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"Streptococcus mutans serotype C is a major causative agent to caries and is found predominantly in dental plaque and saliva. Dentifrice containing xylitol has been shown to inhibit the growth of mutans streptococci. The aim of the study was to identify in vitro the influence of dentifrice containing xylitol on S. mutans serotype C. The solution of dentifrice containing xylitol was first diluted with sterile aquadest at 1:1, and then to concentrations of 100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001%, also with positive and negative controls. These solutions were exposed to S. mutans Serotype C by diffusion and dilution method. The results of the study show that the inhibition zone formed at concentration of 10% and 100%. There was a significant positive correlation between the concentration of dentifrice and the growth of mutans streptococci (p<0.05), with MBC point at 10%. In conclusion, dentifrice containing xylitol has an antibacterial effect and can inhibit the growth of S. mutans serotype C. Increasing concentration of dentifrice containing xylitol increases the size of the inhibition zone."

"Streptococcus mutans serotype E is a major bacterium causing caries, and widely present in dental plaque. Dentifrices containing xylitol have been shown to inhibit the growth of these mutans streptococci. The aim of the study was to identify the influence of dentifrice containing xylitol on S. mutans serotype E (in vitro). The 1:1 solution of dentifrice containing xylitol was diluted to the test concentrations of 100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001%, in addition to positive and negative control groups. These solutions were examined in S. mutans serotype E test cultures by the diffusion method. The resulting inhibition zone was 2.16 mm at a concentration of 10%, and 3.0 mm at a concentration of100%. Zero zone size was found at all other test concentrations,and a significant (Spearman) negative correlation was indicatedbetween the concentration of dentifrice and the growth of mutansstreptococci (p<0.05). The MIC was not been identified, but MBC was 10%. In conclusion, the dentifrice containing xylitol can significantly inhibit the growth of S. mutans serotype E at least at dentrifice concentrations of 5-10%."

"Karies gigi merupakan penyakit rongga mulut yang sering terjadi. Prevalensi karies pada anak di berbagai negara masih tinggi. Cara mencegah karies dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian agen antibakteri, dimana penggunaan antibakteri alami semakin diminati. Flavonoid yang berasal dari bahan alam dapat menghambat glukosiltransferase GTF . GTF memfasilitasi pembentukan plak/ biofilm. Dari penelitian terdahulu, flavonoid propolis diketahui memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans namun belum ada penelitian yang menggunakan strain S.mutans klinis. S.mutans diisolasi dari plak gigi anak, kemudian dilakukan uji biofilm dengan crystal violet pada 96-microwell plate. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan pengaruh flavonoid propolis konsentrasi 0,05 dan 0,1 terhadap pembentukan biofilm S.mutans p>0,01 . Hal ini berarti flavonoid propolis 0,05 memiliki efek antibakteri yang sama dengan flavonoid propolis 0,1 dalam menghambat pembentukan biofilm S.mutans.

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Objective This study was conducted to analyze the effects obtained with different concentrations 0.5 and 0.1 of propolis flavonoids on in vitro biofilm formation by clinical Streptococcus mutans S. mutans strains isolated from children rsquo s dental plaque. Methods S. mutans isolated from children 39 s dental plaque was assayed for biofilm formation in 96 microwell plates using crystal violet. Results The effects on S. mutans biofilm formation were the same for propolis flavonoids administered at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 p 0.01 . Conclusion A 0.05 propolis flavonoids concentration was deemed as effective as a 0.1 concentration at inhibiting S.mutans biofilm formation."

"Latar Belakang : Resesi gingiva penyebab dentin hipersensitif (DH). Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus pada plak menghasilkan asam. Produk asam menyebabkan demineralisasi akar gigi. Tujuan: Menganalisis jumlah serta distribusi S. mutans dan S. sobrinus dari plak dan saliva penderita resesi gingiva dengan DH dan non sensitif. Metode: Dari sampel saliva dan plak subjek DH dan non sensitif diperiksa jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus menggunakan real-time PCR dengan SYBR Green. Hasil: Jumlah S. mutans lebih banyak pada plak DH daripada non sensitif, S. sobrinus lebih banyak pada saliva non sensitif. Kesimpulan: Jumlah S. mutans lebih banyak pada plak penderita DH.

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Background : Gingival recession cause of dentine hypersensitivity (DH). Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in dental plaque will produce of acid. Acid can cause demineralization that involved in hypersensitivity.

Objectives : To analyze the amount and distribution of S. mutans and S. sobrinus from plaque and saliva in patients with DH and non sensitive.

Methods :, S. mutans and S. sobrinus from saliva and plaque samples was quantify by real-time PCR using SYBR Green.

Results : The number of S. mutans is higher in plaque of DH and S. sobrinus is higher in saliva of non sensitive.

Conclusion : Patients with DH had higher level of S. mutans in plaque."

"ABSTRAKStreptococcus mutans (S. mutans) diketahui merupakan bakteri patogen utamadalam proses karies. Koloni S. mutans pada anak dapat terbentuk melaluitransmisi S. mutans yang terutama bersumber dari ibu. S. mutans serotipe c, e, danf diklasifikasikan berdasarkan pada komposisi kimia polisakarida spesifik serotipedan sering ditemukan pada sampel plak. Sampel plak didapatkan dari 66 pasanganak usia 3-5 tahun dan ibunya. Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) yangdipakai dengan menggunakan primer gtfB dalam penelitian ini telahmengkonfirmasi keberadaan S. mutans pada 46 sampel plak pasang anak danibunya. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara karies anak dan karies ibunya(p<0,05). Skor karies anak akan meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan skorkaries ibu. Distribusi S. mutans serotipe c ditemukan dalam proporsi yang banyak,sedangkan S. mutans serotipe e ditemukan paling sedikit pada sampel plak anakusia 3 – 5 tahun dan ibunya.Terdapat hubungan tidak bermakna antara S. mutansserotipe c dan e dengan status karies anak dan ibunya (p>0,05). Terdapathubungan sangat lemah, tidak bermakna antara S. mutans serotipe c dan e anakdengan ibunya (0,000 < r < 0,199; p>0,05).

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ABSTRACTStreptococcus mutans (S. mutans) are considered to be an important bacterialpathogen of dental caries. The major reservoir from which children acquire theseorganisms is their mothers. S. mutans is classified into three serotypes, c, e and f,based on the chemical composition of its cell surface serotype-specificpolysacharide. S. mutans serotypes c,e and f were reported to be frequentlyisolated from human dental plaque. Plaque samples were collected from 66 3- to5-years-old and mothers with caries. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodusing gtfB primer in this research has confirmed S. mutans from 46 dental plaquesamples child-mother pairs. There is significant relationship between childrencaries score and mother caries score (p<0.05). Child caries score increases asmother caries score rise. Distribution of serotype c S. mutans has more prevalentdetected than serotype e S. mutans. There is no significant relationship (p>0.05)between serotype c/e S. mutans and child-mother caries score. There is also nosignificant relationship (0,000 < r < 0,199 ;p>0,05) between serotype c/e S.mutans in children and their mothers."

"Streptococcus mutans merupakan mikroorganisme yang berkoloni pada permukaan gigi dan membentuk plak penyebab utama terjadinya karies. Salah satu bentuk upaya pencegahan karies yaitu dengan cara menggosok gigi secara teratur menggunakan pasta gigi yang mengandung lilin propolis. Lilin propolis merupakan residu dari proses pean propolis lebah madu yang memiliki kandungan antibakteri. Tujuan: Menganalisis efektivitas pasta gigi dengan kandungan lilin propolis terhadap pertumbuhan koloni Streptococcus mutans dan pembentukan plak dan membandingkannya dengan pasta gigi yang mengandung propolis. Metode: Sebanyak 24 subjek karies yang diinstruksikan menyikat gigi 2 kali sehari dan tidak melakukan prosedur kebersihan mulut lainnya. Plak gigi diukur menggunakan indeks plak Sillness-Loe dan sampel plak diambil dari permukaan bukal gigi insisif atas subjek karies sebelum dan sesudah penggunaan pasta gigi selama 7 hari, selanjutnya dibiakan pada media agar TYS20B selama 2x24 jam, kemudian dilakukan penghitungan jumlah koloni S.mutans yang dihitung dalam CFU/ml. Hasil: Pasta gigi lilin propolis dapat menurunkan jumlah koloni Streptococcus mutans dan indeks plak gigi. Secara statistik terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah koloni S.mutans dan indeks plak sebelum dan sesudah pemakaian pasta gigi dan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara penggunaan pasta gigi yang mengandung lilin propolis dan propolis. Kesimpulan: Pasta gigi lilin propolis berpotensi sebagai alternatif pencegahan karies gigi.

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Streptococcus mutans is a microorganism that colonizes on the tooth surface and forms plaque which is the main cause of caries. One form of prevention of caries is by tooth brushing regularly with toothpaste containing propolis wax. Propolis wax is a residue from the purification process of pure honey bee propolis which has antibacterial contents.

Purpose: To analyze the effectiveness of toothpaste containing propolis wax on growth of Streptococcus mutans and dental plaque formation and compare it with toothpaste containing propolis in caries patient.

Methods: 24 caries subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily refrain from any other oral hygiene procedures. The plaque was measured using the Sillness Loe plaque index and plaque samples were collected from subjects buccal surface upper incisors before and after using toothpaste for 7 days, subsequently cultured on TYS20B agar medium for 2x24 hours then counting the number of colonies of S.mutans in CFU ml.

Results: In this study toothpaste containing propolis wax can decrease the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies and dental plaque index. There is a significant difference between the amount of S.mutans colony and plaque index before and after using toothpaste.

Conclusion: The use of toothpaste containing propolis wax has the potential as an alternative to prevention of dental caries."

"ABSTRACTLatar Belakang: Karies gigi merupakan penyakit gigi dan mulut yang terbanyak di Indonesia dan dapat dicegah dengan cara menjaga kebersihan mulut salah satunya menyikat gigi yang dapat menurunkan bakteri Streptococcus mutan. Bakteri ini akan membentuk plak dan menghasilkan asam yang dapat menyebabkan demineralisasi jaringan keras gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan kuantitas bakteri Streptococcus mutan pada plak gigi antara menyikat gigi sebelum dan sesudah makan terhadap subjek yang berumur 19-22 tahun. Metode: Desain pada penelitian ini dengan menggunakan metode crossover. Pengambilan data dilakukan terhadap 20 orang subjek, yang mana dibagi secara random alokasi menjadi dua kelompok yang masing-masing akan dilakukan perlakuan menyikat gigi sebelum dan setelah makan dengan waktu washout selama seminggu. Hasil: Analisis statistik mengunakan metode uji mann-whitney diperoleh p-value 0,598 yang menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan kuantitas bakteri Streptococcus mutan pada plak gigi yang signifikan antara menyikat gigi sebelum dan sesudah makan. Akan tetapi kuantitas bakteri Streptococcus mutan pada plak gigi dengan menyikat gigi sebelum makan yaitu 193.333 CFU/ml lebih besar di bandingkan bakteri Streptococcus mutan pada plak gigi dengan menyikat gigi setelah makan sebanyak 180.000 CFU/ml. Kesimpulan: Kuantitas bakteri Streptococcus mutan pada plak gigi dengan perlakuan menyikat gigi setelah makan lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan menyikat gigi sebelum makan. Akan tetapi dari analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan kuantitas bakteri Streptococcus mutan pada plak yang signifikan antara menyikat gigi sebelum dan sesudah makan.

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ABSTRACTDental caries is the most dental and oral disease in Indonesia and can be prevented by maintaining oral hygiene, one way is by toothbrushing which can reduce the bacteria Streptococcus mutan. These bacteria will become dental plaque and produce acid which can causes demineralization of hard tissue. Objective: To determine the different in the numbers of bacteria Streptococcus mutan in dental plaques between toothbrushing before and after eating in 19-22 years. Method: The design of this study using the crossover. Data retrieval was carried out on 20 subjects, which were randomized allocation in two groups with washout time for a week. Results: Analysis statistic using the mann-whitney test obtained p-value 0.598 that there was no significant difference between brushing teeth before and after eating. However, the number of bacteria Streptococcus mutan on dental by toothbushing before eating is 193,333 CFU/ml bigger than the number of bacteria Streptococcus mutan on dental plaque by toothbushing after eating is 180,000 CFU/ml. Conclusion: The number of bacteria Streptococcus mutan on dental plaque by toothbrushing after eating was less than the group brushing before eating. However, the results from analysis statistic showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the numbers of bacteria Streptococcus mutan brushing teeth before and after eating."

"ABSTRAKPatogenesis ECC dipengaruhi oleh salah satu faktor virulensi Streptococcus mutans yang berasal dari protein S.mutans. Tujuan : Menganalisis perbedaan profil protein S.mutans diisolasi dari permukaan lidah pasien ECC dan bebas karies. Metode : Profil protein S.mutans diisolasi dari permukaan lidah diperoleh melalui metode SDS PAGE dan dibaca melalui pita protein yang terlihat pada gel poliakrilamida. Hasil : Pita protein terlihat pada gel poliakrilamida. Terlihat perbedaan frekuensi ekspresi protein S.mutans pada 13 kDa, 29 kDa, 39 kDa, 41,3 kDa, 74 kDa dan 94,5 kDa pasien ECC dan bebas karies. Kesimpulan : Terdapat perbedaan profil protein S.mutans yang diisolasi dari permukaan lidah pasien ECC dan bebas karies.

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ABSTRACTPathogenesis of ECC is influenced by one of virulence factors from protein S.mutans. Objective To analyze the difference of S.mutans protein profiling which is isolated from tongue surface in ECC dan free caries subjects. Method Protein Profiling of S.mutans isolated from tongue surface was obtained from SDS PAGE method. It was read by protein band which expressed on polyacrylamide gel. Result Protein band was present on polyacrylamide gel. This study found the different frequencies in protein expression of S.mutans 13 kDa, 29 kDa, 39 kDa, 41,3 kDa, 74 kDa dan 94,5 kDa in ECC and free caries subjects. Conclusion There is difference of S.mutans protein profiling isolated from tongue surface in ECC and free caries subjects."

"Latar Belakang : Penggunaan CPP-ACP secara kombinasi bersamaan dengan agen antibakterial propolis masih belum banyak diteliti dan dikembangkan. Tujuan : Membandingkan efikasi penggunaan CPP-ACP yang mengandung propolis dan tanpa propolis terhadap jumlah Streptococcus mutans pada anak usia 7-9 tahun. Metode : Subjek penelitian adalah 32 anak yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Kedua kelompok melakukan pengambilan data awal (baseline) pada variabel jumlah S. mutans dan indeks plak, kemudian dilakukan pengolesan pasta tiap hari selama 4 minggu, dan dilakukan pengambilan data akhir setelahnya. Hasil : Terdapat penurunan bermakna pada jumlah S. mutans dan indeks plak dari masing-masing kelompok perlakuan (p<0.05). Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara penurunan jumlah Streptococcus mutans dan indeks plak dari kedua kelompok yang dibandingkan. Kesimpulan : CPP-ACP yang mengandung propolis tidak terbukti lebih baik dari CPP-ACP tanpa propolis dalam penurunan jumlah Streptococcus mutans, namun berpotensi untuk dijadikan alternatif sebagai agen remineralisasi gigi.

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Background : The use of CPP-ACP in combination with antibacterial agent propolis still hasnt been researched and developed much yet.

Objective : To know the difference in Streptococcus mutans count on subjects teeth, before and after applied with CPP-ACP with and without propolis.

Methods : The subject of the experiment are 32 grade school children aged 7-9 which divided into 2 groups, would have their baseline data taken on Streptococcus mutans count and plaque index, have their teeth applied with both CPP-ACP paste, with and without propolis for 4 weeks, then would have their data taken again.

Results : After 4 weeks, there is a significant decrease in Streptococcus mutans count and plaque index for both groups (p<0.05). However, there is no significant difference in the decrease between the two groups.

Conclusion : CPP-ACP with propolis is not proven to be better than CPP-ACP alone in terms of reducing Streptococcus mutans count on children aged 7-9 years old, but it could be used as an alternative remineralizing agent."