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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV; 397-399The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) cytokine content in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) on healthy periodontal and chronic periodontitis. It was also determine the treatment effects of hydrogen peroxide as subgingival irrigation in chronic periodontitis. Twenty participants were examined in this study. Gingival fluid collection method was carry out with strip paper technique and analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The result of the study showed that there was a significant difference of ICAM-1 on healthy site and periodontitis site, and there was a significant change of ICAM-1 content after treatment (p<0.05). We concluded that ICAM-1 in GCF is a sensitive indicator to differentiate healthy sites from those with periodontitis."

"The Zinc (Zn) concentration was determined from salivary gland of Wistar King A (WKA) rats. The salivary glands are divided in to sub-lingual, sub-mandible and parotis. The Zn concentration was determined within 15-60 minutes of restraint stress. Concentration of Zn in sub-mandible, parotis and sub-Lingual glands was significantly higher (p<0.001) than in the control group. Further more at Zinc concentration in sub-mandible gland at 30 min restraint stress was increase (p<0.001), and decrease significantly at 49 min by restraint stress. By the way, Zn concentration in parotis gland was increase significantly (p<0.0001) after 60 min restraint stress. The results suggest that Zn is linked to oral saliva under physiological stimuli, and that Zn accumulates in the salivary gland during salivary enzyme activity."

"Latar beakang. Bulan Ramadan adalah bulan yang suci untuk umat Muslim. Pada bulan ini umat muslim tidak makan, minum, merokok dari sejak terbit matahari, hingga terbenam matahari. Tidak hanya orang sehat yang berpuasa, pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2) juga akan berpuasa di luar keringanan yang sudah diberikan. Hal ini menjadikan puasa Ramadan adalah cara yang unik untuk mempelajari efek dari perubahan pola makan. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan puasa Ramadan mempunyai efek positif terhadap disfungsi endotel, akan tetapi hasilnya tidak konsisten. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) merupakan salah satu penanda biologi fungsi endotel yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai disfungsi endotel. Tujuan. Untuk mengetahui perubahan kadar ICAM-1 pada pasien DMT2 selama puasa Ramadan. Dan mengetahui perbedaan perubahan kadar ICAM-1 pada pasien DMT2 dibandingkan dengan non diabetes melitus (DM). Metode. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kohort retrospektif. Sebanyak 26 pasien DMT2 dan 21 pasang pasien DMT2 dan non DM (usia 19-60 tahun) dengan matching usia diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Pengukuran parameter metabolik (tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik, total asupan kalori dan intensitas aktivitas fisik) dan antropometri (Berat badan, indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dan lingkar perut) dan komposisi makanan (Karbohidrat, lemak, protein) dan analisis laboratorium (glukosa darah puasa, HbA1c, profil lipid, ICAM-1) diperiksa pada 2-4 minggu sebelum puasa Ramadan (T0) dan setidaknya 14 hari puasa Ramadan (T1). Hasil Penelitian. Rerata kadar ICAM pada pasien DMT2 pada T0 335,9 ± 89 ng/ml dan pada T1 median 344 (193-505) ng/ml. Delta rerata kadar ICAM-1 pada pasien DMT2 adalah -12,41 ± 107,24 ng/ml dan Median pada non DM adalah -52 (-279- 42) ng/ml Kesimpulan. Tidak didapatkan perubahan bermakna kadar ICAM-1 pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 selama puasa Ramadan (p 0.228), dan tidak didapatkan perbedaan perubahan kadar ICAM-1 pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 dibandingkan dengan non diabetes melitus selama puasa Ramadan (p 0,237).

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Background. The month of Ramadan is a holy month for Muslims. During this month, Muslims do not eat, drink and smoke from sunrise to sunset. Not only healthy people who fast, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) will also fast outside of the relief that has been given. This makes the fast of Ramadan a unique way to study the effects of dietary changes. Previous studies have shown that Ramadan fasting has a positive effect on endothelial dysfunction, but the results have been inconsistent. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a biological marker of endothelial function that can be used to assess endothelial dysfunction. Aim. To determine the changes ICAM-1 levels in T2DM patients during Ramadan fasting, And to determine the changes of ICAM-1 level in DMT2 patient compared ton non DM during Ramadan fasting. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was performed. A total of 26 T2DM patients and 21 pairs of T2DM and non-DM patients (aged 19-60 years) with age-matched were included in this study. Measurement of metabolic parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total calorie intake and intensity of physical activity) and anthropometry (body weight, body mass index (BMI) and abdominal circumference) and food composition (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and laboratory analysis (blood glucose fasting, HbA1c, lipid profile, ICAM-1) were examined 2-4 weeks before fasting Ramadan (T0) and at least 14 days of fasting during Ramadan (T1). Result. The mean ICAM level in T2DM patients was at T0 335.9 ± 89 ng/ml and at T1 the median was 344 (193-505) ng/ml. The mean delta level of ICAM-1 in T2DM patients is -12.41 ± 107.24 ng/ml and the median delta level in non-DM is -52 (-279-42) ng/ml Conclusion. There was no significant change ICAM-1 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus during Ramadan fasting (p 0.228), and there was no difference in changes ICAM-1 levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients compared with non-diabetes mellitus during Ramadan fasting (p 0.237)."

"Latar Belakang: Kerusakan jaringan periodontal terjadi karena inflamasi terhadap invasi bakteri. Human beta defensin-1 adalah peptida antimikroba dan pertahanan pertama terhadap infeksi.Tujuan Penelitian: Membandingkan kadar ekspresi HBD-1 antara kelompok periodontitis kronis, periodontitis agresif dan normalBahan dan Metode: Kadar HBD-1 dari 94 sampel CKG subjek periodontitis kronis, periodontitis agresif dan normal diukur dengan ELISAHasil: Analisis Mann-Whitney menunjukkan perbedaan kadar HBD-1 antara periodontitis kronis dengan normal (p<0,05) dan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan (p>0,05) antara periodontitis agresif dengan normal, dan antara periodontitis kronis dengan periodontitis agresif.Kesimpulan: Kadar HBD-1 pada CKG menurun pada kondisi periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif.

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Background: Periodontal disease is happened because inflammation reaction ro bacterial invasion. Human beta defensin-1 (HBD-1) is antimicroba peptide which regulate the first defense mechanism.

Objectives: To compare level of HBD-1 between chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and normal group.

Material and Methods: Level of HBD-1 from GCF sample of chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and normal group were assessed with ELISA.

Results: Mann-Whitney analysis show different level of HBD-1 expression between chronic periodontitis and normal (p<0,05) and there was no significant difference (p>0,05) between aggressive periodontitis and normal, and between chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis.

Conclusion: Level of HBD-1 in GCF decreased in chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis."

"Latar belakang: Periodontitis merupakan interaksi kompleks antara sitokin pro-inflamasi dan sitokin anti-inflamasi. Sitokin anti-inflamasi seperti IL-4 pada cairan krevikular gingiva (CKG) dapat menjadi biomarker penyakit periodontal.Tujuan Penelitian: Menganalisis perbedaan kadar IL-4 dalam CKG penderita periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif.Metode dan Bahan: Sampel CKG dikumpulkan dari pasien normal (n=21), periodontitis kronis (n=38) dan periodontitis agresif (n=35) dan dilakukan analisis kadar IL-4 dengan menggunakan ELISA.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan kadar IL-4 antara periodontitis kronis dengan normal dan antara periodontitis agresif dengan normal (p=0,000). Tidak ada perbedaan kadar IL-4 (p=0,729) antara periodontitis kronis (14,73±0,32 pg/ml) periodontitis agresif (20,58±23,00 pg/ml).Kesimpulan: Kadar IL-4 menurun pada kondisi inflamasi, baik pada periodontitis kronis ataupun periodontitis agresif.

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Background: Periodontitis is a complex interaction between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. IL-4 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine in GCF that can be used as a periodontal biomarker.

Objectives: To compare level of IL-4 in GCF of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis.

Material and Methods: GCF sample were collected from normal (n=21), periodontitis chronic (n=38) and aggressive periodontitis (n=35) group and analysis of level IL-4 was performed with ELISA.

Results: There was a difference level of IL-4 between chronic periodontitis with normal and between aggressive periodontitis with normal (p=0,000). There was no difference level of IL-4 (p=0,729) between chronic periodontitis (14,73±0,32 pg/ml) and aggressive periodontitits (20,58±23,00 pg/ml).

Kesimpulan: Level of IL-4 was decreased in inflammation condition, either chronic periodontitis or aggressive periodontitis."

"Latar belakang: Suatu biomarker imunologis diperlukan untuk kasus yang berbatasan antara periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif. Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) merupakan suatu biomarker penentu risiko dan derajat keparahan penyakit periodonal serta evaluasi hasil perawatan periodontal. Tujuan: Menganalisis kadar MMP-8 pada cairan krevikular gingiva penderita periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif. Metode: Penelitian ini mencakup 12 pasien periodontitis agresif, 17 pasien periodontitis kronis dan 6 subjek sehat. Kadar MMP-8 diukur dengan teknik ELISA. Hasil: Kadar MMP-8 pada periodonitits kronis tidak berbeda bermakna dengan periodontitis agresif (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: MMP-8 tidak dapat digunakan sebagai acuan diagnosis.

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Background: An immunologic biomarker is needed to distinguish between borderline cases between chronic periodontitis and agressive periodontitis. Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) can be a risk profile of periodontal disease, disease progression and evaluation of periodontal treatment.

Aim: Analyze MMP-8 levels in gingival crevicular fluid of chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients.

Method: Sampel was collected from 6 healthy subjects, 12 subjects aggressive periodontitis and 17 chronic periodontitis subjects. MMP-8 levels were measured with ELISA.

Result:MMP-8 levels in chronic periodontitis did not show any difference to the MMP-8levels in aggressive periodonitits (p>0,05).

Conclusion: MMP-8 can not serve as a diagnostic parameter."

"Latar Belakang: Penggunaan antibiotik secara irrasional dapat memicu resistensi antibiotik. Dokter gigi, sebagai profesi yang banyak meresepkan antibiotik untuk mengatasi infeksi oral berperan penting dalam upaya mencegah terjadinya resistensi antibiotik dengan cara membatasi penggunaan antibiotik. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi pola penggunaan dan uji sensitivitas antibiotik di unit pelayanan Periodonsia RSKGM FKG UI periode Januari—Juni 2024. Metode: Studi deskriptif observasional dari resep antibiotik berbagai unit pelayanan dikumpulkan dari unit Farmasi, lalu dievaluasi nilai Prescribed Daily Dose (PDD) dan rasio PDD/DDD sesuai standar WHO. Sensitivitas antibiotik diuji dengan metode disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer), sementara pola bakteri dianalisis menggunakan Real Time Quantitative PCR. Hasil: Antibiotik yang paling banyak diresepkan adalah Co Amoxiclav 625 mg (59,88%) dan Amoxicillin 500 mg (27,95%). Rasio PDD/DDD antibiotik Amoxicillin, Co Amoxiclav, Clindamycin, Metronidazole, dan Ciprofloxacin termasuk kategori subuse (PDD/DDD<1). Uji sensitivitas menunjukkan Co Amoxiclav, Amoxicillin, dan Clindamycin masih efektif, sedangkan Metronidazole resisten. RT-qPCR dapat mendeteksi bakteri red complex pada sampel cairan saku gusi, dengan proporsi lebih tinggi pada kelompok periodontitis dibandingkan sehat. Kesimpulan: Antibiotik yang paling banyak diresepkan adalah Co Amoxiclav dan Amoxicillin. Semua antibiotik yang dievaluasi masih sensitif. Bakteri red complex dapat terdeteksi pada sampel cairan saku gusi dengan proporsi yang lebih besar pada sampel periodontitis dibandingkan sehat.

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Background: Irrational antibiotic use can trigger antibiotic resistance. Dentists, as frequent prescribers of antibiotics for oral infections, play a crucial role in preventing resistance by limiting antibiotic use. Objectives: To evaluate antibiotic prescribing patterns and sensitivity testing in the Periodontal Care Unit of RSKGM FKG UI from January–June 2024. Methods: An observational descriptive study evaluated antibiotic prescriptions collected from the Pharmacy Unit. Prescribed Daily Dose (PDD) and PDD/DDD ratios were evaluated according to WHO standards. Antibiotic sensitivity was tested using the disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method, and bacterial patterns were analyzed using Real-Time Quantitative PCR. Results: The most prescribed antibiotics were Co-Amoxiclav 625 mg (59.88%) and Amoxicillin 500 mg (27.95%). PDD/DDD ratios for Amoxicillin, Co-Amoxiclav, Clindamycin, Metronidazole, and Ciprofloxacin, indicated subuse (PDD/DDD <1). Sensitivity testing revealed that Co-Amoxiclav, Amoxicillin, and Clindamycin remained effective, while Metronidazole showed resistance. RT-qPCR detected red complex bacteria in gingival crevicular fluid samples, with higher proportions in periodontitis compared to healthy groups. Conclusion: Co Amoxiclav and Amoxicillin were the most prescribed antibiotics. All evaluated antibiotics remained sensitive. Red complex bacteria were detected in higher proportions in periodontitis samples compared to healthy ones."

"Latar Belakang: Periodontitis merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK). Interleukin-1β merupakan sitokin pro-inflamasi utama yang dapat ditemukan pada kedua penyakit ini. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan kadar interleukin-1β dalam cairan sulkus gingiva (CSG) penderita PJK dan non PJK dengan status periodontal. Metode: Pemeriksaan klinis 40 subjek PJK dan 40 subjek non PJK, pemeriksaan laboratorium kadar Interleukin-1β dengan ELISA. Hasil : Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna Interleukin-1β antara penderita PJK dan non PJK (p>0,05); tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar Interleukin-1β dengan status periodontal penderita PJK dan non- PJK (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Kadar Interleukin-1β penderita PJK tidak memiliki hubungan dengan status periodontal.

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Background: Periodontitis is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Interleukin-1β as a pro-inflammatory main cytokine, can be found in this both diseases.

Objective: To analyze the relationship of interleukin-1β levels in CSG CHD and non-CHD patients with periodontal status.

Methods: Clinical Examination for 40 Subject CHD and 40 controls was checked, laboratory test for measured the levels of Interleukin-1β with ELISA.

Results: There were no significant differences between patients Interleukin-1β CHD and non-CHD (p>0.05); there is no significant difference between the levels of Interleukin-1β with periodontal status CHD and control patients (p>0.05).

Conclusions: Levels of Interleukin-1β of CHD patients do not have a relationships with periodontal status."

"Latar belakang: Periodontitis merupakan infeksi yang melibatkan jaringan pendukung gigi disebabkan oleh biofilm plak gigi pada permukaan gigi dan inflamasi sebagai penyebab dari respons imun pejamu. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) sebagai mediator inflamasi terlibat dalam patogenesis berbagai penyakit inflamasi kronis, termasuk periodontitis dan sebagai regulator tekanan darah. Tujuan: Untuk membandingkan kadar prostaglandin dalam cairan krevikular gingiva pasien periodontitis dengan hipertensi dan non-hipertensi. Metode: Sampel total 60 pasien diperiksa. Terdiri dari 44 pasien kelompok hipertensi dan 16 pasien kelompok non-hipertensi sebagai kontrol. Keadaan hipertensi diukur dengan tekanan darah berdasarkan anamnesis dan menggunakan sphygmomanometer merkuri. Sampel klinis dikumpulkan dari 60 CKG subjek periodontitis. Pengukuran parameter klinis kedalaman poket (PD), dan perdarahan saat probing (BOP ≥1) dimasukkan sebagai kriteria diagnostik. Kedalaman poket dan kehilangan perlekatan klinis (CAL) dicatat sebagai kriteria subjek apabila PD ≥5 mm dan CAL adalah ≥1 mm. Kadar Prostaglandin E2 diperkirakan dalam sampel cairan crevicular gingiva dengan menggunakan uji immunosorbent link-enzyme. Hasil: Tingkat PGE2 signifikan secara statistik dalam kelompok hipertensi dibandingkan dengan kelompok non-hipertensi (p<0,05). Perbedaan yang signifikan dalam kedalaman poket, resesi, dan kehilangan perlekatan klinis (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Tekanan darah yang lebih tinggi memiliki potensi risiko peradangan dan perkembangan penyakit periodontal.

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ackground: Periodontitis is an infection that involved tooth supporting tissues by dental plaque biofilm on the tooth surface and host immune response as causal to as inflammation resolution. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as an inflammatory mediator has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis, and as a regulator of blood pressure. Objective: To compare the levels of prostaglandin in the gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients with hypertension and non-hypertension. Methods: A total sample of 60 patients was examined. Consists of 44 patients were hypertension group and 16 patients were non-hypertension groups as a control. Hypertension state was measured by blood pressure based on anamnesis and using sphygmomanometer mercury. The clinical sample was collected from 60 gingival crevicular fluids (GCF) of periodontal disease subject. Measurement of the clinical parameter of probing pocket depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP ≥1) was included as a diagnostic requisition. The pocket depth and clinical attachment loss (CAL) was defined as present if the PD was ≥5 mm and CAL was ≥1 mm. Prostaglandin E2 level was estimated in gingival crevicular fluid samples by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The level of PGE2 was statically significant difference in hypertension patient compare with non-hypertension (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in pocket depth, recession, and clinical attachment loss (p<0.05). Conclusion: Higher blood pressure related to the potential risk of inflammation and progression periodontal disease."

"Latar belakang. Hubungan antara inflamasi dan koagulasi telah banyak dijelaskan, dimana molekul adhesi memiliki peranan penting dalam inflamasi. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) dan soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) tampak berkaitan dengan trombosis pada beberapa penelitian sebelumnya. Molekul-molekul tersebut meningkat pada stenosis mitral (SM) namun bagaimana hubungannya dengan derajat trombosis atrium kiri belum diketahui. Metode. Pasien SM derajat sedang-berat (tanpa adanya regurgitasi mitral signifikan) yang menjalani pemeriksan ekokardiografi transesofageal diikutsertakan secara konsekutif sejak September-Oktober 2013. Penilaian gradasi trombosis atrium kiri dilakukan untuk mengkategorikan mereka menjadi kelompok non-trombus dengan left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (LASEC) tebal, dan kelompok non-trombus tanpa LASEC tebal, dan kelompok trombus. Kadar sICAM-1 dan sVCAM-1 dari vena perifer diukur dengan teknik enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Hasil. Sebanyak 39 subyek penelitian dengan rerata usia 40,97±9,61 tahun, 71,8% berjenis kelamin perempuan, dan 67,7% memiliki irama fibrilasi atrium. Evaluasi terhadap gradasi trombosis atrium kiri (kelompok non-trombus tanpa LASEC tebal, kelompok non-trombus dengan LASEC tebal, dan kelompok trombus) menunjukkan kadar sICAM-1 sebesar 284,74 (218,79-321) ng/mL, 346,86 (125,68-698,12) ng/mL, dan 395,93 (171,44-1021,53) ng/mL secara berurutan (p=0,280). Kadar sVCAM-1 pada 3 kelompok tersebut sebesar 729,01 (543,93-967,8) ng/mL, 1066 (581,36-2470,6) ng/mL, dan 1158 (668,66-2498,3) ng/mL secara berurutan (p=0,016). Analisis multivariat menunjukkan fibrilasi atrium dan area katup mitral yang mempengaruhi gradasi trombosis. Kesimpulan. Terdapat perbedaan kadar sVCAM-1 pada kelompok menurut gradasi trombosis atrium kiri pada SM, namun pengaruh sVCAM-1 terhadap gradasi trombosis atrium kiri dipengaruhi oleh fibrilasi atrium dan area katup mitral.

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Background. The relationship between inflammation and coagulation has been widely described while adhesion molecules takes important role in inflammation. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) seemed to be related to thrombosis in previous studies. Those molecules increase in mitral stenosis (MS) but their relationship with left atrial thrombosis gradation is still unknown.

Methods. Patients with moderate-severe MS (without any significant mitral regurgitation) who underwent transesophageal echocardiography were recruited consecutively in September-October 2013. They were divided into three categories of left atrial thrombosis gradation: non-thrombus without dense LASEC group, non-thrombus with dense LASEC group, and thrombus group. sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels in peripheral vein were determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay technique.

Results. A total of 39 subjects were enrolled in this study with a mean age of 40,97±9,61 year, 71,8% of them were female, and 67,7% of them had atrial fibrillation. Evaluation on left atrial thrombosis gradation (non-thrombus with dense LASEC group, non-thrombus without dense LASEC group, and thrombus group) showed that sICAM-1 levels were 284,74 (218,79-321) ng/mL, 346,86 (125,68-698,12) ng/mL, and 395,93 (171,44-1021,53) ng/mL, cosecutively (p=0,280). sVCAM-1 levels were 729,01(543,93-967,8) ng/mL, 1066 (581,36-2470,6) ng/mL, and 1158 (668,66-2498,3) ng/mL, consecutively (p=0,016). Multivariate analysis showed that AF and MVA influence thrombosis gradation.

Conclusion. Difference in sVCAM-1 levels was found among left atrial thrombosis gradation groups in mitral stenosis, but its effect on thrombosis gradation was influenced by atrial fibrillation and mitral valve area."