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"Inflammatory response is a non-specific response to an injurious stimulus in vascularized tissue. The purpose of this response is to destruct noxious agent, limitation of its spread, and preparation for reconstitution or repair of injured area. Inflammation is classified into acute and chronic types. The classical features of redness, swelling, warmth, pain, and loss of function, all of which reflect the effects of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators on the local blood vessels in acute inflammation. The cellular response is mainly of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Furthermore, chronic inflammation, in contrast to acute inflammation is of long duration and consists of primarily of mononuclear cells-macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. A proliferation of blood vessels also occurs. There is also associated collagen production by fibroblasts resulting fibrosis. Cytokines secreted by machrophages, play prominent roles in inflammation. However, other soluble factors, such as vasoactive amines, lipid mediators, complement fragments C5a, C3a, and C4a, prostacyclin, and nitric oxide are also major players in inflammation. The inflammatory reactions in the mouth and teeth are identical to inflammatory reactions anywhere else in the body. Such as pulpitis is similar to inflammation in other connective tissues anywhere in the body."

"Today tongue pierching has become increasingly popular in the society. Several case reports associated with tongue pierching have presented various complications, such as tooth fracture, viral infection (HIV, Hepatitis B and C, herpes simplex, Epstein Barr), fungal infection (Candida spp), pain, altered taste, edema, paresthesis, gingival recession, prolonged bleeding, contact dermatitis. However, there is no scientific evidence to reveal histopathological change in tongue pierching. The aim of this study is to investigate the inflammation response to tongue pierching in Sprague Dawley rats. Eighteen Sprague Dawley rats were divided into one control group of 3 untreated rats and three experimental groups of 5 rats each, according to the duration of tongue pierching until the end of 1st week (A), 6th week (B), and 12th week (C). At the end of treatments, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed. Paraffin embedded tongue specimens were prepared for histological examination with H&E staining. The number of on inflammatory cells (PMN leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages) was counted under light microscope. All experimental procedures were carried out under approval of study protocol by the Health and Medical Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. The results of this study indicated that the number of PMN leukocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages was increasing to the 1st week after tongue piercing, but the number of PMN leukocytes and macrophages was still increasing after 6th untul 12th weeks of piercing, but the numbers of PMN leukocytes was decreasing. One way ANOVA (p<0.05) showed significant differences in the numbers of PMN leukocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages between the groups of 1st, 6th and 12th weeks after piercing. It was concluded that tongue piercing induce inflammatory response for 12 weeks in Sprague Dawley rats."

"Background: This study aims to determine the association between neuroinflammation and oxidative stress with prognosis of brain injury patients and the association between neurosurgical procedure with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress condititons.

Methods: The study design is a prospective observation of 40 brain injury patients who underwent surgery. IL-6, uric acid, MDA, NR2A antibodies and GSH serum level of pre- and 1 day post-operation on brain injury patients were measured, and their association with GCS, GOS and neurosurgical procedures were analyzed.

Results: The post-operative IL-6 serum level showed a downward trend compared to pre-operative value (mean decrease: -190.61 pg/mL). The post-operative IL-6 level was significantly associated with GCS 7 days post-operation (p = 0.006), with OR 24. The post-operative IL-6 serum level was significantly associated with GOS 3 months post-trauma (p = 0.016) with OR 11.6. The post-operative uric acid serum level showed a downward trend compared to pre-operative value (mean decrease: -0.26 mg/dL). There was a significant difference between the mean value of post-operative uric acid serum level in patients with 7 days post-trauma with GCS ≤ 8 (mean: 4.16 mg/dL) and GCS > 8 (mean: 2.71 mg/dL), (p = 0.042). The post-operative MDA serum level showed a downward trend compared to pre-operative value (mean decrease: -0.08 nmol/mL). There is no significant association between MDA serum level, GCS and GOS and no significant association of NR2A antibody and GSH serum level with GCS, GOS and neurosurgical procedure. From the multivariate analysis, the most important neuroinflammatory variable associated with GCS and GOS is IL-6.

Conclusion: Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may have prognostic values in brain-injured patients, in particular IL-6. Neurosurgical procedures may decrease the neuroinflammation process."

"Kesalahan kognisi dan metakognisi dalam proses penalaran klinis adalah faktor yang paling berperan pada terjadinya kesalahan diagnosis. Lesi jaringan lunak mulut merupakan lesi yang sulit dideteksi maupun didiagnosis dibandingkan dengan lesi karies. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini menentukan intervensi yang paling efektif dalam meningkatkan akurasi deteksi dan diagnosis lesi jaringan lunak mulut. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ekperimental pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Tahap persiapan adalah adaptasi lintas budaya dan pengembangan berbagai instrumen untuk mengukur faktor – faktor yang berperan pada penalaran klinis. Tahap Intervensi adalah mengukur akurasi deteksi dan diagnosis lesi jaringan lunak mulut sebelum dan sesudah intervensi penalaran reflektif dan pendekatan algoritme. Hasil: 44 mahasiswa, didominasi oleh mahasiswi semester satu. Validitas dan reliabilitas DTI dipertanyakan (Cronbach’s alpha 0,632) dan SMQ-II sangat baik (Cronbach’s alpha 0,923). Skor DTI subjek < 150 (75%). Motivasi subjek untuk belajar ilmu penyakit mulut termasuk tinggi (64.8±12.1) terutama pada domain motivasi karir. Faktor afektif subjek berada pada kategori positif. Kesalahan proses diagnosis yang sering terjadi adalah inakurasi bagian kritis dari riwayat penyakit (47.7%). Terdapat penurunan selisih akurasi deteksi dan diagnosis lesi jaringan lunak mulut antara ekaminator dan mahasiswa pada seluruh intervensi. Intervensi pendekatan algoritme meningkatkan sensitivitas akurasi deteksi (40%) dan diagnosis (55.84%) diagnosis utama (n=252 diagnosis).

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Cognitive and metacognitive error in clinical reasoning was the most important factors regarding diagnostic error. Oral soft tissue lesion was considered as hard to detect/diagnose compared to carious lesion. The objectives of this study are to determine interventions which most effective in increasing the oral soft tissue lesion detection and diagnosis. Method: Experimental study on Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia student. The preparation phase comprises cross cultural adaptation and instrument development. The intervention phase measure oral soft tissue lesion detection and diagnosis before and after the reflective reasoning and diagnostic algorithm approach. Result: 44 subjects mostly the first semester dentist profession program female student. Validity and reliability of DTI was questionable (Cronbach’s alpha 0,632) while SMQ-II was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha 0,923). DTI score was < 150 (75%). Subjects’ motivation in learning oral medicine was high (64.8±12.1) particullary on career domain. The diagnostic process error mostly on Inaccurate/misinterpreted critical piece of history data (47.7%). There was a reduction on the difference amount of oral soft tissue lesion detection and diagnosis accuracy between examinator and student on all intervention. However, the diagnostic algorithm approach increasing the oral soft tissue lesion detection (40%) and diagnosis (55.84%) of the adjuvant diagnosis (n= 252 diagnosis)"

"Latar belakang: Celah bibir dan lelangit merupakan anomali bawaan yang paling umumditemui pada regio kraniofasial yang belum diketahui dengan pasti penyebabnya. Padacelah bibir dan lelangit ditemukan adanya jembatan jaringan lunak pada beberapa pasiencelah bibir dan lelangit lengkap, yang dapat disebut dengan soft tissue band. Mekanismeterbentuknya soft tissue band ini belum diketahui dengan pasti. Jembatan jaringan lunakini dapat menghubungkan bagian lateral dan medial celah bibir atau nostril, beberapapada tepi alveolus yang. Soft tissue band memiliki 3 tipe utama yaitu tipe 1 band yangmenghubungkan bibir dengan bibir (Lip-to-lip/Simonart’s band), tipe 2 band yangmenghubungkan bibir dengan alveolus (Lip-to-alveolus/Oblique band), dan tipe 3 bandyang menghubungkan antar alveolus (Alveolus-to-alveolus/Alveolar band). Datamengenai soft tissue band pada pasien celah bibir dan lelangit di Indonesia masih sedikit,karena itu penulis berniat melakukan penelitian ini. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahuiprevalensi pasien celah bibir dan celah lelangit dengan soft tissue band berdasarkan sisicelah dan jenis band pada periode Januari 2013 – Desember 2016 di RSAB Harapan Kita.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif retrospektif denganmenggunakan data sekunder berupa rekam medik klinik CLP RSAB Harapan kita periodeJanuari 2013 sampai dengan Desember 2016. Hasil: Uji Kappa Agreement menunjukkanhasil p>0,61. Terdapat 206 pasien celah bibir dan lelangit tercatat di RSAB Harapan Kitatahun 2013 – 2016. Dari 206 pasien terdapat 32 pasien (15,5%) dengan soft tissue band.Pada tahun 2013 terdapat 14 kasus (43,8%), pada 2014 terdapat 9 kasus (43,8%), pada2015 terdapat 7 kasus (21,9%), dan pada 2016 terdapat 2 kasus (6,3%). Soft tissue bandpaling banyak berada pada tipe celah unilateral yaitu 75% pasien dan celah bilateral 25%pasien. Pada tipe UCLP sebanyak 59,4% kasus pada tipe UCLA 15,6%, pada tipe BCLPterdapat 25%, dan pada tipe BCLA tidak ditemukan kasus soft tissue band. Berdasarkantipe band, 56,3% pasien dengan tipe Simonart’s band (bibir-ke-bibir) paling banyakditemukan, diikuti dengan tipe Oblique band (bibir-ke-alveolus) sebanyak 34,4% pasien,dan tipe Alveolar band (alveolus-ke-alveolus) sebanyak 9,4%. Berdasarkan variasinya,soft tissue band paling banyak ditemukan yaitu, ditutupi kulit sebanyak 90,6% kasus danjaringan mukosa 9,4%. Kesimpulan: Prevalensi soft tissue band pada periode tahun 2013sampai dengan 2016 di RSAB Harapan Kita mengalami penurunan jumlah kasus di setiaptahunnya.

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Background: Cleft lip and palate is the most common congenital anomalies that affect

craniofacial region with the causes is not known for sure. In the cleft lip and palate, soft

tissue band were found in some patients with complete cleft lip and palate. The

mechanism of soft tissue band formation is not known for sure. This soft tissue band can

connect the lateral dan medial cleft lips or nostril, some on the alveolar ridge. Soft Tissue

band have 3 main types, type 1 band that connects lip with lip (Lip-to-lip/Simonart’s

band), type 2 band that connects lip with alveolus (Lip-to-alveolus/oblique band), dan

type 3 band connects between the alveolus (Alveolus-to-alveolus/Alveolar band). The

data regarding soft tissue band in cleft lip and palate patients in Indonesia is still small,

therefore the author wants to do this research. Objective: to determine the prevalence of

patients cleft lip and palate with the soft tissue band based on the side of the cleft and

type of the band in the period January 2013 to December 2016 at RSAB Harapan Kita.

Methods: This research is a retrospective descriptive study using secondary data in the

form of clinical medical records of CLP RSAB Harapan Kita period January 2013 to

December 2016. Results: The Kappa Agreement shows he result of p>0,61. There are

206 patients with cleft lip and palate were record at RSAB Harapan Kita in 2013 – 2016.

From 206 patients there were 32 patients (15,5%) with soft tissue band. In 2013 there

were 14 cases (43,8%), in 2014 there were 9 cases (43,8%), in 2015 there were 7 cases

(21,9%), and in 2016 there were 2 cases (6,3%). Soft tissue band is mostly in the type of

unilateral cleft, which is 75% of patients and bilateral cleft 25% of patients. In the UCLP

type there were 59,4% of cases, 15,6% of UCLA type, 25% of the BCLP type, and no

soft tissue band cases in the BCLA type. Based on band type, 56,3% of patients with

Simonart’s band (lip-to-lip) type were found the most, followed by Oblique band (lip-toalveolus)

type in 34,4% of patients, and Alveolar band (alveolus-to-alveolus) type in

9,4% patients. Based on the variation, soft tissue bands were mostly founds covered with

skin in 90,6% of cases and 9,4% of mucosa tissue. Conclusion: The prevalence of soft

tissue bands in the period 2013 to 2016 at RSAB Harapan Kita has decreased the number

of cases each year."

"Dalam penyembuhan jaringan yang rusak dalam tubuh manusia, sebuah teknik bernama tissue engineering digunakan sebagai “jalur” yang di implantasikan kedalam tubuh sebagai jalur untuk regenerasi. Ini disebut dengan scaffold. Dalam bidang tissue engineering, sebuah metode bernama Organ Printing dikembangkan oleh Dr. Gabor Forgasc. Organ printing adalah sebuah teknik yang dikembangkan untuk mencetak sel baru yang dapat diimplantasikan ke dalam tubuh manusia untuk menggantikan fungsi jaringan organ yang rusak. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mencetak organ dengan material hydrogel gelatin. Sebuah system esktrusi dibuat untuk mencetak scaffold berbahan gelatin. Gelatin yang terekstrusi di karakterisasi dengan mengatur kecepatan dan konsentrasinya. Hasil yang optimal didapat pada kecepatan 800 mm/min dan konsentrasi 25%. Setelah itu, parameter yang optimal tersebut digunakan untuk memfabrikasi scaffold 2 dimensi dengan pola heksagonal dan kuadratik.Lebar garis dan ketebalan yang didapatkan adalah 364 μm dan 8.83 μm.

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In the healing of damaged tissue in humans, a technique called tissue engineering uses a "track" that is implanted in the body as a pathway for regenerating. This “track” is called scaffold. In the field of tissue engineering, a method called Organ Printing was developed by Dr. Gabor Forgasc. Organ printing is a technique that was developed to print new cells that can be implanted inside human body to replace the function of the damaged organ tissue. The main purpose of this research is to print organs with gelatin hydrogel material. An extrusion system is realized to print gelatin scaffold. The extruded gelatin is characterized by modifying its speed and concentration. An optimal result is achieved at the speed of 800 mm/min and 25% concentration. Moreover, the optimal parameter is used to fabricate a 2-dimensional scaffold with hexagonal and quadratic patterns. The line width and thickness that is achieved are 364 !m and 8.83 !m respectively."

"ABSTRAKFabrikasi mikro merupakan teknologi advanced untuk manufaktur produk ukuran kecil yang kini telah diaplikasikan luas dalam berbagai bidang termasuk kesehatan. Tissue engineering adalah salah satu bidang dari aplikasi teknologi ini dengan berfokus pada rekayasa fabrikasi scaffold. Scaffold yang ideal dipersyaratkan memiliki konstruksi yang mirip dengan lingkungan jaringan target dengan struktur 3D, biodegradable, berpori dan vaskularis. Saat ini, hidrogel gelatin merupakan salah satu material biomatriks yang tepat untuk fabrikasi scaffold. Gelatin tersebut dibentuk dengan metode photo-patterning menggunakan sensitizer rose bengal pada panjang gelombang cahaya tampak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan dan merealisasikan bentuk scaffold 2D sebagai dasar pembentukan struktur jaringan 3D. Karakterisasi hasil photo-patterning dilakukan dengan mengukur dimensi pattern width, ketebalan resolusi dan intensitas. Proses ini menghasilkan daerah kerja optimum pada konsentrasi 2% dengan waktu 3 menit.

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ABSTRACTMicrofabrication is an advanced technology for manufacturing products of small size that has now been widely applied in various fields including health area. Tissue engineering becomes ones application of this technology focused on engineering scaffold fabrication. The ideal scaffold required to have a construction similar to the target network environment with a 3D structure, biodegradable, porous and vaskularize. At present, the gelatin hydrogel is appropriate biomatrix material for fabricating the scaffold. Gelatin is formed by photo-patterning method using the sensitizer rose bengal at visible light’s wavelength. This study aims to develop and realize the basic shape of the scaffold 2D as 3D tissue structure formation. Characterization results of photo-patterning is done by measuring the dimensions of the pattern width, thickness and intensity resolution. This process resulted in optimum working area at a concentration of 2% with a time of 3 minutes."

"This book about the cell-surface interaction, studying cell-surface interactions In vitro : a survey of experimental approaches and techniques, harnessing cell-biomaterial interactions for obsteochondral tissue regeneration, interaction of cells with decellularized biological materials, evaluation of biocompatibility using In vitro methods : interpretation and limitations, artificial scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells for hard tissues, bioactive glass-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, microenvironment design for stem cell fate determination, stem cell differentiation depending on different surfaces, designing the biocompatibility of biohybrids, interaction of cartilage and ceramic matrix, and bioresorption and degradation of biomaterials."

"Studi ini merupakan Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Program Petani dan Nelayan Go Online yang telah dirancang oleh Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informasi (KOMINFO) dan dikelola oleh pengembang aplikasi petani dan nelayan. Studi ini menggunakan analisis CIPP (Contex, Input, Process, And Product) dengan Soft Systems Methodology. Program Petani dan Nelayan Go Online merupakan dukungan Pemerintah Indonesia dalam sektor Pertanian dan Perikanan yang menggunakan teknologi ekonomi digital. Tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk melihat dampak yang dihasilkan dari pemakaian aplikasi pada Petani dan Nelayan. Dalam pelaksanaan Program Petani dan Nelayan Go Online terdapat ketidaksesuaian konsep program antara penyelenggara dan pengelola program kemudian berdasarkan aspek pemberdayaan. Keberlanjutan pelaksanaan program diinginkan oleh Petani dan Nelayan agar kegiatan pemberdayaan tetap dapat terlaksana. Pendekatan yang dilakukan adalah paradigma interpretatif untuk dapat memahami dan menganalisis seluruh pihak yang terkait dalam Program Petani dan Nelayan Go Online untuk mendukung evaluasi program.

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This study is an evaluation of the implementation of the Go Online Farmer and Fisherman Program that has been designed by the Ministry of Communication and Information (KOMINFO) and is managed by a farmer and fisherman application developer. This study uses CIPP analysis (Contex, Input, Process, And Product) with Soft Systems Methodology. The Go Online Farmer and Fisherman Program is the support of the Indonesian Government in the Agriculture and Fisheries sector that uses digital economy technology. The research objective is to see the impact resulting from the use of the application on farmers and fishermen. In the implementation of the Go Online Farmer and Fisherman Program, there is a mismatch in the program concept between the organizer and the program manager based on the aspect of empowerment. Farmers and fishermen want the sustainability of program implementation so that empowerment activities can still be carried out. The approach taken is an interpretive paradigm to be able to understand and analyze all parties involved in the Go Online Farmers and Fishermen Program to support program evaluation."