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"The statistic of accidents at construction sites give us a picture that Malaysian construction industry is one of the critical sectors that need a huge and fast overhaul from the current site safety practices. Accident don’t just happen, they are caused by unsafe acts, unsafe conditions or both. Most accidents result from a combination of contributing causes and one or more unsafe acts and unsafe condition. In order to improve the overall safety performance we need to investigate the root causes of construction accidents. That knowledge could be utilised in formulating more conducive working conditions and environments at construction sites. Therefore, a study has been conducted to identify the causes of accident at construction sites. This study was started out by reviewing literature from journals, books and web pages. Then reported accidents cases kept by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia (DOSH) were examined to investigate causes of accidents. Surveys using questionnaire forms were carried out to obtain data from respondents who are mainly contractors and the rest are developers and consultants firms all around countries that are well versed with the construction safety. The finding of this study reveals that accidents are the result of many contributing factors, causes, and sub causes. Some of the critical factors are unsafe method, human element, unsafe equipment, job site conditions, management, and unique nature of the industry. The causes of accidents in Malaysia were found to be similar to that mentioned in literature review. However, some of the causes are low in frequency of occurrence. The main cause of construction accidents found are the workers’ negligence, failure of workers to obey work procedures, work at high elevation, operating equipment without safety devices, poor site management, harsh work operation, low knowledge and skill level of workers, failure to use personal protective equipments and poor workers attitude about safety"

"Dalam merealaesasikan proyek konstruksi ada beberapa kendala yang harus dilewati diantaranya adalah biaya, mutu waktu dan yang tidak kalah pentingnya ialah selamat dan sehat bagi semua yang terlibat didalamya dari saat mulai hingga selesai pelaksanaan proyek. Dewasa ini kecelakaan kerja pada industri konstruksi oleh sebagian masyarakat dinilai masih tinggi hal ini dikarenakan proyek konstruksi memiliki karakter sedemikian rupa sehingga memiliki potensi terjadinya resiko kecelakaan kerja. Kecelakaan kerja jatuh dari ketinggian merupakan jenis kecelakaan pada proyek konstruksi yang akibatnya dapat menimbulkan cacat permanen sampai kematian. Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya ada beberapa faktor dan variabel penyebab terjadinya kecelakaan tersebut antara lain : faktor manusia, peralatan, manajemen, organesasi dan lingkungan. Penelitian disini bermaksud mengetahui berapa besar tingkat resiko faktor dan variabel penyebab kecelakaan tersebut.Untuk itu maka dilakukan penelitian pada beberapa proyek konstruksi bangunan dengan responden para pelaku pelaksnaan proyek konstruksi yang sedangan dikerjakan. Dari hasil penelitian disini diperoleh bahwa faktor dan variabel penyebab terjadinyan kecelakaan kerja jatuh dari ketinggian, dengan frekuensi "Sering" yang berarti kemungkinan dapat terjadi dan tingkat dampak "Dapat menimbulkan luka berat, sedera parah dan cacat tetap". Sedangkan tingkat resiko yang "Medium" yang berarti dapat beresiko membahayakan keselamatan umum, dan harta benda serta terganggunya kegiatan konstruksi.

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In the realization of a construction project there are several obstacles that must be overcome, such as cost, quality, time, and not least is safe and healthy for everyone involved in it, from the start to finish the project. Today occupational accidents in the construction industry is still considered by most people this is due to high construction project has a character such that it has the potential risk of occupational accidents. Occupational accidents fell from a height is the type of accidents on construction projects that result can cause permanent disability to death.

Of research has been done before there are several variable factors and causes of accidents include: human factors, equipment, management, organization, and environment. The study intends to find out here how much the level of risk factors and variable causes of the accident. For those reasons, do some research on building construction projects with the perpetrators of respondent's implementation of construction projects in the works.

From the results obtained here that the variable factors and causes of occupational accidents fell from a height, with a frequency of "line" which means the possibility exists and the impact of "the impact caused serious injury, severe injury and permanent disability" while the level of risk is "medium" which means it can be at risk of endangering public safety, and property and disruption of construction activities."

"Industri konstruksi dihadapi oleh banyak risiko keselamatan. Dari data yang diperoleh 32% kasus kecelakaan kerja yang ada di Indonesia terjadi di sektor konstruksi. Dimana penyebab kecelakaan kerja yang terjadi disebabkan oleh jatuh. Adapun faktor yang menyebabkan kecelakaan jatuh dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari manusia, peralatan, organisasi, manajemen, dan lingkungan. Untuk meminimalis risiko keselamatan, pemerintah perlu memberlakukan aturan ketat, peraturan perundang-undangan, dan standar terkait konstruksi agar dapat diimplementasikan untuk meningkatkan tingkat keselamatan. Namun terkait dengan keselamatan kerja di Indonesia masih saja mengalami permasalahan, dimana aturan perundangan dan manual K3 yang ada di Indonesia belum cukup detail secara teknis memberikan arahan yang diperlukan untuk pencegahan kecelakaan kerja konstruksi di lapangan. Sehingga diperlukan suatu evaluasi implementasi kebijakan K3 konstruksi. Mengacu pada PP Nomor 38 Tahun 2007, kebijakan nasional serangkaian aturan yang dapat berupa norma, standar, prosedur dan/atau kriteria (NSPK). Tujuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu: 1) mengetahui kelengkapan kebijakan K3 dalam produk NSPK, 2) mengukur tingkat implementasi kebijakan K3 dalam NPSK pada proyek konstruksi terhadap faktorfaktor kecelakaan jatuh. Untuk perolehan data dilakukan survei kuesioner dengan wawancara terstruktur dan pengamatan langsung terhadap 30 proyek gedung bertingkat di Jabodetabek. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kelengkapan kebijakan untuk faktor manusia 70%, peralatan 9%, organisasi 39%, manajemen 78%, dan lingkungan 30%, sedangkan untuk tingkat implementasinya manusia 51%, peralatan 52%, organisasi 58%, manajemen 64%, dan lingkungan 48%.

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Construction industry faced by many safety risks. From the data obtained 32% cases of work accidents in Indonesia occurred in the construction sector. Where the cause of accidents are caused by falls. The factors that lead to accidental falls in this study consisted of people, equipment, organization, management, and environment.

To minimize safety risks, the government should impose strict rules, regulations, and standards related to construction in order to be implemented to improve safety levels. But the safety-related work in Indonesia is still experiencing problems, where the rule of law and manuals that exist in Indonesia is not enough technical detail to give the necessary directions for the prevention of occupational accidents in the construction field. Thus required an evaluation of policy implementation on construction. Refer to PP No. 38 of 2007, national policy can be a set of norms, standards, procedures and / or criteria (NSPK).

The purpose of this research are: 1) know the completeness of safety policy in product NSPK, 2) measuring the level of safety policy implementation in NPSK on construction projects of the factors of accidental falls. For the acquisition of data was a questionnaire survey with a structured interview and direct observation of the 30 building project in Jabodetabek.

From the results showed that the level of completeness of the policy for 70% of people factors, equipment 9%, 39% of the organization, management 78%, and the environment 30%, while the implementation rate of 51% people, 52% equipment, 58% of the organization, management 64% , and the environment 48%."

"Kecelakaan Laut sering kali terjadi di Indonesia namun seiring berjalannya waktu belum tampak penyelesaian terhadap masalah ini. Hal ini terjadi dengan masih tingginya tingkat kecelakaan laut di Indonesia. Dalam suatu kecelakaan, faktor manusia sangat dominan menjadi penyebab hal tersebut terjadi, di mana para awak berperan besar dalam terjadinya kecelakaan. Penelitian ini membahas peran awak dari sisi kualifikasi yang dimiliki serta perilaku aktual yang terjadi di lapangan pada kapal feri jalur penyeberangan Merak-Bakauheni. Kapal feri dipilih karena kapal feri merupakan kapal yang mengangkut penumpang dan barang di mana potensi kecelakaan dan akibat kehilangan nyawa yang besar terdapat pada jenis kapal ini. selain itu jalur penyeberangan Merak-Bakauheni merupakan salah satu jalur penyeberangan yang paling ramai di Indonesia. Dari penelitian ini didapat ternyata kualifikasi awak kapal feri jalur penyeberangan Merak- Bakauheni masih jauh dari standar yang dipersyaratkan walaupun hampir semuanya memiliki ijazah pelaut terlihat dengan adanya pelanggaran-pelanggaran yang terus terjadi terhadap aspek keselamatan tanpa adanya sanksi dan perbaikan atas perilaku tersebut.

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Marine accidents often occur in Indonesia, but over time have not looked towards the settlement of this issue. This is still visible with the high level of marine accidents in Indonesia. In an accident, human factors are the dominant cause of a case occurs, where the crew of a role in the accident. This study discusses the role of the crew from qualification view also the actual behavior and that happens on the field at the ferry crossing paths Merak-Bakauheni. Ferry was selected because a ferry boat that carry passengers and goods in which the potential for accidents and loss of life due to the large ships are in this type. In addition, path-crossing Merak-Bakauheni is one of the lines crossing the most crowded in Indonesia. From this research we get that qualification of crew at ferry crossing path Merak- Bakauheni still far from the required standard even though almost all have seen competent sailor with the violations of safety aspect that continue to occur without the sanctions and improvements to any of the behavior."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini adalah studi kasus kecelakaan kerja ringan pada proyek GeotechnicalImprovement (Bored Pile) di stasiun pengukuran gas PT Z di pulau Pemping,Batam, yang terjadi pada tanggal 8 desember 2012, dimana seorang pekerja(helper) mengalami kejadian terpeleset dan kepalanya membentur tulangan besicor, sehingga mengakibatkan luka.Penyebab langsung terjadinya kecelakaan ada dua yaitu tindakan tidak aman yangdilakukan pekerja dan kondisi tidak aman yang terdapat dilokasi kerja, sedangkanpenyebab tidak langsung adalah lemahnya kontrol manajemen (lack of control).Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan disain eksploratif. Hasilpenelitian menunjukan bahwa eksisnya tindakan tidak aman dan kondisi tidakaman dilokasi proyek sebagai faktor penyebab terjadinya kecelakaan, penyebabdasarnya adalah tidak memadainya program K3, standar K3 dan kepatuhanterhadap penerapan standar K3 yang ada oleh manajemen proyek.Untuk menghindari terjadinya kecelakaan serupa bahkan yang lebih parahdisarankan kepada manajemen pelaksana proyek untuk menjalankan rekomendasiK3 dan membuat perencanaan kerja yang memadai, sedangkan konsultanpengawas diharapkan lebih tegas menjalankan wewenang yang diamanatkan olehpemilik proyek, PT Z sebagai pemilik proyek disarankan lebih proaktif memantauimplementasi K3 di proyek dan memberi sanksi kepada kontraktor pelaksanaproyek apabila tidak melaksanakan rekomendasi K3 yang ada.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis is a case study on a minor accident happened on 8th December 2012at Geotechnical Improvement (bored pile) project at gas metering station of PT Zon Pemping Island off shore Batam, where a worker( helper) slipped and had hishead injured on hitting a steel casting of pile.In this study, unsafe acts and unsafe conditions were the two immediate causes ofthe accident, while lack of control was the indirect cause.Results in this explorative-designed qualitative research showed that events ofunsafe acts and unsafe conditions are factors giving rise to the accident;meanwhile inadequate OSH (Occupational Health and Safety) programs andstandards, as well as poor OSH standards compliance at management of projectlevel is the fundamental cause.In order to prevent similar accidents from recurring and worsening, it isrecommended that project contractor to comply with OSH recommendations andto establish appropriate working plan-up; meanwhile consultant supervisors areexpected to act firmly according to authority delegated by project owner. It is alsorecommended that project owner to monitoring more proactively upon OSHproject implementation and impose sanction on project manager found noncompliantto existing OSH recommendations."

"The prevalence of road accidents in Indonesia is still extremely high, with human error being claimed as a major contributing factor. Profiles of the drivers involved in the accidents are not typically available, and studies covering this subject are also limited. In this paper, Indonesian road transportation will be discussed, particularly with respect to traffic accidents and the associated characteristics of the drivers. Also of interest is the description of certain demographic aspects and their relation to road accidents. Data were collected from the news, along with an online survey of 138 commercial drivers, 10% of whom were female). It was found that spending an inordinate amount of time driving per week induces sleepiness and fatigue and is considered as one of the prime causes of accidents. It was also determined that lack of concentration was one of the dominant (~51%) causes. Differences in age, gender, and driving experience did not seem to be related to the likelihood of accidents."

"Latar belakang: Kecelakaan kerja dapat terjadi kapan saja, dimana saja dan setiap orang dapat mengalaminya. Menurut International Labour Organization (ILO) tahun 2005, di perkirakan bahwa setiap tahun sebanyak 270 juta orang mengalami kecelakaan kerja dan 160 juta orang mengalami pcnyakit akibat kexja. Di Jepang, pada tahun 1998 jumlah kasus kecelakaan kerja di sektor jasa konstruksi sebesar 28%, diantaranya mengalami kematian sebesar 40%. Sedangkan di USA pada tahun 2005, kasus kecelakaan kerja di sektor jasa konsuuksi karena tidak menggunakan APD sebesar 56%. Di Indonesia, PT X merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang jasa konstruksi yang memiliki kecelakaan kerja cukup tinggi dan belum pernah dilakukan analisisnya. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan metode cross sectional. Dilakukan di PT X yang melaksanakan proyek konstruksi. Sampel sebanyak 461 responden diambil dari 1100 pekelja konslruksi. Hasil dan kesimpulan penelitian: Diperoleh bahwa insiden kecelakaan kerja sebesar 34.7%, dengan frekuensi kecelakaan rata-rata 2.4 kali selama 1 tahun bekerja. Adapun karakteristik umur 21-30 tahun sebesar 44.5%, menikah sebesar 58.4% , pendidikan SMP sebesar 38%, pengetahuan tentang K3 yang kurang sebesar 45.3%, sikap baik sebesar 79%, pcrilaku kurang sebesar 46% dan tidak menggunakan alat pelindung diri sebesar 56.8%. Sedangkan faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kecelakaan kerja adalah jenis pekerjaan pembesian (OR =l.490, CI 95%= 1.006-2.207; p=0.047).

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Background: Anyone could be subject to occupational accidents, regardless of time and place. According to ILO on 2005, an estimated that, 270 million occupational accidents and 160 million work-related diseases each year. In Japan (1998), especially in construction industries areas, found that 28% for occupational accidents which 40% of them causes fatality. Therefore, in USA (2005) the number of occupational accident due to the unused PPE found 56%. ln Indonesia, PT X is one of relatively high for occupational accident construction company, that has not been researched yet.

Methods: The study used the cross-sectional method, sample was gathered 461 of 1100 workers, subjects from PT X in construction project.

Results and Conclusion: The study show that occupational accidents are 34.7% with frequency rate was 2.4 times for one working years. The group of age for 21-30 years old are 44.5%, married found 58.4%, Junior High School found 38%, lack of K3 knowledge found 45.3%, good attitude found 79%, lack of behavior found 46% and unused PPE found 56.8%. The iron related work acts as the highest risk of occupational accident (0R=l.490; CI95%=1.006-2.207; p=0,047)."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antar indek tekanan panas terhadap kelelahan yang berpengaruh terhadap risiko kecelakaan kerja. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode cross sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh staf proyek, yang datanya diambil menggunakan kuesioner dan suhu lingkungan diukur untuk pemantauan termal lingkungan. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara heat stress index dengan kelelahan yang dialami pekerja pada kasus kecelakaan kerja. Dari hasil analisis didapatkan variabel kelelahan sebagai variabel paling dominan karena memiliki nilai odds ratio tertinggi yaitu sebesar 72,8 (95% CI: 10,318 – 612,895). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pekerja yang lelah berisiko 72,8 kali lebih tinggi mengalami kasus kecelakaan kerja dibandingkan pekerja yang tidak lelah setelah dikontrol oleh variabel suhu udara, kecepatan aliran udara, kelembaban udara, beban kerja, pakaian, IMT, dan waktu tidur. Selain itu, faktor pekerja seperti IMT yang tinggi (kecenderungan obesitas) dan denyut nadi yang tinggi menjadi penyebab jumlah kasus kecelakaan di Proyek XYZ tahun 2021

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This study aims to determine the relationship between heat stress index and fatigue that affects the risk of work accidents. This research is a quantitative research using the cross-sectional method. In this study, the sample consisted of all project staff, whose data was collected via a questionnaire, and the ambient temperature was measured for environmental thermal monitoring. The results of this study explain that there is a significant relationship between the heat stress index and the fatigue experienced by workers in cases of work accidents. The analysis found that fatigue was the most dominant variable because it had the highest odds ratio value of 72.8 (95% CI: 10.318–612.895). This shows that tired workers have more atterrated of experiencing work accidents than workers who are not tired after being controlled by the variables of air temperature, airflow humidity, workload, airflow, BMI, and sleeping time. In addition, worker factors such as a high BMI (obesity tendency) and a high pulse rate are the causes of the number of accident cases at the Project in 2021."