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"Mouth breathing has been reported to affect gingival health in children. However, studies on the effect of mouthbreathing in adult patients are scarce. Objective: To examine the relationship between mouth breathing and gingivalcondition and to evaluate the distribution of gingival inflammation in young adult mouth breathing patients.Methods: Study groups comprised of participants with mouth breathing (test group) and nose breathing (controlgroup) patients with gingivitis. Both the groups underwent periodontal examination. PI, GI and BOP % sites wererecorded and analyzed statistically for the differences in mean values. Results: Mouth breathing patients showedhigher full mouth GI and BOP scores. Upper anterior segment in mouth breathing patients showed highest GI andBOP followed by lower anterior segment, lower posterior and upper posterior region. Conclusion: Within the limitsof present study, our findings suggest that relative to control group participants, test group i.e. patients with mouthbreathing had higher gingival inflammation and bleeding sites in upper anterior region."

"ABSTRACTSalah satu kriteria penilaian terhadap hasil perawatan ortodontik adalah estetika senyum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan persepsi estetika terhadap lengkung senyum, gingival display, dan buccal corridor antara remaja pria dan wanita di SMAN 4 Bekasi. Gambar ketiga variabel tersebut dimodifikasi secara digital menjadi masing - masing tiga gambar yang berbeda. Penelitian ini diujikan kepada 35 orang remaja pria dan 35 orang remaja wanita dengan menggunakan Skala Likert pada gambaran sirkumoral. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada persepsi estetika antara remaja pria dan wanita di SMAN 4 Bekasi terhadap lengkung senyum, gingival display, dan buccal corridor. Lengkung senyum, gingival display, dan buccal corridor yang paling estetik menurut kedua kelompok subjek adalah lengkung senyum konsonan, gingival display rendah, dan buccal corridor sedang.

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ABSTRACTOne of criteria to evaluate the orthodontic treatment is smile esthetics. The purpose of this study was to assess the difference of smile esthetics perception on smile arch, gingival display, and buccal corridor between male and female adolescence at a high school. Photograph of selected object was modified digitally into three different picture for each variables. Smile esthetic perception were assessed by 35 male adolescence and 35 female adolescence by means of Likert Scale on circumoral view. There were no significant differences between male and female adolescence at SMAN 4 Bekasi on smile arch, gingival display, and buccal corridor esthetics perception. Smile arch, gingival display, and buccal corridor that considered as the most esthetic smile are consonant smile arch, low gingival display, and medium buccal corridor. "

"Latar Belakang : Bernapas melalui mulut merupakan upaya adaptasi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan udara. Kebiasaan ini dapat mengubah kondisi biologis di dalam lingkungan rongga mulut serta perkembangan anak-anak. Kondisi tersebut mempengaruhi kebersihan rongga mulut yang dapat menimbulkan bau mulut. Pengukuran kondisi bau mulut dapat diukur menggunakan metode organoleptik dengan indra. Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri transien rongga mulut yang dapat ditemukan terutama pada saluran akar yang mengalami kegagalan perawatan endodontik. Penelitian mengenai keberadaan Enterococus faecalis pada anak-anak belum diketahui. Tujuan : Menganalisis keberadaaan Enteroccocus faecalis pada sampel saliva dan plak gigi anak-anak berdasarkan kelompok skor organoleptik dan OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified). Metode : Sampel saliva dan plak gigi anak usia 8-11 tahun diuji menggunakan metode ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), kemudian dikelompokkan berdasarkan nilai organoleptik dan OHIS. Pengelolaan data dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai antar kelompok anak-anak memiliki kecenderungan bernapas melalui mulut dengan tidak melalui mulut (bernafas melalui hidung). Hasil : Sebagian besar tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok anak-anak memiliki kecenderungan bernapas melalui mulut dan hidung berdasarkan pembagian nilai organoleptik dan OHI-S. Pada salah satu uji ditemukan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok bernapas melalui hidung berdasarkan nilai organoleptik. Terdapat kecenderungan keberadaan antigen Enterococcus faecalis lebih tinggi pada plak gigi daripada saliva. Kesimpulan : Keberadaan antigen Enterococcus faecalis ditemukan lebih tinggi pada plak gigi dan terdapat kecenderungan keberadaan antigen Enteroccocus faecalis meningkat berkaitan dengan kondisi OHI-S.

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Background: Mouth breathing is a type of habitual adaptation of breathing to fulfill the needs of oxygen. This habit could alter the biological oral condition and development of children. The altered condition of the oral environment could affect oral hygiene and cause oral malodor. Organoleptic is using human sense as a measurement to assess severity of oral malodor. Enterococcus faecalis is the transient bacteria of the oral cavity particularly found in the root canal of the failed endodontic treatment teeth. Based on previous studies, Enterococcus faecalis existence in children is unknown.

Purpose: To analyze the existence of Enterococcus faecalis antigen in salivary and tooth plaque samples of children based on organoleptic and OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified) score.

Methods: Salivary and tooth plaque sample of children age 8-11 were tested with ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique and divided into several groups. The grouping was done based on the organoleptic and OHI-S score of subjects. Data analyzed by comparing scores between children who have a tendency toward mouth breathing with those who breathe with nose based on their organoleptic and OHI-S score.

Result: Mostly, there is no significant difference between groups who tend mouth breathing with those who breathe with nose based on organoleptic and OHI-S score. However, in one of the tests, there is significant difference within groups who breathe with nose based on organoleptic score. The antigen amount of Enterococcus faecalis was found higher in tooth plaque rather than in saliva.

Conclusion: The amount of Enterococcus faecalis antigen is higher in tooth plaque and there is a tendency that the amount of Enterococcus faecalis is influenced by the OHI-S score."

"ABSTRAKFrequent upper respiratory tract infections and allergic reactions may cause upper respiratory tract obstruction (OURT). Mouth breathing (MB) occurs in individuals with nasal breathing problems. A person with MB will raise his head higher; thus, MB is a risk factor for head posture (HP) deviation. Children with MB during growth and development may exhibit dentocraniofacial (DCF) deviation. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of MB, HP, and DCF deviation in OURT patients to know risk factors of HP deviation, morphological aberrations of DCF and DCF deviation growth and development. Methods: This cross sectional study included 285 OURT subjects aged 9 until 15 years. Data obtained from cephalometric analysis, physical examination, and questionnaires were analyzed. Results: Of 285 OURT subjects, 80.4% showed MB, 44.2% HP deviation, and 66.7% DCF deviation. As risk factors for DCF deviation, MB and HP showed odds ratios of 20.45 and 8.11 and population attributable risks of 87.5% and 59.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of MB and DCF deviation in OURT patients is high, but that of HP deviation is generally comparable. MB and deviated HP are risk factors for DCF deviation growth and development. "

"It is well known that nifedipine administration in hypertensive patients results in gingival hyperplasia. The aim of this study was to study the pattern of nifedipine-induced gingival hyperplasia, based on morphometric and histological changes as well as on PCNA (Poliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) expression in the gingival epithelium. In total, 36 male Sprague Dawley rats at the age of 6 - 8 weeks were divided into nine experimental groups and three control groups. Each animal received daily DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) via oral intubation at a dosage of 0 (for control groups), 15, 30 or 60 mg/kg (experimental group) of body weight for 7, 21 or 42 days. After the animals were sacrificed, impression of the lower gingival tissue was taken to measure mesio-distal distance, lanio-lingual distance and papilla height. The number of blood vessels and the thickness of gingival epithelium were assessed from hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Proliferative activity of the epithelial cells was determined by immunohistochemical analysis using PCNA monoclonal antibody. Significant increase in the mesio-distal and labio-lingual distance of the lower gingival tissue was detected morphometrically (p< 0.05). There were more blood vessels in the experimental groups than in the control groups, however there was no specific pattern based on the dosage or duration of nifedipine administration. On the other hand, significant differences were found in the gingival epithelial thickness and proliferative activity between the experimental and the control groups. PCNA-positive cells were observed in basal and suprabasal layers, but nearly none in lamina propria."

"Inflamasi gingiva adalah kondisi patologis yang paling sering disebabkan oleh plak bakteri.Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) adalah immunoglobulin yang menonjol pada saliva dan merupakan mekanisme pertahanan spesifik utama rongga mulut.Secretory immunoglobulin A meningkat jika terdapat stimulus imunologi lokal, salah satunya adalah alat ortodonti cekat.Pada penggunaan alat ortodonti cekat juga terjadi peningkatan akumulasi plak dan inflamasi gingiva. Penelitian mengenai hubungan sIgA dengan inflamasi gingiva menunjukkan hasil yang bervariasi Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kadar sIgA saliva dan inflamasi gingiva pada anak yang menggunakan alat ortodonti cekat. Sampel saliva didapatkan dari 16 anak yang menggunakan alat ortodonti cekat dengan inflamasi gingiva dan 16 yang menggunakan alat ortodonti cekat tanpa inflamasi gingiva. Seluruh subjek dilakukan pemeriksaan Gingival Index untuk menilai inflamasi gingiva,dan sample saliva diukur kadar sIgAnya dengan ELISA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan positif lemah tidak bermakna antara kadar sIgA saliva dan inflamasi gingiva pada anak yang menggunakan alat ortodonti cekat (r =0,282 p=0.290). Semakin tinggi kadar sIgA saliva pada anak yang menggunakan alat ortodonti cekat, maka semakin tinggi inflamasi gingivanya.

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Gingival Inflammation is a pathologic condition that often caused by bacterial plaque. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is the main immunoglobulin in saliva and specific defense mechanism in oral cavity.Secretory immunoglobulin A is stimulated by local immune factor. Orthodontic fixed appliance is one of the local factor. Fixed appliance may increase the value of plaque and gingival inflammation. Research about correlation between sIgA level and gingival inflammation shows vary results. This study aimed to analyze correlation between salivary sIgA and gingival inflammation in children with fixed ortodontic appliance.Saliva samples were collected from 32 children with ortodontic appliance. Sixteen of them have gingival inflammation, and 16 of them have no gingival inflammation. Gingival Index were examined and use ELISA to asses salivary sIgA level. The study showed there is weak and not significant positive correlation between salivary sIgA level and gingival inflammation in children with orthodontic appliance (r =0,282 p=0.290)."

"This textbook focuses on fundamental and sometimes practical limitations on the ultimate performance that an astronomical system may reach, rather than presenting particular systems in detail. In little more than a decade there has been extraordinary progress in imaging and detection technologies, in the fields of adaptive optics, optical interferometry, in the sub-millimetre waveband, observation of neutrinos, discovery of exoplanets, to name but a few examples. The work deals with ground-based and space-based astronomy and their respective fields. And it also presents the ambitious concepts behind space missions aimed for the next decades. Avoiding particulars, it covers the whole of the electromagnetic spectrum, and provides an introduction to the new forms of astronomy becoming possible with gravitational waves and neutrinos. It also treats numerical aspects of observational astrophysics, signal processing, astronomical databases and virtual observatories."

"ABSTRAKGlimepirid adalah suatu antihiperglikemia golongan sulfonilurea untuk terapi oral diabetes melitus tipe 2. Studi ini dilakukan untuk menilai glimepirid monoterapi dalam mengendalikan gula darah (HbA1c) pada pasien DM tipe 2, dosis yang digunakan, dan profil keamanannya. Metode: Studi observasional prospektif ini dilakukan di 4 klinik pribadi di Semarang, Jambi, Mojokerto dan Medan antara Oktober 2006 sampai September 2007 pada pasien rawat jalan, pria dan wanita, umur >20 tahun, dengan DM tipe 2, HbA1c >7%, dan tidak mendapat antidiabetik oral paling sedikit 3 bulan sebelumnya. Tablet glimepirid diberikan sekali sehari selama 3 bulan. Hasil: Dari 74 pasien yang memenuhi syarat, 18 pasien tidak kembali untuk evaluasi dan 56 pasien menyelesaikan studi 3 bulan ini, terdiri dari 26 pasien baru (belum pernah mendapat obat antidiabetes) dan 30 pasien yang sebelumnya pernah diobati (dengan obat antidiabetes). Dosis glimepirid awal dan akhir tidak berbeda untuk pasien baru maupun pasien yang sebelumnya pernah diobati (awal 2,0 mg, akhir 2,3 mg). Penurunan rata-rata kadar HbA1c 1,8% untuk semua pasien, lebih besar pada pasien baru (2,3%) dibandingkan dengan pasien yang sebelumnya pernah diobati (1,3%). Berdasarkan berat massa tubuh, penurunan rata-rata kadar HbA1c pada 20 pasien dengan BB normal 1,3%, dan lebih besar pada 20 pasien obese (2,4%). Penurunan rata-rata kadar gula darah puasa pada semua pasien 54 mg/dL, lebih besar pada pasien baru (83 mg/dL) dibandingkan pasien yang pernah diobati (30 mg/dL), tetapi tidak dipengaruhi oleh berat badan. Berat badan meningkat selama studi dengan rerata 0.9 kg. Tidak ada efek samping yang dialami oleh pasien selama 3 bulan monoterapi dengan glimepirid pada studi ini. Kesimpulan: Glimepirid monoterapi pada studi observasional dalam praktek sehari-hari selama 3 bulan ini efektif dalam menurunkan kadar HbA1c dan gula darah puasa, terutama pada pasien baru. Glimepirid pada studi ini disertai dengan peningkatkan berat badan meskipun tidak bermakna secara statistik. Tidak dilaporkan adanya efek samping dalam studi ini.

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AbstractBackground: Glimepiride is a sulphonylurea antihyperglycemic agent for oral therapy of type-2 diabetes mellitus. This study was carried out to evaluate glimepiride monotherapy in controlling blood glucose (HbA1c) in type-2 DM patients, its dosage, and safety profile. Methods: This was a prospective observational study carried out at 4 private clinics in Semarang, Jambi, Mojokerto and Medan between October 2006 and September 2007 in outpatients of both gender, aged > 20 years, with type-2 DM, HbA1c > 7%, and received no oral antidiabetic treatment for at least 3 months. Glimepiride tablet was given once daily for 3 months. Results: From 74 eligible patients, 18 patients were lost to follow-up and 56 patients completed this 3 months study, consisting of 26 treatment-naive patients and 30 previously treated patients. The initial and final doses of glimepiride were similar in both treatment-naive patients and previously treated patients (initial 2.0 mg, final 2.3 mg). The mean reduction of HbA1c levels was 1.8% (absolute) for all patients, higher in naive patients (2.3%) compared to previously treated patients (1.3%). Based on BMI, the mean reduction of HBA1c in 20 normal weight patients was 1.3%, and more marked in 20 obese patients (2.4%). The mean reduction of FBG levels in all patients was 54 mg/dL, more pronounced in naive patients ( 83 mg/dL) compared to previously treated patients (30 mg/dL), but not affected by body weight. Bodyweight was increased during the study by a mean of 0.9 kg. No adverse event was encountered in any patient during 3 months monotherapy with glimepiride in the present study. Conclusion: Glimepiride monotherapy in the present observational study in daily practice for 3 months was shown to be effective in reducing HbA1c and FBG levels, especially in treatment naive patients. Glimepiride in the present study was associated with weight gain, although not statistically significant. No adverse event was reported in the present study."

"Aim: to evaluate the role of clinical characteristics, functional markers of vasodilation, inflammatory response, and atherosclerosis in predicting wound healing in diabetic foot ulcer.

Methods: a cohort study (February-October 2010) was conducted from 40 subjects with acute diabetic foot ulcer at clinical ward of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. Each subject underwent at least two variable measurements, i.e. during inflammatory phase and proliferation phase. The studied variables were clinical characteristics, complete peripheral blood count (CBC) and differential count, levels of HbA1c, ureum, creatinine, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose (FBG), marker of endothelial dysfunction (asymmetric dimethylarginine/ADMA, endothelin-1/ET-1, and flow-mediated dilation/FMD of brachial artery), and marker of vascular calcification (osteoprotegerin/OPG).

Results: median of time achieving 50% granulation tissue in our study was 21 days. There were nine factors that contribute in the development of 50% granulation tissue, i.e. family history of diabetes mellitus (DM), previous history of wound, wound area, duration of existing wound, captopril and simvastatin medications, levels of ADMA, ET-1, and OPG. There were three out of the nine factors that significantly correlated with wound healing, i.e. wound area, OPG levels, and simvastatin medications.

Conclusion: in acute diabetic foot ulcers, wound area and OPG levels had positive correlation with wound healing, whereas simvastatin medications had negative correlation with wound healing."

"PURPOSE: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)-associated desmoid tumor (DT) is sometimes life threatening. However, the optimal treatment for DTs has not been established. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of surgical and pharmacological treatments for DT in Japanese FAP patients.METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 303 patients who underwent colectomy for FAP between 2000 and 2012. We analyzed 41 patients with DTs in which the location was apparent. The selection of treatment for intra-abdominal DTs was also evaluated according to Churchs classification.RESULTS: Surgery was frequently used to treat extraabdominal DTs. Multimodal treatments, including surgery, and the administration of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy were widely used for intra-abdominal DTs. The most effective pharmacological treatment was cytotoxic chemotherapy, which was associated with a response rate of 45.5% and a disease control rate of 72.7%. After a median follow-up period of 53.0 months, the 5-year DT-specific survival rate in patients with stage IV disease was 71.4%; in contrast, the rate in patients with other stages was 100%. Four-stage IV patients died of DT due to uncontrollable rapid progression. No cytotoxic chemotherapy was administered; however, incomplete resection was performed in three cases.CONCLUSION: Our findings will provide clues that may help physicians in selecting the optimal strategy for this rare disease."