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"In Dental health community programmes there are several kind of efficiency application patron such as in dental health programme worthy to do, like comparing various alternatives procedures in a dental health programmes. Cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) is becoming increasingly popular as society moved toward rationalizing dental health cost to optimalized programmes. CEA compares the cost of procedure with its effectiveness, thus helping an administrator to judge wether the procedur is worth its cost. CEA also permit comparison of various interventions that result in a similar dental health outcome. A major benefit of CEA is that it forces decision maker to confront the trade-offs implicit in all decision regarding alternative approaches. Caries dentist and gingivitis are still a serious oral health problem to solve especially for primary school student. Curative effort is relative more expansive, so it was chosen alternative for preventing caries must be together with preventing gingivitis. The purpose of the research is getting the cost effective model of preventive caries and gingivitis for a primary school student at DKI Jakarta. The opportunity cost of alternative model preventive caries and gingvitis intervention such a modern dentistry approach (Fissure Scalant and Oral hygiene Instruction procedures by the dentist) to compare against model rutinne intervention approach (flouride mouthrinsing and ART procedures by the full time dentist or by the dentist together with teachers) along with the relative effectiveness of preventive treatment. In this quasi experimental research with multistage randomized designed we use responden of all primary school student in DKI Jakarta for two different treatment group. Fissure Sealant and Oral hygiene Instruction procedures by the Dentist were judge to be more cost effective than flouride mouthrinsing and ART procedures by the dentist together with teachers or by the full time dentist."

"Gigi molar pertama tetap adalah gigi yang paling peka terhadap karies, sehingga pada anak sering di jumpai gigi molar pertama tetapnya telah mengalami kerusakan yang cukup berat. Sehubungan dangan hal tersebut telah diupayakan berbagai cara untuk mencegah karies pada gigi tetap, terutama pada gigi molar pertama, karena erupsinya paling awal. Salah satu cara yang dianjurkan adalah dengan menutup pit dan fisur, karena biasanya karies dimulai dari daerah tersebut. Untuk penelitian ini digunakan semen glass ionomer. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui sejauhmana semen glass- ionorner dapat mencegah karies pit dan fisur gigi molar pertama tetap dan sejauh mana semen tersebut dapat bertahan di dalam fit dan fisur gigi molar tetap pertama. Subjek penelitian adalah gigi molar pertama tetap siswa sekolah dasar TRISULA Salemba Tengah kelas I, II. III. dengan- usia 6 - 9 tahun. Sejumlah 69 anak telah terpilih untuk diteliti. Setiap anak di lakukan penutupan pit dan fisur pada 2 gigi molar pertama tetap atas dan bawah secara silang, sehingga seluruh gigi perlakuan 138 buah. Sedang 2 gigi yang lain dipergunakan sebagai kontrol."

"Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk memperoleh gambaran mengenai pengaruh minum air susu ibu dan minum susu dengan botol terhadap terjadinya karies pada gigi sulung, dengan subyek anak usia 3-5 tahun di Posyandu dari 5 wilayah di DKI Jakarta. Sebanyak 105 anak diperiksa gigi-giginya untuk mengetahui frekuensi, def-t dan def-s rata-rata, keparahan karies yang diukur dengan klasifikasi Ochiai (1963), serta urutan jenis permukaan gigi yang paling banyak terkena karies. Kebiasaan minum susu sejak lahir ditanyakan kepada ibu-ibu subyek. Ternyata 92.38% dari subyek menderita karies dengan def-t rata-rata 8.28 dan def-s rata-rata 19.62. Pada anak yang minum air susu ibu frekuensi karies dan rata-rata def-t dan def-s lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan minuet susu dengan botol. Demikian pula ukuran keparahan karies, yang ditunjukkan dengan banyaknya penderita karies kelas 4. Namun dengan perhitungan statistik keparahan karies antara yang minum ASI, minum susu botol, dan kombinasi ASI dan botol, tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna. Sedang urutan jenis permukaan gigi yang paling banyak terkena karies antara yang minum air susu ibu dan susu botol adalah sama; yaitu permukaan proksimal, kemudian permukaan halus, dan yang terakhir permukaan oklusal."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ketebalan komposit resin serat pendek KRSP dan waktu penyinaran terhadap kekerasan dan depth of cure DoC. Dua puluh empat spesimen KRSP EverX PosteriorTM berbentuk silinder berdiameter 6 mm, dibagi menjadi dua kelompok ketebalan: 4 dan 5 mm n=12. Setiap kelompok ketebalan disinar dengan jarak 2 mm, iradiansi 800 mW/cm2 selama 25 dan 30 detik n=6. Nilai kekerasan diukur dengan uji Vickers dan DoC didapatkan dengan menghitung rasio kekerasan permukaan atas dan bawah KRSP. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji One-way ANOVA. Disimpulkan ketebalan dan waktu penyinaran mempengaruhi kekerasan dan DoC KRSP sebagai substruktur.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of short fibre reinforced resin composite SFRC thickness and curing time on the hardness and depth of cure DoC. Twenty four specimens of SFRC EverX PosteriorTM were made and formed into cylindrical shapes with 6 mm in diameter, divided into two different thickness groups 4 and 5 mm n 12. Each thickness group were cured with 2 mm light curing distance, irradiance 800 mW cm2 for 25 and 30 seconds n 6. The hardness was measured by Vickers test and depth of cure was obtained by calculating the hardness ratio of the bottom to the top surface. Data were analyzed statistically by One Way ANOVA tests. It was concluded that thickness and curing time has significant effect on the hardness and DoC of SFRC as substructure. "

"Pericoronitis is non specific infection at gingival around the crown of the tooth which imperfect eruption. Clinical appearance of pericooronitis is reddish and refined swelling at the gingival around the tooth that involved with disseminating of painful extend to ear, throat and mouth base. Many effects caused by pericoronitis such as unpleasant feeling caused of pain when chewing and occlusion, come out of purulent exudates from the edge of the gingival, and also can finded cheek swollen and lymphadenitis. The management of pericoronitis consists of infection control phase and tooth extraction based on indication or removing of operculum tissue that covered the tooth. This paper reported a 6 years old boy that coming with complaint of gusi rahang belakang kanan terasa bengkak dan mengganggu. The treatment that be done is excision of the operculum tissue."

"Data epidemiologi surveilan harus memiliki nilai validitas dan reliabilitas tinggi. Indek CAST berpotensi sebagai alat penilaian epidemiologi karies gigi. Perawat gigi termasuk tenaga pelaksana upaya kesehatan gigi dalam program skrining. Tujuan: mendapatkan tingkat kesesuaian antara perawat gigi dan dokter gigi dalam menilai kebutuhan perawatan karies gigi anak umur 6-12 tahun menggunakan indek CAST. Uji diagnostik pendekatan crossectional pada 95 anak 6-12 tahun, pemeriksaan klinik, analisis pearson korelasion, ICC dan ROC. Tingkat kesesuaian antar pengamat baik (ICC 0,59-0,97). Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas cukup baik (sensitivitas 70-100%), dan spesifisitas (51-100%). Perawat gigi dapat menjadi salah satu tenaga epidemiologi suveilans dalam penilaian kebutuhan perawatan karies menggunakan indek CAST.

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Epidemiological surveillance data should have high values in validity and reliability. Index CAST were a potential epidemiology tools for dental caries assessment. Dental nurses are the executive personnel for screening programs in dental health care. To get the compatibility between dentists and dental nurses in assessing care needs of dental caries by using CAST index in children 6-12 years old.Diagnostic test with Cross Sectional approach, samples consists of 95 children between 6-12 years old, clinical examination, and all data analyzed by Pearson correlation, ICC and ROC tests respectively. There are good level of concordance between the observers (ICC 0.59 to 0.97) and the sensitivity and specificity values were good enough (sensitivity 70-100%) and specificity (51- 100%). Dental nurse can be one of the surveillance epidemiologists in the assessment of dental caries care needs by using CAST index."

"Latar Belakang: Gingivitis merupakan penyakit periodontal dengan prevalensi paling tinggi di Indonesia. Penyebab utama terjadinya gingivitis adalah akumulasi plak dan tingkat kebersihan rongga mulut yang rendah. Manifestasi klinis gingivitis dapat berupa eritema, edema, perdarahan, dan ulserasi pada gingiva tanpa disertai adanya kehilangan perlekatan periodontal. Secara mikroskopis, ditemukan perubahan flora normal dan infeksi bakteri nonspesifik pada gingivitis. Kerusakan jaringan pada gingivitis bersifat reversibledengan adanya penghilangan plak dan peningkatan kebersihan rongga mulut. Mekanisme penghilangan plak dapat dilakukan secara mekanis dan kimiawi. Cara mekanis seperti scalingdan menyikat gigi merupakan metode utama penghilangan plak. Metode kimiawi seperti penggunaan obat kumur yang mengandung bahan aktif merupakan terapi tambahan yang efektif, terutama dalam membersihkan area di rongga mulut yang tidak terjangkau oleh pembersihan secara mekanis. Propolis merupakan salah satu bahan alami di bidang kesehatan yang memiliki sifat antiplak dan antibakteri. Obat kumur propolis dinilai memberikan efek terhadap plak dan gingivitis secara klinis serta jumlah koloni bakteri nonspesifik pada plak. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek obat kumur yang mengandung propolis terhadap plak dan gingivitis secara klinisserta jumlah koloni bakteri nonspesifik pada plak.Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode eksperimental klinis. Sebanyak 20 orang sukarelawan gingivitis berusia 18-30 tahun berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Subjek dibagi menjadi kelompok uji dan kelompok kontrol dengan pembagian 10 orang kelompok uji berkumur dengan obat kumur propolis dan 10 orang kelompok kontrol berkumur dengan obat kumur tanpa bahan aktif. Pada awal penelitian, dilakukan scaling, penyuluhan, pengukuran awal PI dan PBI, serta pengambilan sampel plak untuk penghitungan jumlah koloni bakteri. Setelah berkumur selama 14 hari, dilakukan kembali pengukuran PI dan PBI serta pengambilan sampel plak untuk penghitungan jumlah koloni bakteri.Hasil: Hasil penilaian statistik menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna rata-rata penurunan PBI antara kelompok uji dan kelompok kontrol. (sig< 0,05 , selisih R_PBI= 0.3724). Rata-rata penurunan PI kelompok uji lebih besar dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (selisih R_PI= 0.3665), begitu juga dengan rata-rata penurunan jumlah koloni bakteri aerob dan anaerob (selisih R_Aerob = 90.6 , selisih R_Anaerob= 40) walaupun tidak bermakna secara statistik (sig> 0,05).Kesimpulan: Berkumur dengan obat kumur propolis efektif terhadap perdarahan papilla dibandingkan dengan berkumur dengan obat kumur tanpa aktif. Berkumur dengan obat kumur propolis dapat menurunkan rata-rata PI serta rata-rata jumlah koloni bakteri aerob dan anaerob pada plak, walaupun tidak bermakna secara statistik.Kata kunci: Gingivitis, propolis, obat kumur, bakteri nonspesifik pada plak

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Background: Gingivitis has the highest prevalence among the other periodontal diseases in Indonesia. The main causes of gingivitis are dental plaque accumulation and low oral hygiene level in patients. Clinically, gingivitis could appear as edema, bleeding, and ulceration without any loss of attachment. There are shifting of normal floras and certain periodontal pathogens found in gingivitis microscopically. Tissue damage in gingivitis is reversible with the presence of adequate plaque removal and an increase in patientsoral hygiene level. Dental plaque removal could be done mechanically and chemically. The mechanical methods like toothbrushing and scaling are the main method, whereas the use of chemical like mouthwash is an adjunctive therapy which shows efficacy. The use of mouthwash with active ingredients could cleanse area in the mouth that could not be reached through mechanical methods. Propolis is one of the natural ingredients commonly studied and used in dentistry because of the antibacterial and antiplaque effects it has. Propolis containing mouthwash could give effects on dental plaque and gingivitis clinically, along with the total count of nonspecific bacteria present in dental plaque.Objectives: To assess the effect of propolis containing mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis clinically along with the total count of nonspecific bacteria present in dental plaque.Methods:This study is completed using clinical experimental method. There are 20 volunteers with age interval 18-30 years old who participated in this research. Twenty subjects are divided into two groups with the same numbers, which is 10 subjects each groups. The first group is the test group which use propolis containing mouthwash, whereas the other one is placebo group which use mouthwash without any active ingredients. Scaling, dental health education, measurement of plaque index and papillary bleeding index, and plaque sample collection for bacteria assessment were done in the beginning of this study. After using mouthwash for 14 days, there were second measurement of plaque index and papillary bleeding index along with plaque sample collection for bacteria assessment.Results: Statistic showed there is significant difference (sig< 0.05, mean differences = 0.3724) of papillary bleeding index among the two groups. Mean score of plaque index in the test group showed greater reduction than the placebo group (mean differences = 0.3665) and nean score of total bacteria count in the test group showed higher reduction than the placebo group (mean differences of aerob bacteria = 90.6 , mean differences of anaerob bacteria = 40) though there werent any significant difference present statistically (sig>0.05).Conclusion: The use of propolis containing mouthwash showed better effect on papillary bleeding index compared to the use of mouthwash without any active ingredients. The use of propolis containing mouthwash could reduce mean scores of plaque index and the numbers of aerob and anaerob bacteria present in dental plaque, though there werent any statistical significance shown.Keywords: Gingivitis, propolis, mouthwash, nonspecific bacterial plaque"

"Pemanfaatan pelayanan proram UKGM dipengaruhi oleh perilaku ibu dan pengelolaan program oleh Puskesmas. Karies masih termasuk dalam sepuluh penyakit terbesar dan cakupan pembinaan kesehatan gigi di masyarakat masih rendah yaitu 19,6 %. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemanfaatan program UKGM oleh ibu yang memiliki anak usia 2 sampai 5 tahun di Posyandu Kecamatan Medan Satria Kota Bekasi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian sekuensial eksplanatori (mixed methods) dengan desain cross sectional dan jumlah sampel 400 responden. Untuk menggali lebih mendalam permasalahan rendahnya pemanfaatan program UKGM, penelitian ini dilengkapi dengan pendekatan kualitatif melalui wawancara mendalam kepada manajemen puskesmas dan diskusi kelompok terarah kepada kader posyandu mengenai permasalahan yang ada.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian kuantitatif, pekerjaan, dukungan keluarga dan kebutuhan perawatan gigi dan mulut anak merupakan variabel yang berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan program UKGM di posyandu. Sedangkan sikap, dukungan keluarga dan kebutuhan perawatan gigi dan mulut anak merupakan variabel paling signifikan dalam pemanfaatan program UKGM di posyandu. Berbeda dengan hasil pendekatan kualitatif yang memperlihatkan bahwa justru fasilitas yang lebih mempengaruhi pemanfaatan program UKGM. Selain itu monitoring dan evaluasi belum dilakukan secara rutin. Rekomendasi pada penelitian ini adalah diharapkan untuk melengkapi fasilitas terutama alat peraga penyuluhan dan alat periksa gigi (diagnostic set), memberikan pelatihan UKGM pada kader posyandu serta melakukan monitoring setiap bulan dan evaluasi setiap tiga bulan sekali.

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The utilization of UKGM program is influenced by maternal behavior and program management by the Puskesmas. Caries is still among the top ten diseases and the scope of dental health development in the community is still low at 19.6%. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the utilization of the UKGM program by mothers who have children aged 2 to 5 years at Posyandu, Medan Satria District, Bekasi City. This research is an explanatory sequential study (mixed methods) with a cross sectional design and a sample of 400 respondents. To find out more about the problem of the low utilization of the UKGM program, this study was supplemented by a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with puskesmas management and focus group discussions on posyandu workers regarding existing problems.

Based on the results of quantitative research, work, family support and dental and oral care needs of children were variables related to the utilization of the UKGM program at the posyandu. Whereas attitudes, family support and children's dental and oral care needs were the most significant variables in the utilization of the UKGM program at the posyandu. It is different from the results of a qualitative approach that shows that it is precisely the facilities that influence the utilization of the UKGM program. In addition, monitoring and evaluation have not been carried out routinely. Recommendations in this study are expected to complement facilities, especially counseling teaching aids and dental kits (diagnostic set), provide UKGM training to posyandu workers and conduct monitoring every month and evaluation every three months."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan atau menjelaskan perbedaan UKGS program dengan UKGS Percontohan ditinjau dari status kesehatan gigi dan factor- faktor yang berpengaruh di Kecamatan Ciputat Kabupaten Tangerang, Propinsi Banten.Metode penelitian : Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan design pendekaan potong lintang /cross sectional dan menggunakan analisis univariat, bivariat (dengan T-test, U Mann Whitney , korelasi Spearmen's rho untuk independent sample) dengan pengambilan sampel secara purposive di dua Sekolah Dasar yaitu SD Negeri IV dan V Pondok Ranji di Kecamatan Ciputat Tangerang dengan jurnlah sample 240 rnurid kelas II, IV dan VI.Hasil penelitian : Hasil menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara UKGS Program dan UKGS Percontohan yang ditinjau dari status kesehatan gigi (DMF-T )dan OHIS gigi (p > 0,05 ), dan terlihat bahwa perilaku kesehatan gigi anak memberi pengaruh terbesar 0.399, dan peran serta guru memberikan pengaruh sebesar 0.140 untuk status DMF-T gigi anak SD, sedangkan perilaku kesehatan gigi orang tua tidak mempunyai pengaruh. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa faktor yang berpengaruh terbesar untuk status kesehatan gigi anak SD adalah perilaku anak, partisipasi guru , dan perilaku orang tua.

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School-linked preventive oral care programs for children were performed since Department of Health Republik Indonesia Objective : The ain of this study is to analyze the diffences contribution factors and oral health status that influence the UKGS Program and model UKGS.

Material and method : Research desing was cross-sectional, with use purposive sampling the intra oral examination of oral health status, and qustinair that used to know the contribution factor in UKGS Program and model UKGS, were carriet out in 240 school children that in 2nd, 4th, and 6th, class which belong to primary school of SD IV and SD V Pondok Ranji, Tangerang. All independent variables data were analyze in univariat, bivariat with T test, Mann Whitney U-test, Spearmen's rho test using computer software SPSS 30.1.

Result : Although DMF-T index ( 0,87) of model UKGS was lower than that of government programme UKGS ( 0,90 ) and good criteria of OHIS index model UKGS (75,4 %) but there were not significant different between model UKGS and government program UKGS (P > 0,05), In addition there were shown significance correlation between children and DMF-T index ( r = 0,399 , p < 0,000 ) and significant correlation between teacher participation, oral health behavior of school children and OHIS ( r .-0,539; p< 0,0001 )"

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Karies adalah penyakit multifaktorial, yang disebabkan oleh paparan asam pada permukaan gigi yang dihasilkan oleh metabolisme bakteri yang memicu demineralisasi dan dapat berubah menjadi remineralisasi ketika keasaman rongga mulut kembali ke netral. Sikat gigi dilakukan untuk menghilangkan plak dari rongga mulut, dua kali sehari, setelah sarapan pagi dan malam sebelum tidur. Akhir-akhir ini keluhan muncul dari rasa sakit primer yang dimulai dengan rasa sakit karena abrasi dan erosi terkait dengan kebiasaan menyikat gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh menyikat gigi sebelum makan dan setelah makan pada tingkat mineralisasi email gigi yang diperiksa oleh DIAGNOdent Pen. Metode: Desain eksperimental dengan pendekatan uji coba crossover acak sebelum-sesudah. 20 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dipilih dan dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok. Grup A menyikat gigi sebelum makan dan Grup B menyikat gigi setelah makan pada minggu pertama pemeriksaan. Setelah periode pencucian 1 minggu, pengobatan untuk kedua kelompok dipertukarkan. Pemeriksaan dilakukan 4 kali; baseline, setelah menyikat gigi, setelah makan dan 6 jam setelah makan / menyikat gigi. Hasil: Hasil uji Mann-Whitney menyimpulkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik antara menyikat gigi sebelum makan dan setelah makan (p> 0,05). Nilai rata-rata setelah menyikat gigi dan setelah makan pemeriksaan pada Grup A lebih rendah dari Grup B. Kesimpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan dalam tingkat mineralisasi enamel antara menyikat gigi sebelum dan sesudah makan.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Caries is a multifactorial disease, caused by exposure to acids on the surface of the teeth produced by bacterial metabolism that triggers demineralization and can turn into remineralization when the acidity of the oral cavity returns to neutral. Toothbrushes are used to remove plaque from the oral cavity, twice a day, after breakfast in the morning and at night before bed. Lately complaints arise from primary pain that starts with pain due to abrasion and erosion associated with the habit of brushing teeth. Objective: To determine the effect of brushing teeth before eating and after eating on the level of tooth enamel mineralization examined by DIAGNOdent Pen. Method: An experimental design with a before-after random crossover trial approach. 20 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were selected and divided into 2 groups. Group A brushed teeth before eating and Group B brushed teeth after meals in the first week of examination. After the washing period of 1 week, the treatment for the two groups was exchanged. The inspection is carried out 4 times; baseline, after brushing teeth, after eating and 6 hours after eating/ brushing teeth. Results: The Mann-Whitney test results concluded there was no statistically significant difference between brushing teeth before eating and after eating (p> 0.05). The mean values ​​after brushing and after eating the examination in Group A were lower than Group B. Conclusion: There was no difference in the level of enamel mineralization between brushing teeth before and after eating."