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"The National Socio-Economic Survey (NSES) 2001 collected data on the perceived dental illness, disturbance and its duration in dental treatment by health services, and in modern and traditional self-medication. The NSES data was analyzed to study the community perception towards dental illness and motivation for dental care. The prevalence of dental ilness was 1.2 per 100 respondents in the last one-month period prior to the survey, showing no significant difference when compared to NSES 1998 or 1.3 per 100 respondents. The perceived dental illness was most prevalent among the 35-39 years old subjects, at 1.8 per 100 respondents. Among these with dental illness, 67 percent of the cases had disturbed daily activity with an average duration of 4 days. Among those with dental illness, 69 percent of the cases ever had modern or traditional self-medication to overcome the symptoms. However, 36 percent of those with dental illness had further treatment by the health services, showing an increased coverage of health service treatments in 2001 compared to 1998 (13 percent of dental cases). Among these only 67 percent of the treatments were performed by dentists."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui dan membandingkan pengaruh pastagigi yang mengandung theobromine dan hydroxyapatite terhadap kekerasan mikroemail gigi setelah direndam dalam minuman berkarbonasi. Penelitian inimenggunakan 21 spesimen mahkota gigi premolar satu rahang atas. Spesimendirendam dalam minuman berkarbonasi kemudian disikat dengan pasta gigi yangmengandung theobromine dan hydroxyapatite. Uji Kruskal-Wallis dan Mann-Whitney menunjukkan perubahan kekerasan yang signifikan setelah penyikatanselama 9 menit 20 detik menggunakan kedua pasta gigi pasca direndam dalamminuman berkarbonasi selama 10 menit. Peningkatan nilai kekerasan mikro emailgigi pada kelompok hydroxyapatite lebih besar dibandingkan kelompoktheobromine (p<0,05).

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ABSTRACTThis study is aimed to analyze the effect of theobromine and hydroxyapatitetoothpaste to enamel microhardess after immersion in carbonated drink. Thisstudy uses 21 upper first premolar crown specimen which is immersed incarbonated drink then brushed with theobromine and hydroxyapatite containingtoothpaste. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test shows significant difference ofmicrohardness after brushing for 9 minutes and 20 seconds using both toothpastesafter immersion in carbonated drink for 10 minutes with higher number inhydroxyapatite group than theobromine group (p<0,05)."

"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi karies gigi di Indonesia 90% (2010). "Suku Anak Dalam" di pedalaman hutan Provinsi Jambi menganut paham animisme yang mempunyai pantangan menggunakan pasta gigi. Tujuan Penelitian: Mengidentifikasi pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan murid "Sokola Rimba" serta kaitannya dengan kepercayaan memelihara kesehatan gigi dan mulut terhadap risiko karies gigi. Metode: Deskriptif kualitatif etnografi dan kuantitatif cross-sectional dengan metode convenience sampling. Hasil Penelitian: Status karies gigi menurut indeks deft anak usia 5-10 tahun 5,18; indeks DMFT anak usia 5-10 tahun 4,59 dan remaja usia 12-18 tahun 16,53. Kesimpulan: Status karies gigi berkaitan dengan perilaku dan kepercayaan masyarakat "Suku Anak Dalam".

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Background: Prevalence of caries in Indonesia is 90% (2010). "Suku Anak Dalam" in the jungle of Jambi Province believed in animism which prohibits the use of toothpaste. Objective: To identify the knowledge, attitudes, and practice "Sokola Rimba" students with its relation to the belief of maintaining dental and oral health on the risk of dental caries. Methods: Descriptive qualitative ethnographic and quantitative cross-sectional with convenience sampling method. Result: Caries status according to def-t index 5,18 children 5-10 years of age; DMF-T index of 4,59 children aged 5-10 years and adolescents aged 12-18 years are 16,53. Caries severity is related to the behavior and beliefs in "Suku Anak Dalam"."

"Kehilangan gigi merupakan masalah yang umum terjadi di masyarakat. Untuk itu diperlukan implant gigi dengan desain dan material yang dapat meningkatkan osseointegrasi dan juga kekuatan mekanik yang baik. Salah satu metode untuk membuat implant gigi ini yaitu dengan metode metal injection molding. Wrought material Ti6Al4V dengan dimensi 5 mm x 5 mm x 3 mm yang sudah dilakukan surface treatment dengan pengamplasan grit P80, P180, dan P600 dimasukkan ke dalam cetakan berbentuk kubus dengan dimensi 5 mm x 5 mm x 5 mm kemudian diinjeksikan Feedstock Ti6Al4V hingga cetakan terisi penuh dan menempel pada wrought material Ti6Al4V. selanjutnya dilakukan proses solvent debinding dengan larutan heksana selama 3 jam pada temperature 60 °C dan dilanjutkan thermal debinding dengan temperature 600 °C dengan heating rate 5 °C/menit dengan waktu tahan 60 menit menggunakan atmosfer argon. Proses sintering menggunakan temperature 1150 °C dengan waktu tahan 60 menit, 90 menit, dan 120 menit pada atmosfer argon dengan flow rate 1 liter/menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu tahan sintering berpengaruh pada persentase porositas dan juga kekerasan material Ti6Al4V. Pada kekerasan material porous Ti6Al4V terdapat peningkatan kekerasan sedangkan pada wrought material Ti6Al4V terjadi penurunan kekerasan pada waktu tahan sintering 120 menit karena fenomena pertumbuhan butir. Kekasaran permukaan sangat berpengaruh pada shear bond strength pada permukaan dengan nilai kekasaran permukaan yang tinggi maka shear bond strength juga akan semakin tinggi. Pada penelitian ini hasil shear stress yang tertinggi sebesar 1,5406 Mpa pada kekasaran permukaan Ra sebesar 2,3677 μm

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Tooth loss is a common problem in society. For this reason, dental implants with designs and materials that can improve osseointegration and good mechanical strength are needed. One of the methods for making dental implants is the metal injection molding method. Wrought material Ti6Al4V with dimensions of 5 mm x 5 mm x 3 mm which has been surface treated with grinding paper P80, P180, and P600 is inserted into a cube-shaped mold with dimensions of 5 mm x 5 mm x 5 mm then injected with Feedstock Ti6Al4V until the mold is filled full and attached to the wrought Ti6Al4V material. The solvent debinding process with hexane was carried out for 3 hours at a temperature of 60 °C and continued by thermal debinding at a temperature of 600 °C with a heating rate of 5 °C/minute with a holding time of 60 minutes using an argon atmosphere. The sintering process uses a temperature of 1150 °C with holding times of 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes in an argon atmosphere with a flow rate of 1 liter/minute. The results showed that the sintering resistance time affects the percentage of porosity and also the hardness of the Ti6Al4V material. In the hardness of the porous Ti6Al4V material there is an increase in hardness, while in the wrought material Ti6Al4V there is a decrease in the hardness at a sintering time of 120 minutes due to the grain growth phenomenon. Surface roughness is very influential on the shear bond strength on a surface with a high surface roughness value, the shear bond strength will also be higher. In this study, the highest shear stress was 1.5406 Mpa at a surface roughness Ra of 2.3677 μm"

"Latar Belakang: Subjek celah bibir dan palatum membutuhkan perawatan rekonstruksi tulang berbasis rekayasa jaringan dengan menggunakan sel stromal mesenkim. Sel stromal mesenkim merupakan sel yang banyak digunakan untuk regenerasi tulang karena mempunyai kemampuan proliferasi tinggi. Sel tersebut dapat berasal dari pulpa gigi sulung (SHED) danpulpa gigi permanen (DPSCs) yang dapat berdiferensiasi menjadi osteoblas. Pada penelitiansebelumnya telah ditemukan beberapa karakteristik DPSCs dan SHED pada subjek celah bibir dan palatum, namun kemampuan diferensiasi dari sel stromal pulpa subjek celah bibir dan palatum belum diketahui. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi kemampuan diferensiasi osteogenik dari sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen dan sulung pada subjek celah bibir dan palatum melaluiekspresi gen Collagen Type I Alpha I (COL1A1). Metode : Sampel RNA yang diperoleh dari kultur RNA DPSCs dan SHED subjek celah bibir dan palatum, dengan Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) menggunakan primers Collagen Type I Alpha I (COL1A1), serta 18S sebagai housekeeping gene. Hasil : Tidak terdapat perbedaan ekspresi relatif gen COL1A1 antara sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen dan sel stromal pulpa gigi sulung pada subjek celah bibir dan palatum. Kesimpulan : SHED memiliki kemampuan diferensiasi osteogenik yang sama dengan DPSCs karena keduanya dapat mengekspresikan gen marker osteogenik COL1A1.

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Background: Cleft lip and palate subject need bone reconstruction based tissue engineering treatment with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). One of the most mesenchymal stromal cells that can be used is derived from dental pulp tissues, such as primary tooth pulp or stem cells from human deciduous teeth (SHED) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) which can differentiate into osteoblasts. In previous studies, several characteristics of DPSCs and SHED of the cleft lip and palate subjects have been found. However, osteogenic differentiation ability of dental pulp stromal cells from cleft lip and palate subject is unknown.

Objective: To determine the osteogenic differentiation ability of DPSCs and SHED of cleft lip and palate subjects through the expression of the Collagen Type I Alpha I (COL1A1) gene.

Methods: RNA samples obtained from the culture of DPSCs and SHED of lip and palate cleft subjects, with Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) using primers Collagen Type I Alpha I (COL1A1) and 18S as a housekeeping gene.

Results: There was no difference in the relative expression of COL1A1 gene between DPSCs and SHED of CLP subjects.

Conclusion: SHED has the same osteogenic differentiation ability as DPSCs because they can express osteogenic marker genes COL1A1."

"Latar Belakang: Rekayasa jaringan tulang memerlukan tiga komponen utama, yaitu sel punca, scaffold, dan faktor pertumbuhan. IGF-1 merupakan salah satu faktor pertumbuhan yang berperan dalam proliferasi dan diferensiasi sel osteoblast. IGF-1 akan berikatan dengan reseptornya, yaitu IGF-1R untuk mengaktivasi jalur hilir. Dalam sirkulasi tubuh manusia, IGF berikatan dengan IGFBP-3 yang dapat memperpanjang waktu paruh serta menghambat IGF-1 berikatan dengan IGF-1R. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, tercatat bahwa tidak ada perbedaan kemampuan proliferasi dan diferensiasi antara DPSC subjek normal dan subjek CLP, namun ada perbedaan signifikan dalam jumlah ekspresi IGF-1. OCT-4, SOX-2 dan NANOG merupakan faktor transkripsi utama pluripotensi yang telah diteliti dapat mengatur pluripotensi, pembaruan diri, proliferasi, serta diferensiasi DPSC. Penelitian terbaru mencatat peningkatan ekspresi ketiga gen tersebut pasca dilakukan penghambatan jalur GSK-3 dan m-TOR yang merupakan jalur hilir dari aksi IGF-1 pada sel DPSC. Namun, belum diketahui secara pasti ekspresi ketiga gen tersebut pada DPSC subjek normal dan CLP setelah dilakukannya penghambatan IGF-1 menggunakan anti IGF-1R dan IGFBP-3. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh anti IGF-1 dan IGFBP-3 terhadap ekspresi gen OCT4, SOX2, dan NANOG pada DPSC subjek normal dan CLP. Metode: Sampel RNA DPSC subjek normal (n=4) dan DPSC subjek CLP (n=3), sebelum dan setelah diberikan perlakuan anti IGF-1R atau IGFBP-3, diperoleh dari bahan biologis tersimpan di Laboratorium Oral Biologi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Selanjutnya, ekspresi gen OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, dan housekeeping gene GAPDH diuji dengan two step Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR). Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan ekspresi gen OCT4, SOX2, dan NANOG, baik antara DPSC subjek normal dan CLP sebelum dan setelah diberikan perlakuan anti IGF-1R dan IGFBP-3 (p³0,05). Kesimpulan: Perlakuan anti IGF-1R dan IGFBP-3 tidak memengaruhi tingkat ekspresi gen OCT4, SOX2, dan NANOG sel punca pulpa gigi permanen subjek normal dan subjek celah bibir dan palatum

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Background: Bone tissue engineering requires three main components, namely stem cells, scaffold, and growth factors. IGF-1 is a growth factor that plays role in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. IGF-1 will bind to its receptor, namely IGF-1R, to activate the downstream pathway. In the human body circulation, IGF binds to IGFBP-3 which can inhibit IGF-1 from binding to IGF-1R. Previous studies noted that there were no differences in the ability to proliferate and differentiate between DPSC from normal subjects and CLP subjects, yet there were significant differences in the level of IGF-1 expression. OCT-4, SOX-2 and NANOG are core pluripotency factors which regulate pluripotency, self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation of DPSC. Recent study has noted an increase in the expression of these three genes after inhibition of GSK-3 and m-TOR pathways, which are the downstream pathways of IGF-1 on DPSC cells. However, the expression of these three genes in DPSC from normal and CLP subjects after inhibition of IGF-1 using anti IGF-1R and IGFBP-3 is still unknown. Objective: To analyze the effect of anti IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 on OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG gene expression in DPSC of normal and CLP subjects. Methods: RNA samples of DPSC from normal and CLP subjects, before and after being treated with anti-IGF-1R or IGFBP-3, were obtained from Laboratory of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia. Furthermore, the expression of OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and housekeeping gene GAPDH were tested using two step Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR). Results: There was no difference between the expression of the OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG in DPSC from normal and CLP subjects before and after anti IGF-1R and IGFBP-3 treatment (p≥0.05). Conclusion: Anti-IGF-1R and IGFBP-3 did not affect the expression level of OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG in dental pulp stem cells of normal subjects and cleft lip and palate subjects.

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"Latar Belakang: Rekayasa jaringan merupakan alternatif untuk perawatan rekonstruksi tulang alveolar pasien celah bibir dan palatum. Alternatif tersebut menghubungkan penggunaan sel punca, biomaterial/scaffolds, dan molekul sinyal. Sumber sel yang ideal untuk rekayasa jaringan adalah sel autologous karena tidak bersifat immunogenik. Sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen (DPSC) menarik untuk terapi klinis karena akses perolehannya yang mudah, morbiditas yang sangat rendah, menunjukkan kapasitas imunoregulasi yang menguntungkan, dan dapat berdiferensiasi menjadi banyak tipe sel, termasuk osteoblas. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, DPSCs pasien celah bibir dan palatum ditemukan memiliki potensi kemampuan osteogenik. Namun, kemampuan diferensiasi osteogeniknya belum diketahui. Kemampuan diferensiasi osteogenik tersebut dapat diamati dari ekspresi marker osteogenik, salah satunya sclerostin yang diekspresikan pada tahap akhir diferensiasi osteoblas. Tujuan: Membandingkan kemampuan diferensiasi osteogenik DPSCs pasien celah bibir dan palatum dengan DPSCs subjek normal melalui pengamatan ekspresi gen sclerostin. Metode: DPSCs dikultur hingga mencapai 70%-80% confluent. Sampel RNA dari sel diperoleh dengan melakukan prosedur ekstraksi RNA. Ekspresi gen sclerostin diamati menggunakan Real-Time PCR menggunakan primer sclerostin dan 18s sebagai housekeeping gene. Hasil: DPSCs pasien celah bibir dan palatum memiliki nilai rata-rata ekspresi relatif gen sclerostin yang lebih tinggi 1,9 kali lipat dibandingkan dengan DPSCs subjek normal dan secara statistik berbeda bermakna dengan p = 0,013. Kesimpulan: DPSCs pada pasien celah bibir dan palatum mengekspresikan gen sclerostin sebagai marker diferensiasi osteogenik yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan DPSCs pada subjek normal secara in vitro.

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Background: Tissue engineering is an alternative for alveolar bone reconstruction treatment in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. The alternative links the use of stem cells, biomaterials/scaffolds, and signaling molecules. The ideal cell source for tissue engineering is autologous cells because they are not immunogenic. Dental pulp stromal cells (DPSC) are interesting for clinical therapy because of their easy accesses, very low morbidity, exhibit favorable immunoregulatory capacities, and can differentiate into many cell types, including osteoblasts. In a previous study, DPSCs in CLP patients were found to have a potential osteogenic ability. However, its osteogenic differentiation ability is not yet known. The ability of osteogenic differentiation can be observed from the expression of osteogenic markers, one of which is sclerostin, a marker that is expressed in the final stage of osteoblast differentiation. Objective: To compare osteogenic differentiation ability of DPSCs in CLP patients with DPSCs in normal subjects through the expression of sclerostin gene. Methods: DPSCs were cultured to reach 70%-80% confluent. RNA samples from cells were obtained by carrying out RNA extraction procedure. Sclerostin gene expression was assessed using Real-Time PCR using sclerostin primer and 18s as a housekeeping gene. Results: DPSCs from CLP patients have mean relative expression of sclerostin gene 1.9 times higher compared to DPSCs in normal subjects and it is statistically different with p = 0.013. Conclusions: DPSCs in CLP patients express the sclerostin gene as marker of osteogenic differentiation higher than DPSCs in normal subjects in vitro."

"Latar Belakang: Terjadinya regenerasi pada proses penyembuhan luka pulpa yang mengalami cedera akan menggantikan struktur dan fisiologis jaringan sama dengan aslinya. Proses ini dimulai dengan sel punca pulpa bermigrasi ke tempat cedera dan berfungsi. Ketika ada invasi bakteri, lingkungan pulpa terinflamasi melepaskan berbagai sinyal termasuk sinyal yang memicu migrasi sel punca pulpa. Pentingnya proses migrasi pada penyembuhan jaringan pulpa yang terinflamasi, maka pada penelitian ini mengamati perbedaan kemampuan migrasi pada hDPSCs normal dan terinflamasi lipopolisakarida (LPS) bakteri E. coli dengan waktu observasi 6 jam dan 24 jam. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan kemampuan migrasi pada hDPSCs normal dan terinflamasi yang dilihat dari laju kecepatan migrasi dan lebar luka hDPSCs pada hDPSCs normal dibandingkan dengan hDPSCs terinflamasi dengan waktu observasi 6 jam dan 24 jam. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratorik in vitro dengan pengamatan migrasi menggunakan metode scratch assay. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna laju kecepatan migrasi antara hDPSCs normal dan terinflamasi pada waktu observasi 6 dan 24 jam (p<0.05). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna lebar luka hDPSCs normal dan inflamasi pada waktu observasi 6 dan 24 jam (p<0.05). Kesimpulan: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pulpa tetap memiliki potensi alamiah dalam menginduksi migrasi pada kondisi terinflamasi LPS bakteri E. coli pada periode waktu 24 jam.

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Background: Regeneration in the injured pulp wound healing process will replace its structure and tissue physiology to be the same as the original. It begins with hDPSCs migrating to the injured site and functioning. When there is a bacterial invasion, the inflamed pulp environment releases various signals stimulating hDPSCs migration. Due to the importance of the migration process in inflamed pulp tissue wound healing, this research observed the differences in migration capability of the normal and inflamed-with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) bacteria E. coli- hDPSCs. Objective: To discover the differences in migration capability between normal and inflamed hDPSCs observed from differences in migratory speed rate and wound width of normal and inflamed hDPSCs at 6 and 24 hours observation time. Methods: This research was an experimental laboratory in vitro using the scratch assay. Results: There were significant differences in migratory speed rate between normal and inflamed hDPSCs at 6 and 24 hours (p<0.05). There were significant differences in wound width in each group of normal and inflamed hDPSCs at 6 and 24 hours (p<0.05). Conclusion: These research results show that pulp remains have the natural potential to induce migration in conditions inflamed by LPS bacteria E. coli for 24 hours."

"Latar belakang: Masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut seperti karies gigi dan penyakit periodontal merupakan penyebab terbesar kehilangan gigi pada pasien lanjut usia (lansia). Kehilangan gigi pada lansia dapat menyebabkan kesulitan untuk mengunyah dan menggigit makanan sehingga fungsi mastikasi terganggu dan mengakibatkan pemilihan makanan tertentu. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kehilangan gigi dan faktor sosiodemografi (usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan dan status ekonomi) dengan kemampuan mastikasi pada lansia secara subjektif, serta menganalisis hubungan antara kehilangan gigi pada lansia dengan jumlah pemilihan jenis makanan, cara pengolahan makanan dan potongan/ukuran bahan makanan. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan desain cross sectional pada 100 pasien Puskesmas Kecamatan Kramat Jati, Jakarta Timur yang berusia 60 tahun ke atas. Dilakukan pemeriksaan kondisi kehilangan gigi berdasarkan indeks Eichner, serta wawancara kuesioner kemampuan mastikasi (Hanin) dan kuesioner pemilihan jenis makanan (Oey Kam Nio). Hasil Penelitian: Kehilangan gigi memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kemampuan mastikasi pada lansia (p=0.001), jumlah pemilihan jenis makanan, cara pengolahan makanan (mentah dan goreng), dan potongan/ukuran bahan makanan (sedang). Usia, tingkat pendidikan dan status ekonomi memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kemampuan mastikasi. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara kehilangan gigi, usia, tingkat pendidikan, dan status ekonomi dengan kemampuan mastikasi pada lansia.

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Dental and oral health problems such as dental caries and periodontal disease which are the biggest causes of tooth loss in elderly. Tooth loss in elderly can cause difficulty in chewing and biting food so disruption of mastication function and selection of certain food.

Objectives: o analyze relationship between tooth loss and sociodemographic factors (age, sex, education level and economic status) with subjective masticatory ability in elderly, analyze relationship between tooth loss in elderly and number of food choice, food processing method and food material size.

Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on 100 patients of Kramat Jati Sub-district Health Center, East Jakarta aged 60 years and over. Examination of tooth loss condition based on Eichner index and interview masticatory ability questionnaire (Hanin) and selection of food types questionnaire (Oey Kam Nio).

Results: Tooth loss has a significant relationship with masticatory ability in elderly (p=0.001), number of food choice, food processing method (raw and fried), and size of food (medium). Age, education level and economic status have a significant relationship with masticatory ability.

Conclusion: There is a relationship between tooth loss, age, sex, education level and economic status with masticatory ability in elderly. "

"A cross-sectional investigation aimed to establish the relation between the pattern of tooth brushing and dental caries for a non-random (accidental) sample of 140 people, more than 12 years old, in Puger Kulon village. The used instruments and materials were explorer, mouth mirror, deppen glass, neir beken, 70% alcohol and a questionnaire sheet. The resulting data were analyzed by chi-square test (a=0.05). The results show a significant association of the pattern of tooth brushing with caries, so that an applied pattern of tooth brushing significantly decreased dental caries. Conversely, absent tooth brushing was significantly associated with higher incidence of caries."