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"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas tentang penggunaan kejadian-kejadian terorisme sebagaidasar untuk melakukan derogasi dari konvensi-konvensi HAM internasional,khususnya International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) danEuropean Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Pertanyaan dasar yang menjadi pusatpenelitian skripsi ini bagaimana keadaan dari kejadian terorisme yang bersangkutansehingga dapat dianggap sebagai keadaan darurat yang sesuai dengan atau syarat?public emergency threatening the life of the nation? dan bagaimana tindakan sepertiapakah yang dapat diambil oleh negara yang melakukan derogasi sehingga sesuaidengan syarat ?strictly required by the exigencies of the situation? atau syaratproporsionalitas yang ada dalam klausul derogasi dalam ICCPR dan ICCPR. Dalamsatu sisi, kedaulatan setiap negara dalam hubungan internasional harus dihormati. Halini juga kepentingan negara untuk melindungi keamanan nasionalnya, sehingga negaradapat menentukan kapan ada suatunya keadaan darurat dan tindakan seperti apa yangdiperlukan untuk menghadapi keadaan darurat yang bersangkutan. Ini dikarenakannegara dianggap lebih tahu akan kondisi keamanan nasionalnya dariapda siapapun. Disisi lain, praktik negara-negara menunjukan bahwa banyak negara yang secarasewenang-wewenang melanggar HAM warga negaranya yang oleh ICCPR dan ECHRbersifat non-derogable atau tidak dapat dilanggar dalam kondisi apapun termasukkeadaan darurat. Dengan demikian skripsi ini membahas persinggungan antara duakepentingan yaitu kepentingan melindungi keamanan nasional dan kepentingan untukmelindungi HAM.

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ABSTRACTThis study explains the usage of terrorism incidents as basis to derogate frominternational human rights conventions, namely the International Covenant on Civiland Political Rights (ICCPR) and European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).The central question of this study is how must the gravity of terrorism attack be in orderfor it to amount to a ?public emergency threatening the life of the nation? and whatmeasures taken by a state would be in accordance with the requirement of ?strictlyrequired by the exigencies of the situation? or proportionality requirement, as requiredby the ICCPR and ECHR. On one hand, every state?s sovereignty must be respected ininternational relations. This includes respecting a state?s need in protecting its nationalsecurity, thereby allowing the state to the determine the necessary measures in dealingstate of emergency. This is because a state is considered to be more knowledgeable ofthe state of its national security than anyone else. On the other hand, state practicedemonstrates that many states tend to abuse the human rights of its citizens that aredeemed non-derogable by the ICCPR and ECHR even in states of emergencies.Therefore, this study seeks to discuss the clash between two competing interests,namely the protection of a state?s national security and protection of the human rightsof individuals."

"Summary:Elgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences and law, expertly written by the world's leading scholars."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang kewenangan Dewan Keamanan PBB dalam menjatuhkan sanksi terhadap individu berdasarkan Bab VII Piagam PBB dan prinsip pertanggungjawaban individu yang diakui oleh hukum internasional. Kemudian, dalam perkembangannya, penerapan sanksi tersebut telah berdampak pada hak-hak individu yang dijamin dalam berbagai instrumen hukum internasional mengenai HAM. Sanksi larangan perjalanan dan pembekuan aset yang diterapkan terhadap individu-individu oleh negara-negara anggota PBB berdasarkan mandat Dewan Keamanan PBB dalam Piagam PBB telah menimbulkan kekhawatiran atas ketiadaan jaminan bahwa hak-hak individu yang dimiliki oleh individu yang dijatuhkan sanksi tersebut tidak dilanggar oleh Dewan Keamanan PBB. Contoh kasus adalah sanksi terhadap Qadhafi.

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This thesis emphasize the authority of UN Security Council on sanctioning individuals in regards to Chapter VII UN Charter and the individual responsibility principle that was recognized by international law. Hence, the application of individual sanctions has affected to individual rights which is guaranteed by international law instrument regarding human rights. Travel ban and asset freeze that is applied towards individuals by UN members in regards to UN Security Council mandate on the UN Charter has caused the absence of warranties that the individual rights has not been violated by the UN Security Council. Case in point, sanctioning to Qadhafi."

"Skripsi ini membahas pokok permasalahan sebagai berikut: (1) Bagaimanakah pengakuan hak atas lingkungan hidup sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia dalam hukum internasional?; (2) Bagaimanakah tanggung jawab yang dibebankan terhadap perusahaan transnasional terkait permasalahan lingkungan hidup dalam hukum internasional?; dan (3) Bagaimana pertanggungjawaban perusahaan transnasional terhadap pelanggaran hak atas lingkungan hidup telah diterapkan terutama dalam perkara-perkara gugatan masyarakat terhadap perusahaan transnasional? Secara garis besar, analisis didasarkan pada studi literatur mengenai perkembangan doktrin dan pengaturan hak atas lingkungan hidup, dengan meninjau perjanjian internasional baik yang bersifat global maupun regional, instrumen soft law, dan hukum kebiasaan internasional; serta tinjauan pertanggungjawaban yang dibebankan oleh instrumen-instrumen hukum internasional terhadap perusahaan transnasional dalam hal pemenuhan hak atas lingkungan hidup. Selanjutnya dianalisis mengenai keberlakuan hak atas lingkungan hidup sebagai hukum internasional terhadap perusahaan transnasional, serta pertanggungjawaban yang dapat dibebankan terhadapnya. Dalam analisis, dibahas mengenai tiga kasus pelanggaran hak atas lingkungan hidup oleh perusahaan transnasional, yaitu Aguinda v. Texaco, Lubbe v. Cape PLC, dan Beanal v. Freeport McMoran. Dalam analisis, dapat terlihat bahwa dalam perkara-perkara tersebut: (1) Hukum internasional tidak diterapkan secara langsung; (2) Terhentinya perkara dalam proses yurisdiksi; (3) Adanya irisan ranah hukum publik dan privat dalam substansi dan formil perkara; (4) Pelanggaran hak atas lingkungan hidup diterjemahkan dalam pelanggaran hak-hak asasi secara umum; dan (5) Adanya irisan antara akuntabilitas dan liabilitas perusahaan transnasional. Selain itu, terdapat kecenderungan bahwa pengaturan tanggung jawab lingkungan hidup terhadap perusahaan transnasional ini akan menjadi hukum internasional di masa depan. Secara ringkas, simpulan yang didapat menjawab secara positif adanya pengakuan hak atas lingkungan hidup sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia dalam hukum internasional, namun pengaturan pertanggungjawabannya terhadap perusahaan transnasional masih mendasarkan pada instrumen yang bersifat sukarela tanpa menyinggung liabilitas, sehingga masyarakat yang dirugikan masih kesulitan untuk mendapatkan ganti kerugian atas hak-hak asasinya yang dilanggar karena perusakan lingkungan oleh perusahaan transnasional.

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This undergraduate thesis tries to answer following questions: (1) How does right to environment recognized as a part of human rights in international law?; (2) How does liability imposed upon transnational corporation related to environmental harms in international law; (3) How does transnational corporations' liability has been enforced in claims by injured civilians towards transnational corporations?

Generally, the analysis is based on literature study concerning development of doctrine and regulation on right to environment, considering global and regional treaties and soft law instruments, also customary international law; and examination of liability imposed by international legal instruments on transnational corporations in regards of fulfillment of right to environment.

Further, Writer analyses enforceability of right to environment as international law towards transnational corporations, and liability imposed upon them. In analysis, three cases on environmental violations by transnational corporations have been examined, which are Aguinda v. Texaco, Lubbe v. Cape PLC, and Beanal v. Freeport McMoran. It is concluded that in such cases: (1) International law is not imposed directly; (2) Dismissal on jurisdictional process; (3) The intersection of public and private legal area in the substance and process of the cases; (4) Violation of right to environment is translated into violations of general human rights; (5) The intersection of transnational corporations' accountability and liability. Further, there is a tendency that regulation of environmental liability to transnational corporations will be international law in the future.

In brief, the conclusion answers in positive the recognition of right to environment as a part of human rights in international law, yet still bases transnational corporation accountability on the voluntary instruments silent on liability provisions, causing the injured community troubled in demanding compensation for their violated right to environment related to environmental harms by transnational corporations."

"By offering a well-balanced analysis of a wide range of issues, and by suggesting further reading on each, this volume makes an excellent effort to provide a complete picture of human rights as a system. The volume will leave every reader with a more advanced understanding of human rights, and I give it my most sincere recommendation."

"A paradigm change is occurring, in the course of which human beings are becoming the primary international legal persons. In numerous areas of public international law, substantive rights and obligations of individuals arguably flow directly from international law. The novel legal status of humans in international law is now captured with a concept borrowed from constitutional doctrine: international rights of the person, as opposed to international law protecting persons. Combining doctrinal analysis with current practice, this book is the most comprehensive contemporary analysis of the legal status of the individual. Beyond Human Rights, previously published in German and now revised by the author in this English edition, not only deals with the individual in international humanitarian law, international criminal law and international investment law, but it also covers fields such as consular law, environmental law, protection of individuals against acts of violence and natural disasters, refugee law and labour law."