and normal tissue biopsy material taken from 16 normal patients were analyzed for the presence of mutation in the conserved region of the p53 gene especially in exon 5 by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). The results of this study showed that p53 gene mutations were detected in exon 5; 11/40 (27,5%) with heterozygous mutation 9/11 (81,8%). The incidence in exon 5 of p53 gene mutation was significantly accociated with well differentiated 2/20 (l0%) and poorly diferentiated 9/20 (45%) OSCC(P=0,013). This study concludes that 1) mutation in exon 5 of p53 gene occured frequently in OSCC; 2) exon 5 of the p53 gene could be one of the the specific targets for histopathological grade of OSCC; 3) mutation in exon 5 of p53 gene could be important prognostic factor in OSCC."

"Asteraceae merupakan salah satu famili tumbuhan yang bersifat invasif. Tumbuhan dengan sifat invasif dapat lebih mentoleransi suhu tinggi akibat adanya peran mekanisme Hsp70. Gen Hsp70 merupakan gen yang terkonservasi didalam sel sebagai bentuk adaptasi terhadap beberapa cekaman lingkungan, salah satunya adalah cekaman suhu. Perbedaan suhu rata-rata antara Universitas Indonesia-Depok yaitu 28,6oC dan Kebun Raya Cibodas dengan suhu rata-rata 20,06 oC menjadi dasar dilakukannya penelitian untuk melihat tingkat ekspresi gen Hsp70 pada Ageratum conyzoides dan Synedrella nodiflora. Penelitian diawali dengan isolasi RNA dari organ daun dengan metode CTAB yang telah dimodifikasi dan dilanjutkan dengan sintesis cDNA.Hasil dari cDNA diamplifikasi dengan PCR menggunakan primer Hsp70 yang digunakan oleh Sung 2001 pada Arabidopsis thaliana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya amplifikasi gen Hsp70 secara parsial, serta adanya variasi basa nukleotida pada sampel lokasi Universitas Indonesia dan Cibodas pada posisi basa ke 110 dan 108 yang mengakibatkan adanya perbedaan pembacaan asam amino. Namun perbedaan asam amino tersebut tidak membuat perubahan prediksi struktur protein pada sampel.

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Asteraceae is one of the invasive plant family. Invasive plants have more ability to tolerating high temperatures with the role of the Hsp70 mechanism. The Hsp70 gene is conserved in cells as a form of adaptation to some environmental stresses, one of which is temperature stress. The difference of average temperature between Universitas Indonesia Depok which is 28,6oC and Cibodas Botanical Garden with average temperature 20,06oC become the basis of this research to see the level of Hsp70 gene expression in Ageratum conyzoides and Synedrella nodiflora plants at two locations with different temperature. The research begins with RNA isolation from the leaf tissues with modified CTAB method followed by cDNA synthesis. The cDNA then amplified by PCR using a Hsp70 primer used by Sung 2001 in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The results showed that there is a partial amplification of the Hsp70 gene, as well as the presence of nucleotide base variations in Universitas Indonesia Depok and Cibodas at base positions number 110 and 108 which resulted in differences in amino acid readings. However, these amino acid differences do not make a change in protein structure prediction of the samples. "

"belakang: Karsinoma sel skuamosa rongga mulut (KSSRM) adalah salah satu kanker yang paling umum dijumpai dengan angka survival 52.0% yang tidak meningkat secara bermakna walaupun tatalaksana kanker ini terus berkembang. Cornulin merupakan protein spesifik untuk sel skuamosa yang penting dalam diferensiasi epitel. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa rendahnya ekspresi cornulin berhubungan dengan gambaran klinikopatologi dan survival yang lebih buruk dibandingkan dengan ekspresi tinggi. Oleh karena sifatnya yang spesifik dan belum ada penelitian mengenai ekspresi cornulin sebagai faktor prognosis di Indonesia, maka penulis tertarik untuk mengetahui hubungan antara ekspresi cornulin dan survival pada pasien dengan KSSRM.Tujuan: Mengetahui potensi cornulin sebagai penanda biologis survival pada pasien dengan KSSRM.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kohort retrospektif yang dilakukan dari periode Juni 2021 sampai dengan Mei 2022. Populasi penelitian ini merupakan pasien dengan diagnosis KSSRM yang ditegakkan dengan pemeriksaan histopatologis dan menjalani terapi di Divisi Bedah Onkologi Departemen Ilmu Bedah RSCM periode Januari 2015 – Mei 2020. Pemeriksaan imunohistokimia dilakukan untuk mengetahui ekspresi cornulin dan skor imunihistokimia ditentukan menggunakan immunoreactive score (IRS). Skor IRS < 6 berarti ekspresi rendah dan ≥ 6 berarti ekspresi tinggi. Analisis statistik univariat, bivariat, dan survival dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS.Hasil: Cornulin tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik dengan survival pada pasien dengan KSSRM. T, N, dan stadium memiliki hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik dengan survival pada pasien dengan KSSRM dengan nilai p masing-masing adalah 0.001, 0.040, dan 0.001. T dan N memiliki hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik dengan ekspresi cornulin pada pasien dengan KSSRM, dengan nilai p masing-masing adalah 0.034 dan 0.030.Kesimpulan:Cornulin sebagai protein penanda biologis KSSM tidak dapat menjadi prediktor dari survival pasien dengan KSSM.

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Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancers with a 52.0% survival rate which does not increase significantly even though the management of this cancer continues to develop. Cornulin is a specific protein for squamous cells that is important in epithelial differentiation. Previous studies have shown that low cornulin expression is associated with worse clinicopathological features and survival compared to high cornulin expression. Due to its specific nature and no research on cornulin expression as a prognostic factor has been done in Indonesia, the author is interested in knowing the relationship between cornulin expression and survival in patients with OSCC.

Objective: To determine the potential of cornulin as a biological marker for survival in patients with OSCC.

Methods: This study used a retrospective cohort study design that was conducted from June 2021 to May 2022. The population of this study were patients with OSCC diagnosis confirmed by histopathological examination and undergoing therapy at the Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, RSCM for the period January 2015-May 2020. Immunohistochemical examination was performed to determine the expression of cornulin and the immunohistochemical score was calculated using the immunoreactive score (IRS). IRS score < 6 means low cornulin expression and ≥ 6 means high cornulin expression. Univariate, bivariate, and survival statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software.

Results: Cornulin did not have a statistically significant relationship with survival in patients with OSCC. T, N, and stage had a statistically significant relationship with survival in patients with SCC with p values ​​of 0.001, 0.040, and 0.001, respectively. T and N had a statistically significant relationship with cornulin expression in patients with OSCC, with p-values ​​of 0.034 and 0.030, respectively.

Conclusion: Cornulin as a biological marker protein of OSCC cannot be a predictor of the survival of patients with OSCC."

"Latar belakang: Peningkatan insidensi karsinoma sel skuamosa (KSS) rongga mulut dan orofaring telah memicu berbagai studi mengenai peran Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) pada patogenesis KSS rongga mulut dan orofaring. Dewasa ini, pemeriksaan imunohistokimia p16, suatu protein penanda yang dibentuk oleh sel tubuh akibat terinfeksi HPV, semakin marak digunakan sebagai alternatif dari pemeriksaan polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pemeriksaan ini membutuhkan biaya tinggi dengan ketersediaannya yang rendah. Status p16 juga menentukan stadium KSS orofaring berdasarkan panduan diagnosis oleh American Joint Commitee on Cancer (AJCC) edisi ke-8. Panduan diagnosis tersebut dibuat berdasarkan penelitian yang menyatakan bahwa respons radiasi dan prognosis KSS orofaring lebih baik pada pasien dengan status p16 positif. Tujuan penelitian: Membandingkan respons radiasi pada pasien dengan KSS rongga mulut dan orofaring berdasarkan status p16. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dan melibatkan 27 pasien KSS rongga mulut dan orofaring di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Data karakteristik pasien diambil dari rekam medis, anamnesis pasien, serta hasil pemeriksaan CT scan dan/atau MRI. Status p16 ditentukan dengan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia dengan pulasan antibodi p16INK4a. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) versi 20. Hasil: Status p16 positif ditemukan pada 11 dari 27 subjek (40,7%). Berdasarkan analisis bivariat, tidak terdapat asosiasi yang bermakna antara status p16 dengan respons terapi (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari status p16 terhadap respons radiasi pada KSS orofaring dan rongga mulut

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Background: The increasing incidence of oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has led to the initiation of various studies on human papillomavirus (HPV), which plays a role in the pathogenesis of oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCC. Nowadays, immunohistochemistry examination of p16, a marker protein formed by HPV-infected cells, is increasingly used as an alternative to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which requires high cost yet has low availability. According to 8th American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC) guideline on oropharyngeal cancer, p16 status also determines the staging of oropharyngeal SCC, indicating that the radiation response and prognosis of oropharyngeal SCC are better in p16-positive patients. Aim: To compare the radiation response in patients with oral and oropharyngeal SCC based on p16 status. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 27 patients with oral and oropharyngeal SCC at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital. Patients characteristics were obtained from medical records, history taking, and CT scan and/or MRI results. p16 status was determined by p16INK4a immunohistochemistry and nasal polyp paraffin block examination (eosinophil infiltration and biofilm). Data analysis was performed using Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. Results: Positive p16 status was found in 11 of 27 subjects (40,7%). Based on bivariate analysis, no significant association was found between p16 status and radiation response (p>0.05)."

"Latar belakang Kanker rongga mulut dan mulut (termasuk karsinoma sel skuamosa rongga mulut/KSSRM) secara kolektif tetap menjadi kanker paling umum ke-16 di dunia. Karena kecenderungan stadium lanjut selama diagnosis, kelangsungan hidup pasien KSSRM sangat buruk. Tumor infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs) yang diekspresikan diperkirakan mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup pasien KSSRM, termasuk CD8 + dan TIL lainnya. Tujuan Untuk menentukan ekspresi CD8+ dan TILs dalam sel KSSRM dan hubungannya dengan overall survival (OS) dan progression-free survival (PFS) pasien KSSRM. Metode Penelitian ini merupakan analisis kelangsungan hidup dengan menggunakan desain kohort retrospektif pada pasien KSSRM yang datang ke Rumah Sakit Umum Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo, Indonesia, dari Januari 2017 hingga Desember 2021. Kriteria inklusi penelitian adalah pasien KSSRM dengan diagnosis histopatologi, sedangkan kriteria eksklusi adalah pasien dengan data yang tidak lengkap atau tidak tersedianya sampel. Ekspresi CD8+ dan TIL diukur melalui perhitungan manual pada program Image J® pada pewarnaan imunohistokimia. OS dan PFS dianalisis menggunakan grafik Kaplan-Meier dan analisis cox-regression. Hasil Sebanyak 42 subjek dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini. Rata-rata OS adalah 10,83+1,268 bulan, sedangkan rata-rata PFS adalah 9,74+1,229 bulan. OS 2 tahun adalah 21,4%, sedangkan PFS adalah 19%. Ekspresi CD8+ yang lebih tinggi terkait dengan OS dan PFS yang lebih baik, sedangkan ekspresi TIL yang lebih tinggi terkait dengan PFS yang lebih baik. Kesimpulan. Ekspresi CD8+ dan TIL yang lebih tinggi dalam sel kanker terkait dengan kesintasan yang lebih baik pada pasien KSSRM.

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Background Oral cavity and mouth cancer (including oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) collectively remain the 16th most prevalent cancer in the world. Due to the tendency of advanced stage during diagnosis, the survival of OCSCC patients is abysmal. The connection of OCSCC and expressed tumor infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs) is thought to affect the survivability of the OCSCC patients, including CD8+ and other TILs. Aim To determine the expression of CD8+ and TILs in OCSCC cells and their relationship with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of OCSCC patients. Methods This study is a survival analysis using retrospective cohort design on OCSCC patients who came to Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Indonesia, from January 2017 to December 2021. The inclusion criterion of the study was OCSCC patients with histopathological diagnosis, while the exclusion criteria were patients with incomplete data or unavailability of the samples. The expression of CD8+ and TILs were measured by manual counting of cells using ImageJ® on immunohistochemistry staining. The OS and PFS were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier graph and cox-regression analysis. Result A total of 42 subjects were included in this study. The average OS was 10.83+1.268 months, while the average PFS was 9.74+1.229 months. The 2-years OS was 21.4%, while PFS was 19%. Higher CD8+ expression was related to better OS and PFS, while higher expressed TILs was related to better PFS. Conclusion Higher CD8+ and TILs expressions in cancer cells are related to better survivability in OCSCC patients. "

"ABSTRAKβ-catenin merupakan protein yang memiliki peran penting dalamadhesi antar sel dan transduksi sinyal. Pada keadaan tanpa stimulasi β-catenin hanyatampak pada membran sel, namun bila terdapat stimulasi maka β-catenin akantampak pada sitoplasma dan inti. Perubahan ekspresi β-catenin diketahuiberhubungan dengan progresivitas dan metastasis pada berbagai penyakit keganasanmanusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi ekspresi β-catenin di daerahperitumor pada karsinoma sel skuamosa oral (KSSO) derajat rendah dan tinggiberdasarkan sistem grading Bryne.Bahan dan Metode: Penelitian dilakukan pada 20 kasus KSSO derajat rendah dan20 kasus derajat tinggi. Pewarnaan imunohistokimia β-catenin digunakan untukmenilai perbedaan yang tampak pada membran, sitoplasma, dan inti sel tumor padaarea peritumor.Hasil: Ekspresi β-catenin pada membran, sitoplasma, maupun inti sel tumormemiliki perbedaan yang bermakna antara KSSO derajat rendah dan derajat tinggi(p=0,000; p=0,005; dan p=0,035). Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antaraekspresi β-catenin dengan variabel umur, jenis kelamin, maupun lokasi tumor.Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan ekspresi β-catenin di daerah peritumor antaraKSSO derajat rendah dan derajat tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi β-catenin yang salah menyebabkan perubahan morfologi sel-sel KSSO ke arah yanglebih ganas dan prognosis yang lebih buruk.

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ABSTRACTβ-catenin is an important protein in cellular adhesion and signaltransduction. In unstimulated condition, β-catenin only appears on the cellularmembrane. Altered expression of β-catenin has been associated with progressivenessand metastatic process of malignancy in human. The aim of this study was toevaluate the expression of β-catenin on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) andalso to assess its different expression in low grade and high grade lesions based onBryne grading system.Materials and methods: This study was conducted on 2 groups of OSCC whichincluded 20 cases of low grade and 20 cases of high grade. Immunohistochemistrystaining of β-catenin was used to identify the difference of its expression in cellmembrane, cytoplasm, and nuclei on invasive tumor front.Results: The expression of β-catenin on cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleishowed significant difference between low and high grade OSCC (p=0.000;p=0.005; and p=0.035, respectively). There has not been any significant associationbetween β-catenin expression with age, sex, and tumor location.Conclusion: Oral squamous cell carcinoma, both low and high grade, showedsignificant differences in β-catenin expression in cell membrane, cytoplasm, andnuclei. Thus, it showed that the altered expression of β-catenin could change theOSCC to become more aggresive and have a poorer prognosis."

"The purposes of this study are to study the pathogenesis of oral cancer and to see the role play of oncogenes, onco-suppressor genes in cancer growth and their mutation type. There are many predisposing factors which may influence the development of cancer. The factors are divided intrinsic (hereditary) and extrinsic factors (bacteria, viruses, fungi, chemical, drugs, radiation, trauma, heat, cold and nutrition). These agents may act individually, in combination with other carcinogen (co-carcinogen) or in combination with other agents that do not in themselves causes cancer (promoters), but that help the carcinogens to mutate or depress cells, but in the mechanism still enigma. Oncogenes oncosuppressor genes are normal genes in human. Oncogenes functions are as growth factor (e.g. sis), growth factor receptor (e.g. erbB1), signal transducer (e.g. ras) or nuclear factor (e.g.myc, jun). Tumor (oral cancer) will be arises if oncogenes andonco-suppressor genes function are disturbed by some carcinogenand these genes have mutation, deletion, amplification or translocation. That was also related to the loss or inactivation of onco-suppressor genes such as p53, so that causes the loss of the normal growth regulation/strait control that associated with tumorigenesis."