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"Dental implants have become an accepted form of permanent tooth replacement. Successful dental implant treatment requires knowledge of the precise location in connection with critical structures in maxillae and mandible. Injury to the nerve canal or perforation of maxillary antrum can cause paresthesia or antral infection that may leads to failure of the treatment. Measuring the height and width of residual alveolar ridge is necessary to select the appropriately sized implant as well as to assure the adequacy of bone. Presurgical radiographic evaluation of dental implants plays very important role in the success of implant treatment procedure. Various imaging modalities from conventional intraoral radiographs to more sophisticated and modern ones can be used for this purpose. The conventional imaging modalities have very limitted diagnostic information in accordance with details and accurate in bone evaluation of the implants sites. On the other hand, modern imaging modalities such as Dental CT have been proven to produce excellent image either for measuring or detailed evaluating the sites. Selecting the appropriate imaging modality will be one of the key to success in dental implant treatment."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 284-287Radiographic examination has a very important role in dental implant treatment, including preoperative planning and intra operative and postoperative assessment. ln preoperative planning, radiographic examination has an ability to visualize critical mandibular anatomic organ such as mandibular foramen, mandibular canals, and mental foramina, which will guide the choice of implant length, diameter, and position. Besides, it also can reveal variation of quality and quantity of the jaw bone. Radiographic examination for postoperative assessment of dental implant is usually addressed for evaluation of implant position. Development and application modem imaging modalities in dento-maxillofacial radiology have very important role for better accuracy and more comprehensive dental implant treatment. One of modern radiographic imaging technique for this purpose is conventional linier tomography. This modality yields visualization of bone quality and quantity in high detail and accuracy, including bone condition in buccallingual dimension. Thus the choice of implan type, shape and size can be obtained precisely and furthermore reducing iatrogenic damage of critical anatomic organ. Radiation dose of conventional linier tomography is relatively lower comparing with other modern imaging modalities such as CT scan, besides that it also has lower cost so it has beneficial economical point. However, for a certain case and condition, there will be some need for combining conventional linier tomography with other technique, such as the panoramic and periapical technique."

"ABSTRAKAsthma is a common chronic inflammatory condition of the lung airways whose cause is incompletely understood. A variety of disorders can result in asthma. The most common is an inheritet immunologic abnormality that allows inhalet antigens (allergens) to trigger a hypersensitivy response mediated by immunoglobulin E (Ig F) and thus produce bronchial narrowing. The circumstances leading to an episode of asthma should be analyzed to identify possible precipitating factors. In oral infection focus may be important in precipitating attacks. Asthma medications can contibute to xerostomia making individuals who use medications more susceptible to caries and periodontal disease. The goal of the dental management of the patient asthma is to avoid precipitating an acute attack. Report of case: Oral treatment for an elamination of the causes of infection focus for girls at 11 years old."

"Pemasangan implan gigi sudah dilakukan di Klinik Periodonsia Rumah Sakit Khusus Gigi dan Mulut Universitas Indonesia sejak tahun 2009. Evaluasi jangka panjang kondisi klinis implan gigi belum pernah dilakukan di RSKGM FKG UI dan Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi kondisi klinis jaringan peri-implan paska perawatan implan gigi di Klinik Periodonsia RSKGM FKG UI periode pemasangan tahun 2009-2014. Metode Penelitian: Subjek terdiri dari 11 pasien dengan 29 implan gigi. Pemeriksaan klinis terdiri dari pemeriksaan indeks kebersihan mulut, kegoyangan implan gigi, kedalaman probing, resesi gingiva, kehilangan perlekatan klinis dan perdarahan gingiva. Hasil: Kegoyangan implan gigi tidak ditemukan. Perdarahan gingiva terdapat pada 72,4 implan gigi. Rerata kedalaman probing 3,97 1,35 mm, resesi gingiva 0,45 0,57 mm, dan kehilangan perlekatan klinis 0,62 0,82 mm. Analisis statistik menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan kedalaman probing, kehilangan perlekatan klinis dan perdarahan gingiva berdasarkan indeks kebersihan mulut yang berbeda, namun terdapat perbedaan resesi gingiva berdasarkan indeks kebersihan mulut yang berbeda. Kesimpulan: Evaluasi klinis jaringan peri-implan memberikan hasil yang baik.

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Dental implant treatment has been done in Periodontal Clinic Rumah Sakit Khusus Gigi dan Mulut Universitas Indonesia since 2009. There is no long term clinical evaluation of dental implant in RSKGM FKG UI and Indonesia.

Aim: To evaluate the peri implant tissue after dental implant placement in Periodontal Clinic RSKGM FKG UI 2009 2014.

Method: There were 11 patients with 29 dental implants. Clinical evaluation consists of oral hygiene measurement, mobility test, probing measurement, gingival bleeding test, and measurement of gingival recession and clinical attachment loss.

Results: There was no implant mobility. Gingival bleeding found in 72,4 of the dental implant. The mean probing depth 3,97 1,35 mm, gingival recession 0,45 0,57 mm, and clinical attachment loss 0,62 0,82mm. There was no statistical difference in probing depth, loss of attachment, and gingival bleeding compared with different oral hygiene, but there was statistical difference in gingival recession compared with different oral hygiene.

Conclusion: Clinical evaluation of peri implant tissue showed good condition. "

"Latar belakang: Gigi tiruan dukungan implan, salah satu perawatan kehilangan gigi terbaik, diterima luas di seluruh dunia. Namun, penggunaannya di Indonesia masih relatif rendah. Studi terkait kesadaran (awareness), pengetahuan (knowledge), dan sikap (attitude) terhadap implan gigi telah banyak dilakukan di negara lain, tetapi belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengembangkan kuesioner kesadaran, pengetahuan, dan sikap pasien terhadap implan gigi yang valid dan reliabel. Metode: Penelitian kualitatif melalui studi literatur pada 9 studi, wawancara semi-struktur 8 pakar implan dan 10 subjek kehilangan gigi, focus group discussion, dan uji-coba kuesioner. Penelitian kuantitatif pada 227 subjek untuk pengujian validitas dan reliabilitas kuesioner. Hasil: Kuesioner final 28 item (domain kesadaran, pengetahuan, dan sikap) berhasil dikembangkan dengan validitas isi (content validity) dan validitas muka (face validity) terpenuhi. Analisis faktor dapat dilakukan pada ketiga domain berdasarkan hasil Uji Kaiser-Meyer Olkin (KMO) dan Uji Bartlett (0,680;P<0,05| 0,922;P<0,05| 0,849;P<0,05). Uji validitas konvergen dan uji konsistensi internal Cronbach’s alpha menghasilkan nilai baik pada domain kesadaran (r=0,736; P<0,05; α=0,848), domain pengetahuan (r=0,616; P<0,05; α=0,922), dan domain sikap (r=0,658; P<0,05; α=0,794). Kesimpulan: Kuesioner kesadaran, pengetahuan, dan sikap pasien terhadap perawatan dengan implan gigi teruji valid dan reliabel untuk mengevaluasi kesadaran, pengetahuan, dan sikap pasien terhadap perawatan dengan implan gigi di Indonesia.

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Background: Implant-supported prosthesis, one of the best treatment for tooth loss, are widely accepted worldwide. However, its utilization is still relatively low in Indonesia. Studies related to awareness, knowledge, and attitude towards dental implants have been conducted in many other countries, but there has been no study in Indonesia. Objective: To develop a valid and reliable questionnaire on patient awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards dental implants. Methods: Qualitative study was done through literature review on 9 studies, semi-structured interviews with 8 implant experts and 10 tooth loss subjects, focus group discussion, and pre-testing. Quantitative study on 227 subjects for validity and reliability test. Results: The final questionnaire of 28 items (awareness, knowledge, and attitude domains) was successfully developed with achieved content validity and face validity. Factor analysis can be performed on all three domains based on the results of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Test (KMO) and Bartlett Test (0.680;P<0.05| 0.922;P<0.05| 0.849;P<0.05). The convergent validity and Cronbach's alpha internal consistency were high in awareness domain (r=0.736; P<0.05; α=0.848), knowledge domain (r=0.616; P<0.05; α=0.922), and attitude domain (r=0.658; P<0.05; α=0.794). Conclusion: The questionnaire developed was valid and reliable to evaluate patient awareness, knowledge, and attitudes towards dental implant treatment in Indonesia."

"Latar Belakang: Perawatan implan gigi adalah perawatan penggantian gigi hilang dengan angka kesuksesan tinggi. Evaluasi radiologis perawatan implan gigi berguna untuk menilai ketahanan dan kesuksesan jangka panjang perawatan. Tujuan: Menganalisis kehilangan tulang krestal peri-implan gigi melalui evaluasi radiologis dan hubungannya dengan faktor risiko. Metode: Studi pada 29 implan gigi. Dilakukan pencatatan data status pasien kemudian pembuatan radiograf periapikal digital dengan teknik paralel. Analisis radiologis kehilangan tulang krestal peri-implan gigi di mesial dan distal. Hasil: Rerata kehilangan tulang krestal mesial 1,26±0,15 mm dan distal 1,42±0,17 mm dengan angka kesuksesan sebesar 93,1%. Tidak terdapat korelasi kehilangan tulang krestal peri-implan gigi dengan letak implan di maksila dan mandibula; letak implan di regio anterior dan posterior; dan jenis implan gigi bone level dan tissue level (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Hasil evaluasi radiografis implan gigi di Klinik Spesialis Periodonsia FKG UI  sukses.

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Background: Dental implant treatment is an alternative for the replacement of teeth that has a high success rate. Radiographic evaluation of implant treatment is useful for a a long term evaluation. Aim: To evaluate implant treatments by analysing the condition of the bones around dental implants using radiography, as well as determine dental implant correlation with associated factors. Methods: A total of 29 dental Implant were assessed. Radiographic evaluations were carried out using a periapical radiographic dental x-ray unit and converted into digital images. Crestal bone loss was analysed on mesial and distal aspect. Result: The mean crestal bone loss on mesial aspect was  1.26±0.15 mm and distal aspect was 1.42±0.17 mm with the success rate of 91.6%. There are no statistically significant correlations between crestal bone loss and the location of the implant (maxilla or mandible), anteroposterior site, and type of implant (bone level and tissue level). Conclusion: The radiographic evaluation of dental implants demonstrated successful results."

"Jika sebuah atau beberapa gigi hilang, maka dibutuhkan perawatan untuk menggantikan gigi-gigi tersebut. Salah satu perawatannya adalah dengan Gigi Tiruan Jembatan. Untuk mendapatkan Gigi Tiruan Jembatan yang optimal dibutuhkan preparasi gigi penyangga yang optimal pula yang sesuai dengan prinsip preparasi, tanpa membahayakan pulpa dan jaringan sekitar. Salah satu prinsip yang harus diketahui adalah mengenai banyaknya pengambilan jaringan mahkota gigi penyangga. Mahasiswa profesi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia diharapkan dapat menerapkan pemahaman teori mengenai prinsip preparasi gigi penyangga pada perawatan dengan Gigi Tiruan Jembatan pada aplikasi klinis. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui seberapa jauh hal ini dapat tercapai dengan melihat banyaknya pengambilan jaringan gigi penyangga. Data dikumpulkan dari 11 model studi dan 11 model kerja secara konsekutif, sehingga terdapat 21 elemen gigi penyangga yang dievaluasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan satu kali pengamatan dan oleh satu orang peneliti. Hasil yang didapat adalah rata-rata pengambilan jaringan mahkota gigi posterior atas pada aspek aksial yaitu berkisar antara 0,6 sampai 1,4 mm; dan pada aspek oklusal berkisar antara 1,3 sampai 1,7 mm, sedangkan rata-rata pengambilan jaringan mahkota gigi posterior bawah pada aspek aksial berkisar antara 0,5 sampai 2,0 mm; dan pada aspek oklusal berkisar antara 1,5 sampai 1,8 mm. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar mahasiswa profesi belum mengaplikasikan prinsip dan teknik preparasi dengan benar, terutama mengenai banyaknya pengambilan jaringan gigi penyangga pada aspek aksial.

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When a tooth was missing in dental arch, treatment to replace that condition is needed. Fixed Partial Dentures is considered as one of the most popular treatment of choice in order to replace a missing tooth or teeth. To have a success Fixed Partial Dentures, an optimal abutment teeth preparation should meet the principal of tooth preparation, without dangering pulp and surrounding tissues. One of the principles that must be known is the depth reduction of abutment teeth. Dental student are expected to have the ability in implementation of their knowledge to the real clinical work. This study was conducted to investigate how much the depth of an abutment tooth/ teeth reduction done by dental student at Prosthodontics Departement of Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia. The data were collected from 11 study models and 11 working models concecutively, hence 21 abutment teeth were evaluated. The research was done by one time evaluation and by one researcher. From the data evaluated, it can be reported that the average depth of axial reduction of posterior maxillary abutment teeth is 0,6 - 1,4 mm and occclusal reduction ranged between 1,3 - 1,7 mm in comparison to the axial reduction of posterior mandibulary abutment teeth that ranged between 0,5 - 2,0 mm and occlusal reduction ranged between 1,5 - 1,8 mm. Therefore, it can be concluded that the knowledge they mastered for Fixed Partial Dentures regarding abutment teeth preparation has not been implemented optimally, especially for axial reduction."

"Selection of the whitening technique for tooth whitening in pediatric use should be based on the types of the stains and discoloration, and depth of the stains. if superficial, stains can be removed by microabrasion, but for deeper stains bleaching materials must be used. Use the bleaching materials or bleaching product should also be based on the concentration of active ingredient, the viscosity of the product, and tooth sensitivity."

"Perawatan dengan gigi tiruan cekat merupakan perawatan yang cukup banyak dilakukan untuk mengatasi kasus kehilangan gigi. Salah satu perawatan dengan gigi tiruan cekat adalah gigi tiruan jembatan. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan perawatan dengan gigi tiruan jembatan. Preparasi gigi merupakan hal yang paling penting karena preparasi gigi akan menghasilkan bentuk untuk menjadi fondasi bagi gigi tiruan tersebut. Preparasi gigi penyangga yang optimal untuk pembuatan gigi tiruan jembatan sukar dilakukan dengan sempurna. Pada preparasi gigi penyangga, syarat mekanis untuk mendapatkan retensi dan resistensi yang baik adalah pembentukan dinding aksial dengan derajat kemiringan/konvergensi tertentu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat derajat konvergensi mesiodistal pada preparasi gigi penyangga berdasarkan lokasi gigi di RSGMP FKG UI. Data diperoleh dari 20 model kerja yang didapat dari pasien gigi tiruan jembatan di klinik Prostodonsia RSGMP FKG UI secara konsekutif. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 40 gigi penyangga yang telah dipreparasi dengan satu kali pengamatan terhadap sudut konvergensi mesiodistal menggunakan kamera digital. Setelah itu dihitung rata-rata sudut konvergensi mesiodistal yang dibentuk dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan lokasi gigi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sudut konvergensi mesiodistal yang paling kecil dibentuk adalah pada preparasi gigi anterior rahang atas kiri dan sudut konvergensi mesiodistal yang terbesar adalah pada preparasi gigi molar rahang atas kiri. Berdasarkan penelitian tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin posterior lokasi gigi yang dipreparasi, semakin besar derajat konvergensi mesiodistal yang dibentuk. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan karena akses untuk gigi posterior lebih sulit, yaitu berkaitan dengan visualisasi yang terbatas. Selain itu, gigi posterior memiliki bentuk anatomis dengan keliling/diameter permukaan yang lebih besar dibanding dengan gigi anterior sehingga sulit untuk mendeteksi sudut dengan derajat kecil.

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Fixed prostheses is becoming more frequent and common treatment in field of dentistry for replacing a missing tooth. An example of such treatment is by utilizing a bridge. There are a number of factors that influences the successful outcome of bridge work treatment. Tooth preparation is considered as the most important stage in any dental restoration because it serves as the foundation in any restoration procedure. Optimal abutment tooth preparation in bridge construction is usually difficult and is rarely achieved perfectly. During abutment tooth preparation, mechanical requirements for good retention and resistance can be obtained by a form of convergence angle/taper. The objective of this study is to investigate the degree of mesiodistal convergence in abutment tooth preparation based on tooth location in Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia. The data used are extracted consecutively from 20 working models developed for bridge patients in the hospital, and with 40 abutment teeth already prepared from a single observation of mesiodistal convergence angle using a digital camera. Mesiodistal convergence angle are measured in order to derive average values and, than, to be grouped based on teeth locations. This study reveals that the smallest mesiodistal convergence angle is formed in left upper jaw anterior tooth preparation, while left upper jaw molar tooth preparation produced the largest mesiodistal convergence angle. Based on the analysis derived in this study, it can be concluded that when the location of the treated tooth is more posterior, the angle of mesiodistal convergence will become larger. This may be due to the fact that posterior teeth are normally more difficult to be reached since visually it is more limited. In addition, posterior teeth have larger surface area due to wider circumference or diameter compared to anterior teeth and, hence, causing more difficulties in detecting angle with less degrees."