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"ABSTRAKKaca konduktor memiliki fungsi strategis di berbagai aplikasi elektronik. Jenisyang menjanjikan adalah Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO). Dalam penelitian inidilakukan studi pengaruh waktu deposisi (5, 10, 20, 30, dan 40 menit) lapisan tipisFTO dengan metode spray pyrolysis menggunakan alat ultrasonic nebulizer yangtelah dimodifikasi terhadap nilai karakteristik lapisannya ditinjau dari sifat optis,kristalinitas, resistivitas, dan mikrostruktur. Variasi juga dilakukan denganmembandingkan prekursor Sn murni dan larutan yang telah didoping dengan Fsebanyak 2%wt untuk melihat pengaruh penambahan doping F pada larutanprekursor. Pengujian karakteristik lapisan dilakukan menggunakan XRD, SEM,UV-Vis spectroscopy, dan digital multimeter. Berdasarkan karakterisasi yangdilakukan diperoleh nilai terbaik untuk FTO yang dihasilkan adalah pada waktudeposisi 20 menit dengan nilai transmitansi 74%, energi band gap (Eg) 3,85 eV,dan sheet resistance (Rs) 7,99 Ω/sq.

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ABSTRACTConductive glass has strategic functions in various electronic applications. Oneof the lead is Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO). In this research, the effects ofdeposition time (5,10,20,30, and 40 minutes) for fabrication of FTO thin film uponspray pyrolysis process using modified ultrasonic nebulizer on its characteristicin terms of optical, crystalinity, resistivity and microstructure properties has beenstudied. Variation was also performed by comparing the pure Sn precursor andthe solution that has been doped with F 2%wt to see the doping effect toproperties of thin film. The thin film characterization were carried out using XRD,SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and digital mutlimeter. Based on the results obtainedfor the best FTO was generated at the time of deposition is 20 minutes. Providing74% transmittance, band gap energy (Eg) 3.85 eV and sheet resistance (Rs) 7.99Ω/sq."

"Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) glasses play an important role in various technology, including dye sensitized solar cells. One of the most commonly used glass is indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, which is expensive. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to determine if ITO glass can be replaced with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass, which is easier and more economic to manufacture. For this purpose, a tin chloride dehydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) precursor was doped with ammonium fluoride (NH4F) using a sol-gel method and spray pyrolysis technique to investigate the fabrication process for conductive glass. NH4F was doped at a ratio of 2 wt% in the SnCl2.2H2O precursor at varying deposition times (10, 20, and 30 minutes) and substrate temperatures (250, 300, and 350°C). The results revealed that longer deposition times created thicker glass layers with reduced electrical resistivity. The highest optical transmittance was 75.5% and the lowest resistivity was 3.32´10-5 ?.cm, obtained from FTO glass subjected to a 20-minute deposition time at deposition temperature of 300oC."

"ABSTRAKTransparent conductive oxide TCO merupakan material yang sangat penting untuk digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi teknologi modern. Pembuatan piranti seperti optoelektronik LCD, organic electroluminescence EL dan juga untuk elektroda pada dye sensitized solar cell DSSC .TCOpada divais DSSC berfungsi sebagai penyerap cahaya dan penghantar elektron.Jenis TCO yang paling umum digunakan adalah indium tin oxide ITO , namun harganya relatif mahal. Oleh sebab itu fabrikasi kaca konduktor fluorine-doped tin oxide FTO ini ditujukan untuk menggantikan fungsi ITO karena proses pembuatannya yang sederhana serta biaya yang relatif lebih rendah. Dalam penelitian ini, pembuatan kaca konduktor FTO ini dilakukan dengan metode ultrasonic spray pyrolisis dengan menggunakan bahan baku tin II chloride dehydrate SnCl2.2H2O dan anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 sebagai prekursor dan ammonium florida NH4F sebagai doping dengan parameter yang divariasi adalah waktu deposisi 10, 20 dan 30 menit dan temperatur pemanasan substrat 250, 300, 350 C . Selain itu,variasi yang digunakan adalah jenis prekursor SnCl2.2H2Odan SnCl4 dan pelarut ethanol dan methanol . Penelitian ini secara spesifik bertujuan untuk menghasilkan prototipe kaca transparan konduktif FTO yang mampu menghantarkan arus listrik dengan nilai resistivitas dalam skala 10-4 ?.cm serta nilai transparasi mencapai >80 . Karakterisasi sampel dilakukan menggunakan alat SEM-EDS, XRD, Spektroskopi UV-Vis dan Four Point Probe. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu deposisi dan semakin tinggi temperatur substrat maka akan semakin kecil nilai resistivitas kaca konduktif, namundengan konsekuensi nilai transmitansiyang juga akan semakin menurun. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil yang optimum pada kaca konduktor yang difabrikasi dengan prekursor SnCl4 dan pelarut methanol, konsentrasi doping 2 wt, waktu deposisi 20 menit dan temperatur subtrat 300 C dengan nilai resistivitas 8,44 x 10-5 ?.cm dan transmitansi 88,3 . Dari hasil diatas, prekursor anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 yang didoping amonium fluorida NH4F dengan menggunakan metode ultrasonic spray pyrolisis dapat dianggap sebagai terobosan baru dalam pembuatan kaca yang konduktif dan transparan.

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ABSTRACTTransparent conductive oxide TCO is a very important material for use in various applications of modern technology including the manufacture of optoelectronic devices such as LCDs, organic electroluminescence EL and also as electrodes in dye sensitized solar cells DSSC . TCO on DSSC device serves as the light absorber and electron conductor. One of the most commonly used is indium tin oxide ITO , however its price is rather expensive. Therefore, the main purpose of the current research is aimed at replacing ITO with fluorine doped tin oxide FTO which is easier and more economic for fabrication. In this work, the conductor FTO glass manufacture is done by ultrasonic spray pyrolisis method using tin II chloride dihydrate SnCl2.2H2O and anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 as precursors and ammonium fluoride NH4F as doping with variations of deposition time 10, 20 and 30 minutes and substrate heating temperature 250, 300 and 350 C . In addition, the variations of type precursor SnCl2.2H2O and SnCl4 and solvent ethanol and methanol . The aims of this research was to produce a prototype FTO transparent conductive glass with a value of resistivity 10 4 .cm and the value of transmittance 80 . Characterization of the samples is done using a SEM EDS, XRD, UV Vis Spectroscopy and Four Point Probe. The results showed that the longer the deposition time and the higher the substrats, providing smaller resistivity, but the consequences transmittance value which will also decrease. In this study,the highest transmittance of 88.3 and the lowest resistivity of 8.44 x 10 5 .cm resitivitas were obtained from the glass subjected to 20 minutes deposition time and 300 oC substrate heating during the process using precursor SnCl4 and solvent methanol. From the results, the precursor anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 doped ammonium fluoride NH4F using ultrasonic spray pyrolisis may be considered as a breakthrough in the manufacture of conductive and transparent glass."

"Pencemaran lingkungan karena tumpahan minyak dapat menjadi masalah, tidak hanya dalam konteks lingkungan, tetapi juga dampak ekonomi, dan persepsi publik. Salah satu jenis senyawa yang terdapat di dalam minyak bumi yang memberi efek negatif terhadap lingkungan dan kesehatan adalah PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon). Salah satu metode alternatif untuk menangani cemaran PAH dalam air adalah metode adsorpsi. Dalam literatur telah banyak disebutkan bahwa PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi yang baik terhadap beberapa senyawa organik hidrofobik, salah satunya adalah PAH.Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh material alternatif untuk mengatasi masalah pencemaran PAH dalam air, yaitu suatu komposit antara silika dan oksida besi yang permukaannya direkayasa dan diaktifkan (fungsionalisasi) dengan penambahan senyawa silan. Ruang lingkup penelitian meliputi pembentukan komposit silika dan oksida besi, fungsionalisasi komposit oksida besi pada silika dengan senyawa silan, dan uji adsorpsi PAH pada material komposit terfungsionalisasi.Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa proses fungsionalisasi pada adsorben yang terbuat dari komposit oksida besi pada silika berhasil membentuk ikatan Si-O-Si dan Fe-O-Si yang berperan dalam penyisihan phenanthrene dalam air, dan memberikan luas permukaan yang cukup besar, yaitu 116,43 m²/g. Luas permukaan tersebut memberikan kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum terhadap phenanthrene sebesar 11,53 mg phenanthrene/g adsorben.

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Environmental pollution caused by oil spill can be a serious problem in environmental context, economic impact, and public perception. PAHs is the compounds in crude oil that give negative effects to the environment. An alternative method to treat the PAHs is using adsorbent materials. Some literatures mentioned that poly (dimethylsiloxane) has good adsorption capacity of some hydrophobic organic compounds, e.g. PAHs.

This research wants to get an alternative material as the adsorbent to remove PAH in water, That materials is iron oxide-silica composite that functionalized by silane compound. Area coverage of this research involves forming of iron oxide-silica composite, functionalization of the composite with silane compound, and adsorption test of PAH onto functionalized composite.

The result showed that functionalization of iron oxide onto silica composite can form Si-O-Si and Fe-O-Si bonding that played an important role in phenanthrene removal. Specific surface area and maximum adsorption capacity of this adsorbent are 116,43 m²/g and 11,53 mg phenanthrene/g adsorbent respectively."

"Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is one of the conductive glasses that have strategic functions in various important applications, including dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). In the current work, the effects of deposition time (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes) upon the fabrication process of FTO thin film using spray pyrolysis technique with modified ultrasonic nebulizer has been studied in regard to its microstructural, optical, crystallinity, and resistivity characteristics. The variation was also performed by comparing the pure tin chloride precursor and the solution that was doped with fluor (F) at 2 wt% in order to see the doping effect on the properties of thin film. The thin films were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and digital multimeter. On the basis of current investigation, it has been found that the best FTO was obtained through the pyrolysis technique of 20-minute deposition time, providing optical transmittance of 74%, a band gap energy (Eg) of 3.85 eV and sheet resistance (Rs) of 7.99 Ω/sq. The fabricated FTO in the present work is promising for further development as conducting glass for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)."

"Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is one of the conductive glasses that have strategic functions in various important applications, including dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). In the current work, the effects of deposition time (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes) upon the fabrication process of FTO thin film using spray pyrolysis technique with modified ultrasonic nebulizer has been studied in regard to its microstructural, optical, crystallinity, and resistivity characteristics. The variation was also performed by comparing the pure tin chloride precursor and the solution that was doped with fluor (F) at 2 wt% in order to see the doping effect on the properties of thin film. The thin films were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and digital multimeter. On the basis of current investigation, it has been found that the best FTO was obtained through the pyrolysis technique of 20-minute deposition time, providing optical transmittance of 74%, a band gap energy (Eg) of 3.85 eV and sheet resistance (Rs) of 7.99 ?/sq. The fabricated FTO in the present work is promising for further development as conducting glass for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)."

"Laterit sebagai salah satu hasil tambang yang banyak didapatkan di Indonesia merupakan bijih besi yang memiliki kandungan Fe2O3 yang tinggi. Agar dapat digunakan, bijih besi laterit (Fe2O3) harus direduksi untuk mendapatkan besi (Fe). Proses reduksi laterit yang umumnya dilakukan pada temperatur di atas 1300°C menyebabkan biaya produksi industri di Indonesia sangat tinggi, sehingga tidak dapat bersaing dengan industri-industri dari Negara lain. Oleh karena itu, dikembangkan suatu metode reduksi langsung yang menggunakan temperatur lebih rendah, sehingga diharapkan biaya produksi akan menurunReduksi langsung yang dilakukan adalah dengan cara memanaskan laterit yang telah dicampur dengan batubara dalam oven. Yang akan diteliti pada penelitian ini adalah kinetika reaksi proses reduksi yang terjadi. Kinetika ini terkait dengan efek dari waktu pemanasan yang dilakukan pada komposisi Fe2O3 dan C yang berbeda untuk setiap temperatur (700°C, 900°C, dan 1000°C). Kombinasi waktu yang digunakan adalah 10, 20, dan 30 menit.Dalam penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa penambahan waktu pemanasan harus disesuaikan dengan kadar karbon dan temperatur yang digunakan. Hasil XRD spesimen 1:4 dan 1:5 (Fe:C) setelah reduksi terlihat penurunan intensitas Fe. Sedangkan untuk spesimen 1:3 (Fe:C) terlihat penaikan intensitas Fe dari hasil XRD. Dalam penelitian ini juga didapatkan Fe pada beberapa hasil reduksi langsung di temperatur 700°C yang merupakan hasil reaksi dekomposisi FeO.

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Laterite as one of minning product which contain high concentration of Fe2O3. So that laterite can be used for application, laterite must be reduced before to produce Fe (Iron). The reduction process commonly done in Indonesia was using indirect reduction with high temperature, up to 1650°C. It causes the cost production of iron in Indonesia so expensive. Consequently, the expensive cost production is one of reason why Indonesian iron products can?t compete with other country. Because of that situation, direct reduction process has developed. Direct reduction iron take a low temperature process, so by using this process the cost production can be reduced.

In this research, direct reduction process perform by heating laterite which already mixed with coal in oven. Concern of this project is to analyze the kinetical reaction of reduction process. Kinetical reaction affacted by different time of reduction in each different temperature (700°C, 900°C, and 1000°C) and laterite comparation with carbon (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5). Time parameter used are 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes.

Result of this project is determination of reduction time must be eligible with carbon containt. Graph from XRD show decreasing intensity of Fe on sample 1:4 and 1:5 by increasing reduction time. In other side, increasing intensity of Fe occur on sample 1:3 by inreasing reduction time. Fe is also gained in this experiment on temperature 700°C as product of decomposition of FeO."

"Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass is one of most important components in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) device. In addition to its high electrical conductivity, transparency is another important requirement that must be achieved in fabricating TCO. One TCO film is fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), which can be considered as the most promising substitution for indium-doped tin oxide (ITO), since the latter is very expensive. However, the fabrication techniques for TCO film need to be carefully selected; the synthesis parameters must be properly optimized to provide the desired properties. In this work, FTO glass has been fabricated by the ultrasonic spray pyrolisis technique with different precursors, i.e. tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) and anhydrous tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4), as well as different solvents, i.e. ethanol and methanol. For both conditions, ammonium fluoride (NH4F) was used as the doping compound. The resulting thin films were characterized by use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and a four-point probe test. The results of the investigation show that the highest transmittance of 88.3% and the lowest electrical resistivity of 8.44×10-5 ?.cm were obtained with the FTO glass processed with 20 minutes of spray pyrolysis deposition and 300oC substrate heating, using SnCl4 as the precursor and methanol as the solvent. It can be concluded that TCO fabrication with tin chloride precursors and ammonium fluoride doping using ultrasonic spray pyrolisis can be considered as a simple and low cost method, as well as a breakthrough in manufacturing conductive and transparent glass."