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"ABSTRAKDomestic Market Obligation (DMO) batubara merupakan upaya negara dalam mengamankan pasokan batubara untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan batubara dalam negeri. Di satu sisi, adanya fluktuasi Harga Patokan Batubara (HPB) yang mengacu harga batubara internasional dapat mempengaruhi pasokan batubara dalam negeri.Kenaikan harga batubara beberapa tahun yang lalu menimbulkan risiko kurang optimalnya realisasi volume batubara DMO kepada konsumen dalam negeri khususnya PLTU akibat terkendala oleh rendahnya kualitas batubara. Sedangkan kondisi penurunan harga batubara saat ini dan dengan business as usual, akan mengakibatkan kendala keekonomian usaha pertambangan sehingga dapat berpotensi terhadap risiko kontinuitas pasokan batubara, di mana kurang dari satu dekade ke depan kita akan menghadapi kendala minimnya cadangan tertambang batubara.Pemerintah telah mempunyai target penyediaan energi listrik yang mengandalkan PLTU, sehingga diproyeksikan kebutuhan batubara untuk pembangkit listrik akan meningkat lebih dari dua kali lipat dalam satu dekade mendatang. Sehingga diperlukan pasokan batubara yang cukup dari produksi batubara dalam negeri.Perubahan konsep DMO batubara ini menawarkan perubahan dari kondisi saat ini berupa DMO batubara langsung menjadi DMO dalam bentuk energi listrik melalui pengembangan PLTU Mulut Tambang. Konsep ini disertai dengan penerapan kebijakan harga jual batubara untuk PLTU Mulut Tambang melalui skema biaya produksi ditambah margin sehingga dapat mengendalikan produksi batubara dalam negeri untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan batubara domestik dalam rangka mendukung pencapaian target penyediaan energi listrik nasional. Dengan konsep ini maka wilayah tambang dengan DMO masih rendah dapat ditingkatkan volume DMO-nya, sesuai dengan kualitas batubara pembangkit dan ada kontinuitas pasokan selama usia operasi pembangkit.

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ABSTRACTDomestic Market Obligation (DMO) of coal is the country effort in order to secure coal supply to domestic need. On the other hand, volatility of domestic coal price referring to international coal price can influence the supply of coal to domestic consumers.Increasing coal price a few years ago created risk of coal DMO achievement to domestic consumers especially coal power plant caused by constrain of lower coal quality. While the declining of coal price and by business as usual currently lead to economic constrain of mining operation, where less than one decade a head we will face obstacles the lack of coal mineable reserves.Government sets target providing electrical energy with coal power plant backbone, so projected coal consumption for electrical generation will increase more than two times in one decade a head. So it needs sufficient coal supply from domestic production.The change coal DMO concept propose the changing from coal DMO directly (in-kind DMO) to become DMO in the form of electrical energy through the development of mine mouth power plant. This concept along with implementation coal price for mine mouth coal power plant through a scheme of cost of production plus margin, so it can control domestic coal production dedicated for coal domestic need in order to support the achievement of national target for providing electrical energy. By adopt this concept, so mining area with less DMO realization can be increased its DMO volume, met coal quality to power plant need and supplied along power plant lifetime."

"Peran batubara dalam pembangkit listrik semakin penting mengingat sumberdaya energi primer lainnya semakin langka. Karakteristik PLTU berbahan bakar batubara (PLTU-B) menyebabkan jenis pembangkit ini sesuai untuk mendukung beban dasar. Sebagian besar PLTU-B yang beroperasi saat ini berlokasi di Jawa. Adapun sumberdaya batubara yang menjadi bahan bakarnya terdapat di Sumatera dan Kalimantan. Dalam upaya meminimalkan biaya pengadaan batubara untuk PLTU-B tersebut, maka dibuatlah model program linear yang dapat digunakan untuk menentukan sumber pasokan batubara bagi PLTU-B tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini dipilih lima PLTU-B yang terdapat di Jawa dan delapan perusahaan tambang batubara yang berlokasi di Sumatera dan Kalimantan sebagai sumber pasokan batubara bagi kelima PLTU-B tersebut.

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The role of coal in power generation becomes more important since the primary energy source became scarce. The characteristic of coal combustion makes this type of power generation suitable to support base load of electricity. Most of the existing coal fired power plant is located in Java. Meanwhile the coal as it fuels came form Sumatra and Kalimantan. In order to minimizing the cost in providing coal for that power plant, the model of linear program is setting. In this research there are five PLTU-B in Java has been selected and eight coal mining company in Sumatra and Kalimantan as supply source for those power plant."

"Under Law of the Republic of Indonesia No 22 of 2001 on Oil & Gas, upstream producers had a domestic market obligation (DMO), which required them to sell a specified portion of their product into the Indonesian domestic market, which is 25% of all oil and gas production. Contractors are obligated to fulfill domestic requirement from the date of commercial operation, at the first contractors are entitled to a 60-month holiday from the date of commercial operation before the DMO must be fulfilled and the prices are same to market price (ICP). The problem is, after 60-month DMO the cost for domestic oil reduce from 10% to 25% market price (ICP) depends on contract. Because the fee below the market price. For that, need to clear how the income tax treatment on the fee from DMO received by the contractors. Is the assignment considered as transaction and how to determine the price for DMO oil as the tax base.The research method that used by researcher is descriptive. It means that the research is described accurately using facts, spoken or written words, actions, and visual images. The approach used in this research is qualitative approach. The main issue in this research is to find out that fee from domestic market requirement which is paid below the Market price are match with accretion concept and the definition of income in income tax law, so DMO fee can describe as taxable income. The data collection technique used in this research is by reading the literature which focuses on the research, and interview. The interview was done with oil and gas expert, cooperation contractor, government institution, and tax expert.The result of this research are the tax on DMO fee which received by joint cooperation contractor has been right, because the taxation of DMO fee had been meet all general act definition of income refer to article 4 (2) Income Tax Law and accretion concept which adopted by income tax system to describe ability-to-pay. DMO fee cannot be considered as a loss, but its difference price can be reduced contractor's taxable income. DMO fee as the income tax object cannot be taxed separately from the contractor's income but it must counted as the whole accretion on contractor income and taxable at specified tariff based on contract rate."

"ABSTRAK

Kebutuhan energi listrik dari tahun ke tahun semakin meningkat. Peningkatan ini sejalan dengan meningkatnya laju pertumbuhan ekonomi, laju pertumbuhan penduduk, dan pesatnya perkembangan di sektor industri. Kebutuhan energi Indonesia, salah satunya energi listrik saat ini terpusat di Jawa-Bali. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan listrik sistem Jawa-Bali ke depan, sebagian besar akan disuplai dengan PLTU berbahan bakar batubara yang telah direncanakan akan dibangun di Pulau Jawa.

Sumber energi primer batubara di Pulau Jawa hampir dapat dikatakan tidak ada. Sehingga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan batubaranya harus didatangkan dari Pulau Sumatera dan Kalimantan yang memiliki sumber batubara. Disamping itu ada rencana pembangunan transmisi HVDC sebagai sistem interkoneksi Sumatera-Jawa dengan membangkitkan energi listrik di Mulut Tambang Sumatera Selatan kemudian energi listriknya ditransmisikan langsung ke Pulau Jawa. Skripsi ini bertujuan menganalisis keekonomian penggunaan transmisi HVDC untuk sistem interkoneksi Sumatera-Jawa dalam penyedia tenaga listrik di Jawa dibanding dengan pengiriman batubara dari Sumatera untuk PLTU di Jawa.

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ABSTRACT

Electricity needs from year to year increase. This increase is in line with the increasing pace of economic growth, population growth, and rapid development in the industrial sector. Indonesia's energy demand, one of which electrical energy is currently concentrated in Java-Bali. For Supply demand of the Java-Bali electricity system in the future, most will be supplied by coal-fired power plant planned to be built in Java.

Primary energy sources of coal in Java almost nothing can be said. So as to meet the needs of the coal must be imported from the island of Sumatra and Kalimantan, which has a coal resource. Besides, there are plans to build a HVDC transmission system with a Java-Sumatra interconnection generate electricity in South Sumatra Mine Mouth then electrical energy is transmitted directly to Java. This study aims to analyze the economical use of HVDC transmission system for the Java-Sumatra interconnection of electric power provider in Java than with the delivery of coal to the power plant in Sumatra, Java

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"[Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir harga batubara kalori rendah (3000-4000 Kcal) turun hingga USD 35 per ton dari periode keemasannya yang sempat mencapai USD 60 per ton tahun 2011, apabila kita tarik dari periode 5 tahun ke belakang semenjak tahun 2010 maka terjadi penurunan 42%. Menurut penelitian yang telah di lakukan sebelumnya(Eko Hariyanto : Optimasi Cadangan Pemanfaatan Batubara Dalam Bauran Energi Nasional, Manajemen Energi UI,2014) mengatakan bahwa dengan mengkonversikan perusahaan batubara menjadi perusahaan energi dapat membantu menahan ekspor batubara dengan intensif yaitu memulihkan nilai ROI dari perusahaan batubara. Perusahaan batubara tersebut merupakan perusahaan skala besar dengan kekuatan modal yang besar pula, oleh karena itu penelitian (tesis) ini mencoba untuk mendapatkan perhitungan dan analisa keekonomian yang dapat digunakan untuk meneliti kelayakan perubahan perusahaan produsen batubara skala low-medium capacity menjadi perusahaan produsen listrik skala tertentu. Dengan melakukan perhitungan simulasi dan komparasi didapati bahwa perusahaan batubara PT Kalimantan Prima Persada selaku obyek penelitian dengan melakukan diversivikasi usaha dibidang pembangkit listrik tenaga uap skala 2x50 MW didapatkan nilai NPV dan IRR yang paling optimum dengan titik terendah perubahan harga batubara kalori rendah yang bernilai USD 26 per ton, makaneraca keuangan perusahaan masih bernilai positif, sebagai akibat adanya optimalisasi usaha antara penjualan batubara dan diversifikasi unit usaha bidang pembangkit energi listrik.;In recent years the price of low calorie coal (3000-4000 Kcal) fell by USD 35 pertonne from the golden period which reached USD 60 per tonne in 2011, when we pull out of the last 5 years period since the year 2010, the decrease at 42% , According to the research that has been done before (Eko Hariyanto: Optimization of Coal Utilization Reserves National Energy Mix, Energy Management UI, 2014) says that the company converting coal into energy companies can help withstand intensive coal exports arerecovering ROI value of the coal company. However, the coal company is a large-scale company with greater capital strength, therefore research (thesis) tries to get the economic calculations and analysis that can be used to examine the feasibility of change in coal producing companies low-medium scale capacity into electricity producer acertain scale. By performing simulation calculations and comparisons found that the coal company PT Kalimantan Prima Persada as an object of research by doing business diversification in the field of thermal power plant 2x50 MW scale, NPV and IRR values obtained optimum with the lowest point of low grade coal price change which is worth USD 26 per tons of the company's balance sheet is still worth a plus, as a result of optimization of business between coal sales and diversification of the electrical generation business unit., In recent years the price of low calorie coal (3000-4000 Kcal) fell by USD 35 pertonne from the golden period which reached USD 60 per tonne in 2011, when we pull outof the last 5 years period since the year 2010, the decrease at 42% , According to theresearch that has been done before (Eko Hariyanto: Optimization of Coal UtilizationReserves National Energy Mix, Energy Management UI, 2014) says that the companyconverting coal into energy companies can help withstand intensive coal exports arerecovering ROI value of the coal company. However, the coal company is a large-scalecompany with greater capital strength, therefore research (thesis) tries to get theeconomic calculations and analysis that can be used to examine the feasibility of changein coal producing companies low-medium scale capacity into electricity producer acertain scale. By performing simulation calculations and comparisons found that the coalcompany PT Kalimantan Prima Persada as an object of research by doing businessdiversification in the field of thermal power plant 2x50 MW scale, NPV and IRR valuesobtained optimum with the lowest point of low grade coal price change which is worthUSD 26 per tons of the company's balance sheet is still worth a plus, as a result ofoptimization of business between coal sales and diversification of the electricalgeneration business unit.]"

"Pembuatan karbon aktif menggunakan reaktor aktivasi dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan karbon aktif berbahan baku batubara Barito, Kalimantan Selatan, dengan aktivasi menggunakan CO2 serta menganalisis pengaruh waktu aktivasi dan laju alir CO2 terhadap luas permukaan karbon aktif yang dihasilkan. Proses aktivasi dilakukan pada temperatur 900°C dan waktu aktivasi divariasikan pada 30 menit, 60 menit, dan 90 menit, serta laju alir CO2 divariasikan pada 300 mL/menit, 400 mL/menit, dan 500 mL/menit. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi waktu aktivasi dan laju alir CO2, maka luas permukaan yang direpresentasikan dengan bilangan iod semakin meningkat. Luas permukaan karbon aktif tertinggi yang direpresentasikan dengan bilangan iod sebesar 300,67 mg/g diperoleh dengan aktivasi pada laju alir CO2 sebesar 500 mL/menit dan waktu aktivasi selama 90 menit.

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Preparation of activated carbon using activation reactor is done in this research. This research aims to produce activated carbon from Barito Coal, South Kalimantan, using CO2 activation and analyze the effects of activation time and CO2 flow rate on the surface area of activated carbon produced. The activation process carried out at a temperature of 900°C and activation time was varied at 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes, and CO2 flow rate was varied at 300 mL/min, 400 mL/min, and 500 mL/min. The results showed that increasing activation time and CO2 flow rate, the surface area represented by iodine number is increasing. The highest surface area of activated carbon which represented by iodine number of 300.67 mg/g obtained by activation with CO2 flow rate of 500 mL/min and the activation time for 90 minutes."

"Masalah gas lapisan batubara sekarang telah berubah menjadi situasi yang kompleks Masalah utama dari aktivitas gas lapisan batubara adalah pengelolaan air yang dihasilkan Air biasanya dicampur dengan cairan kimia yang kemudian harus didaur ulang sehingga dapat digunakan kembali Sebuah studi perbandingan isu isu dan peraturan pemerintah di Australia dan Amerika Serikat sangat penting untuk memahami tentang manajemen gas lapisan batubara sehingga lebih dapat diketahui tentang keragaman masalah untuk mengklasifikasikan dan memasukkan mereka dalam standar yang telah dibuat Sebuah penelitian membaca telah dilakukan untuk mengumpulkan data Beberapa rekomendasi yang diusulkan seperti untuk meningkatkan komunikasi antara pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat setempat meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang kegiatan gas lapisan batubara dan memberlakukan kebijakan dan peraturan ketat untuk manajemen gas lapisan batubara yang lebih baik.

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Coal seam gas issues now have turned into a complex situation. The major issue of the coal seam gas activity is the management of the produced water. The water is usually mixed with a chemical fluid which then has to be treated so it can be reused. A comparative study of the issues and governmental regulations in Australia and the United States is vital to understand about coal seam gas management, so that more can be known about the diversity of the problems to classify and include them in the standards that have already been made. A reading research has been conducted to gathered the data. Some recommendations are proposed such as to improve communication between regional governments and local communities, enhance knowledge about coal seam gas activities, and impose stricter policies and regulations for better coal seam gas management."

"This paper describes an abundant coal resource of Indonesia, consumption, production and its ekspor. It describes brieffly the complexity of development arrangement and priority setting in RAPBN, includes the large amount of subsidy - especially oil - which has to be taken into account each year....."

"Seluruh negara di dunia, pasti membutuhkan energi, tidak terkecuali Indonesia. Pada banyak pembangkit listrik yang ada, salah satu sumber utama bahan bakarnya adalah batubara. Namun untuk mendapatkan batubara ini memerlukan energi yang cukup besar, mulai dari pembersihan tanah, pengupasan lapisan penutup, penimbunan lapisan penutup, penambangan batubara,pengangkutan batubara dari areal tambang, pengolahan batubara, sampai menjadi batubara produk. Dalam hal ini energi yang dimaksud adalah penggunaan minyak diesel untuk kendaraan kegiatan penambangan. Tidak hanya itu, emisi karbon yang dikeluarkan seharusnya menjadi tanggung jawab perusaahan penambangan. Oleh sebab itu perlu dilakukan adanya kesetimbangan energi agar tidak terjadi kerugian energi antara energi dari batubara yang dihasilkan dengan energi yang dibutuhkan dari pengeksplorasian berupa minyak diesel. Sehingga ini dapat diimplementasikan oleh pemerintah untuk dibuat kebijakkan bagi penambang batubara jika energi yang dihasilkan batubara lebih besar dari energi pengeksplorasian. Hasil dari penelitian ini dari 4 lokasi berbeda didapatkan bahwa rasio energi yang dikonversi ke listrik yang paling kecil, yakni site Tanjung sekitar 1:18,8, sedangkan total emisi karbondioksida (CO2) yang dikeluarkan sebesar 5.583.909.149 kg dengan total pengeluaran dari sumber bahan bakar batubara 2.257.946 ton dan minyak diesel 13.692.897 liter yang dilakukan dalam 1 bulan.

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All countries in the world, desperately needs an energy, including Indonesia. In many existing power plants, a major source of fuel is coal. But to get this coal requires considerable energy, ranging from land clearing, overburden stripping, stockpiling overburden, coal mining, coal transportation from mining areas, coal processing, coal product to be. In this case the energy in question is the use of diesel oil for mining vehicles. Not only that, their carbon emissions should be the responsibility of company mining. Therefore it is necessary for the energy balance in order to avoid energy losses between the energy of the coal produced by the energy it needs from exploring the form of diesel oil. So this can be implemented by the government to be made to the policy of coal miners if coal generated energy greater than the energy exploring. In this case the energy is generating electric power plants. The results of this study from 4 different locations showed that the ratio of electrical energy is converted to the smallest, which is around the Tanjung’s site 1:18,8, while total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by 5,583,909,149kg with a total expenditure of the source material 2,257,946 tons of coal and 13,692,897 liters of diesel oil were carried out in 1 month."