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"One of important mechanisms considered effective to protect civil and political rights of thecitizens in Indonesia is constitutional review. This mechanism was created after the constitutionalreform by establishing the new Constitutional Court in 2003 as an independent and separatecourt from the Supreme Court. This article examines the development of human rights guaranteedin the Indonesian Constitution. It also provides a critical analysis of the Constitutional Court?srole in protecting civil and political rights in Indonesia through its landmark decisions on fivecategories, namely: (1) freedom of assembly and association; (2) freedom of opinion, speech andexpression; (3) freedom of religion; (4) right to life; and (5) due process of law. This researchwas conducted based on qualitative research methodology. It used a non-doctrinal approach byresearching the socio-political impacts of the Constitutional Court?s decisions. Although there arestill inconsistencies in its decisions, the research concludes that the Constitutional Court has takena step forward for a better protection of civil and political rights in Indonesia that never existedprior to the reform.Salah satu mekanisme yang dianggap efektif untuk melindungi hak sipil dan politik warga negaradi Indonesia adalah pengujian konstitusional. Mekanisme ini dibentuk pasca reformasi konstitusidengan mendirikan Mahkamah Konstitusi pada 2003 sebagai peradilan yang independen danterpisah dari Mahkamah Agung. Artikel ini menganalisa perkembangan hak asasi manusiayang dijamin di dalam UUD 1945. Selain itu, artikel ini juga memberikan analisa kritis terhadapperan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam perlindungan hak sipil dan politik di Indonesia melaluiputusan-putusan pentingnya (landmark decisions) pada lima kategori, yaitu: (1) kebebasanuntuk bekumpul dan berserikat; (2) kebebasan berpendapat, berbicara, dan berekspresi; (3)kebebasan beragama; (4) hak untuk hidup; dan (5) proses peradilan yang adil. Penelitian inidilakukan berdasarkan pada metodologi penelitian kualitatif dan menggunakan pendekatannon-doktrinal dengan meneliti dampak sosio-politik dari putusan-putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi.Meskipun masih terdapat inkonsistensi di dalam putusannya, penelitian ini menyimpulkanbahwa Mahkamah Konstitusi telah memberikan kontribusi satu langkah ke depan yang lebih baikterhadap perlindungan hak sipil dan politik di Indonesia yang tidak pernah terjadi sebelum erareformasi."

"ABSTRAKDua unsur pokok dalam perkawinan di Indonesia adalah keabsahan perkawinanyang penilaiannya didasarkan hukum agama dan kepercayaan, serta pencatatan perkawinan, sebagai proses administratif pengenalan negara terhadap perkawinan sah tersebut. Ketentuan perundang-undang yang berlaku mengatur adanya perbedaan pencatatan perkawinan bagi pemeluk agama Islam dan selain Islam. Perbedaan dimaksud bukan hanya pada perbedaan lembaga pencatatan perkawinan, mekanisme proses dan bukti formal pengenalan negara atas suatu perkawinan sah, namun secara filosofis terletak pada perbedaan pilihan keterlibatan negara dalam memastikan tegaknya hukum agama pada konteks perkawinan. Penulis meninjau sejauh mana dualisme pencatatan perkawinan ini diciptakan dan diimplementasikan dalam rangka usaha negara memberikan jaminan konstitusional perlindungan hak sipil. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis-normatif, mengacu pada norma-norma hukum yang tertuang dalam peraturan perundang-undangan dan doktrin. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder berupa bahan kepustakaan, dengan dilengkapi bahan primer yang didapat dari hasil wawancara dengan beberapa narasumber. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh berdasarkan analisis teoritis atas fakta lapangan yang ditemukan adalahbahwa dualisme pencatatan perkawinan lahir berdasarkan tiga alasan fundamental, yaitu perbedaan filosofi perkawinan Islam dan selain Islam, latar belakang politik hukum yang mendorong lahirnya regulasi bercorak Keislaman dan karakteristik Keislaman pada bangsa Indonesia. Dengan demikian dualisme pencatatan perkawinan justru hadir sebagai bentuk peran negara memberikan jaminan perlindungan hak sipil secara adil dan maksimal bagi seluruh penduduk dan warganegara. Namun Implementasi dualisme pencatatan memunculkan dampakdampak negatif yang kemudian menimbulkan kesan ketidaksetaraan, sehingga implementasi dualisme pencatatan perkawinan belum sepenuhnya mewujudkan komitmen negara atas jaminan konstitusional perlindungan hak sipil

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ABSTRACTTwo principal elements of marriage in Indonesia are the validity of marriagebased on the law of each religion and belief, and the registration of marriage as an administrative process for such marriage to be recognized by the government. The prevailing laws regulate differently between the registration of marriage for Moslem and non-Moslem. The distinctions are more than just difference in registry institutions, the mechanism and process for marriage and marriage registration and also the formal documents of state recognition of such marriage, but the philosophical difference lie in the different choice of state involvement to ensure the upright of religion laws on marriage. The Author observed and studied how this dualism were created and implemented as part of state responsibility to ensure the protection of civil rights. This study was conducted with a juridicalnormative method, where the research refers to norms which are stated on positive law and/or doctrine. The data used are secondary data from the literature, and also supported with primary data obtained from interviews with several sources. In conclusion based on a theoretical analysis of the field facts, dualism of marriage registration were created based on three fundamental reasons, which is the philosophical difference between Muslim and non-Muslim marriage, law politics background that encourage the creation of regulation with Islamic pattern and alsothe Islamic characteristic of Indonesian. Therefore the dualism of marriageregistration is precisely a form of state role to ensure the protection of civil rights for all citizens and residents. However, the implementation of such dualism leads to some negative impacts which then create the impression of inequality, thus the implementation of dualism of marriage registration has not completely materialize the state commitment to ensure the constitutional protection of civil rights."

"Together with the expansive process of human rights constitutional declarations, in addition to the writ of habeas corpus and of habeas data, Latin American constitutions created a specific judicial remedy for the protection of constitutional rights, known as the suit, action, recourse, or writ of amparo. After spreading throughout Latin America, it was incorporated in the American Convention of Human Rights. It is similar to the 'injunctions' and the other equitable remedies of the United States legal system. This book examines, with a comparative constitutional law approach, trends in the constitutional and legal regulations in all Latin American countries regarding the amparo proceeding. It is an abridged version of the course of lectures the author gave at the Columbia Law School analyzing the regulations of the seventeen amparo statutes in force in Latin America, as well as the regulation on the amparo guarantee established in Article 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights."