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"The ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) has brought new obligations for the government of the Republic of Indonesia. These obligations consists of general obligation and specific obligation"

"Indonesia's diverse geography, politics, economic, religion, culture and language contribute to wide diversity in the enjoyment of human rights. The dignity of individual cannot and should not be divided into two spheres-that of civil and political rights and that of economic, social and cultural rights."

"Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is considered as an important achievement of the human right struggle in Indonesia. Despite of this progressive episode in the history of human rights developments in Indonesia."

"Indonesia has just ratified the two most important international human rights covenants, namely, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)."

"After incorporation of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Culture Rights by law No.11/2005, Indonesia are legally binding to implement all state parties obligation as contained in the covenant."

"ABSTRAKMasalah-masalah yang dihadapi tenaga kerja Indonesia sejak rnasa awal pengiriman tahun 1979 hingga kini tidak pernah berhenti. Hampir setiap hari media di Indonesia menyajikan berita tentang penderitaan pars TKI yang mengalami penyiksaan, pelecehan seksual, gaji tidak dibayar, dan berkonflik dengan hukum negara setempat dan bahkan kematian mereka sendiri. Dasar hukum dan prosedur administratif penempatan, pengiriman, dan perlindungan TKI telah dibuat, direvisi, dan diganti oleh pemerintah berkali-kali. Sejak penetapan dalam GBHN 1993 yang memuat prosedur pengiriman dan perlindungan TKI ke luar negeri sampai dengan diundangkannya W No. 39 tahun 2004 tentang Penempatan, dan Perlindungan TKI di Luar Negeri, masalah-masalah yang dihadapi TKI masih tetap berlanjut.PeneIitian ini bermaksud melihat bahwa kesinambungan persoalan TKI tersebut berakar pada kesalahan dalam kerangka teoritik kewajiban negara dalam menghormati, melindungi, dan memenuhi HAM TKI. Dasar hukum dan implementasi perlindungan itu seharusnya dilihat dalam kerangka interdependensi HAM yaitu, dalam hal hak-hak TKI, antara hak atas pekerjaan (the rights to work) dan hak dalam pekerjaan (the rights at works).Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dan metode yuridis formal terhadap bahan hukum mengikat termasuk bahan hukum sekunder dan tertier dari dasar hukum yang relevan dan implementasinya di bidang perlindungan TKI, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa dalam dasar hukum dan implementasi kewajiban negara untuk memberi perlindungan HAM kepada TKI tidak didasarkan pada kesalingterkaitan antara hak atas pekerjaan dan hak dalam pekerjaan. Absennya kerangka teoritik lingkaran hak-hak (circle of rights) dalam dasar hukum dan implementasi perlindungan HAM TKI ini menjadi penyebab berlanjutnya masalahmasalah yang dihadapi mereka.

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ABSTRACT

Since the first implementation of overseas placement policy of Indonesian migrant workers in 1979, abusive problems faced by the Indonesian migrant workers have been being persisting. Almost everyday domestic media provides their miserable struggle to experience the abuse, sexual harassment, unpaid wages problem, to have conflict against the destination laws, and their own death. Legal basis and administrative procedures for placement and protection of Indonesian migrant workers has been established, replaced, and revised repeatedly. Since initially regulated by GBHN in 1993 up to the establishment of Law No. 39 Year 2004 on the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, the problems that they face are still going on.

This thesis intends to examine and explain that the persisting problems root down in the fallacy of theoretical framework to explain the state obligation to respect, to protect, to fulfill the Indonesian migrant workers human rights. The legal basis and implementation for the said protection shall have been based on the human rights principle of interdependence, between the rights to works and the rights at work.

By using descriptive qualitative research method, and formal juridical method towards the legal documents including the relevant secondary and tertiary legal documents of legal basis and its implementation in the protection of migrant workers, this research discovers that the legal basis and its implementation of migrant workers protection is not based on the interdependent principle of human rights between the right to work and the rights at work. The absence of this interdependent principle or circle of rights in the legal basis and implementation has become the grounds to the continuous problems faced by the migrant workers.;Since the first implementation of overseas placement policy of Indonesian migrant workers in 1979, abusive problems faced by the Indonesian migrant workers have been being persisting. Almost everyday domestic media provides their miserable struggle to experience the abuse, sexual harassment, unpaid wages problem, to have conflict against the destination laws, and their own death. Legal basis and administrative procedures for placement and protection of Indonesian migrant workers has been established, replaced, and revised repeatedly. Since initially regulated by GBHN in 1993 up to the establishment of Law No. 39 Year 2004 on the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, the problems that they face are still going on.This thesis intends to examine and explain that the persisting problems root down in the fallacy of theoretical framework to explain the state obligation to respect, to protect, to fulfill the Indonesian migrant workers human rights. The legal basis and implementation for the said protection shall have been based on the human rights principle of interdependence, between the rights to works and the rights at work.By using descriptive qualitative research method, and formal juridical method towards the legal documents including the relevant secondary and tertiary legal documents of legal basis and its implementation in the protection of migrant workers, this research discovers that the legal basis and its implementation of migrant workers protection is not based on the interdependent principle of human rights between the right to work and the rights at work. The absence of this interdependent principle or circle of rights in the legal basis and implementation has become the grounds to the continuous problems faced by the migrant workers."

"Hak-hak tersangka dan terdakwa dalam KUHAP sejalan dengan pengakuan hak asasi manusia (HAM). Berdasarkan demikian seorang tersangka dan terdakwa tidak dapat dianggap bersalah sebelum dinyatakan oleh keputusan pengadilan yang telah mempunyai kekuatan pasti. Perlindungan tersangka dan terdakwa dari kesewenangan penegak hukum dalam menjalankan tugas dan wewenangnya harus dapat dilaksanakan dalam peradilan pidana. Namun kesenjangan hak tersangka dan terdakwa dapat terjadi baik secara normative maupun empiris, hal ini dapat disebabkan rumusan undang-undang yang tidak jelas, atau persepsi penegak hukum dan pencari keadilan yang berbeda terhadap hak* tersebut. Penelitian normative dan empiris dilakukan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan yang berhubungan dengan hak-hak tersangka dan terdakwa dan para penegak hukum serta pencari keadilan dalam proses peradilan pidana diwilayah pengadilan. Rendahnya pelaksanaan hak-hak tersangka dan terdakwa dalam proses peradilan pidana sebagian besar terjadi pada tahap praadjudikasi, yaitu pada proses penyidikan yang dilaksanakan oleh polisi, kemudian menyusul pada tahap pemeriksaan penuntutan oleh jaksa penuntut umum. Pada tahap adjudikasi yaitu pada tahap pemeriksaan di pengadilan kesenjangan hak tersebut agak rendah. Adapun banyaknya atau tingginya tersangka dan terdakwa tidak menggunakan hak-haknya pada tahap praadjudikasi, karena penegak hukumlah yang menetukan sekali apakah hak tersebut dapat digunakan atau tidak. Pada umumnya penegak hukum karena orientasi terhadap tugas dalam proses peradilan pidana, maka kurang memberikan kesempatan kepada tersangka dan terdakwa. Penegak hukum lebih menekankan pada hasil dari pekerjaan yang menjadi tanggung jawab mereka, dengan anggapan walaupun hak-hak tersangka dan terdakwa kurang mendapat tempat pada saat pemeriksaan yang dilakukan oleh mereka, tetapi hak tersebut barulah menjadi penting dan dapat digunakan pada saat yang tepat, yaitu sidang pengadilan di mana tahap ini adalah tahap penentuan di dalam rangkaian proses peradilan pidana. Disamping itu kesenjangan hak tersangka dan terdakwa dalam bentuk inkonkrito disebabkan oleh kurangnya partisipasi pencari keadilan dalam usahanya untuk menggunakan haknya tersebut. Hal ini disebabkan pendidikan (kurangnya pengetahuan dan pemahaman hak-hnk normative) , factor ini ekonomi dan sekaligus sebagai indikasi rendahnya kesadaran hukum pencari keadilan menyebabkan rendahnya pelaksanaan hak-hak tersangka dan terdakwa dalam proses peradilan pidana di Jakarta pada tahap praadjudikasi."

"A state as one of International law subjects has rights and obligations based on international law. One of the international obligations of a State is to assist and protect the right of IDP's in its territory. If a State is inability and unwillingness to assist and protect the IDP's rights, it means the State has already violated its international obligation. In this condition, is the humanity assistance of international organization can be justified as an obligation that must be accepted based on international law perspective?. Consequently, the refusal to accept assistance can be classified as a violation of international law, and it raises state responsibility."