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ABSTRACTBilateral Investment Treaties: History, Policy, and Interpretation organizes, summarizes and comments upon the arbitral awards interpreting and applying BIT provisions. Policymakers and practitioners will find a thorough introduction to the operation of the BITs, including the principal arguments and case authorities on both sides of the major issues in international investment law. The book is intended to be a single-volume reference covering every important development in the 50 years of BIT programs worldwide, from 1959 until 2009.Author Kenneth Vandevelde argues that the primary purpose of the BITs is to promote the application of the rule of law to foreign investment, while a secondary purpose is to create a liberal investment regime. He further argues that BITs are based on six core principles: reasonableness, security, nondiscrimination, access, transparency and due process. The book explains each of these principles and analyzes the major BIT provisions based on them. Vandevelde addresses the host of complex questions that BITs engender: Do bilateral investment treaties attract foreign investment or otherwise contribute to economic development? Do BITs limit host state regulatory discretion too much? Why should countries continue to conclude BITs? What is meant by BIT guarantees of "fair and equitable treatment" and "full protection and security"? What is the scope of the BIT provision for most-favored-nation treatment? The book's expert analysis of these questions makes it useful to policy makers in the area of international economic relations, attorneys representing multinational companies, and anyone interested in the process of economic globalization."

"EU is Switzerland's most important partner, intern of politic, cultural and economic. By far, economic integration has been achieved through sector by sector bilateral negotiations. This happens since Swiss particular system, such as direct democracy system, refrains Switzerland for fall economic and politic integration. Regarding the EU enlargement, Switzerland believes this will promote positive impact in Europe. Furthermore, bilateral agreement II is aimed to extend corporation with EU in various sector, such as economic and politics, ft is a long term goal of Switzerland for full accession as full EU member."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas ketentuan State of Necessity dalam Bilateral Investment Treaty ldquo ("BIT") rdquo sebagai dasar bagi para pihak dalam BIT untuk mengesampingkan pelaksanaan tanggung jawab negara atas tindakan pelanggaran kewajiban internasional dalam BIT Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan studi kasus atas sengketa LG&E Energy Corp, LG&E Capital Corp, LG&E International Inc ldquo ("LG&E") rdquo melawan Republik Argentina melalui pendekatan metode yuridis normatif Permasalahan utama dari penerapan State of Necessity dalam kasus tersebut antara lain sifat self judging klausul State of Necessity dalam BIT serta akibat penerapan State of Necessity terhadap keberlakuan BIT dan kewajiban pemberian ganti rugi Hasil pembahasan skripsi ini menyarankan perlunya pengaturan State of Necessity dalam BIT yang disepakati oleh setiap negara termasuk dalam BIT yang disepakati oleh Indonesia untuk menyeimbangkan kewajiban perlindungan investasi dan kepentingan esensial negara.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis explores the provision of State of Necessity in Bilateral Investment Treaty ldquo ("BIT") rdquo as a basis for the Parties to preclude the implementation of state responsibility against its wrongful act violating international obligations of BIT. The analysis will be conducted with regard to the case of LG&E Energy Corp, LG&E Capital Corp, LG&E International Inc ldquo ("LG&E") rdquo against Argentine Republic by using normative legal method The main problems of the implementation of state of necessity in the case are the self judging characteristic of State of Necessity provision in BIT and the consequences of its implementation on the enforceability of BIT and the obligation of reparation The result of this thesis suggest the importance of the regulation of State of Necessity in the BIT including the BIT agreed by Indonesia in order to balance investment protection and the safeguarding of essential interests of the State."

"The goal of this work is to explore,examine and analyze how much of an impact BITs can lawfully have on the choices vailable to governments to take necessary measures for the protection of health safety,the environment and human rights

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"[Bilateral Investment Treaty merupakan perjanjian internasional antara dua negara yang berfungsi untuk melindungi kepentingan investor asing dan host state. Klausul ekspropriasi merupakan salah satu kalusul penting dalam BIT guna melindungi hak investor asing dari perampasan property secara langsung maupun kerugian lain yang mungkin timbul. Ekspropriasi terbagi menjadi indirect expropriation dan indirect expropriation. Thesis ini mencoba mengalisis ruang lingkup dari indirect expropriation dalam hubungannya dengan kedaulatan negaradalam mengambil kebijakan berdasarkan pada hukum internasional;Bilateral Investment Treaty is a treaty between two States which functions to protect investor?s interest, as well as, the host state?s. Expropriation clause is one of the importent clauses in BITs to protect the right of foreign investor from the act of confiscation of property directly, and its subsequent injuries. Expropriation consists of direct expropriation and indirect expropriation. This thesis tries toanalyze the scope of indirect expropriation, related to the State?s sovereignty in taking policies based on international law.;Bilateral Investment Treaty is a treaty between two States which functions toprotect investor?s interest, as well as, the host state?s. Expropriation clause is oneof the importent clauses in BITs to protect the right of foreign investor from theact of confiscation of property directly, and its subsequent injuries. Expropriationconsists of direct expropriation and indirect expropriation. This thesis tries toanalyze the scope of indirect expropriation, related to the State?s sovereignty intaking policies based on international law., Bilateral Investment Treaty is a treaty between two States which functions toprotect investor’s interest, as well as, the host state’s. Expropriation clause is oneof the importent clauses in BITs to protect the right of foreign investor from theact of confiscation of property directly, and its subsequent injuries. Expropriationconsists of direct expropriation and indirect expropriation. This thesis tries toanalyze the scope of indirect expropriation, related to the State’s sovereignty intaking policies based on international law.]"

"Bilateral Investment Treaty (“BIT”) Indonesia dan Singapura yang dibentuk pada tahun 2005 diputuskan untuk tidak dilanjutkan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia pada tahun 2016 karena Pemerintah Indonesia memilih untuk menegosiasikan BIT yang baru. Pada tahun 2018, Pemerintah Indonesia dan Pemerintah Singapura telah berhasil membentuk BIT dengan ketentuan yang jauh berbeda dibandingkan dengan BIT terdahulu. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk meneliti perbandingan ketentuan dalam BIT Indonesia dan Singapura tahun 2005 dengan BIT dan Singapura tahun 2018. Selain itu, penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengetahui dampak BIT terhadap penanaman modal asing langsung di Indonesia. Bentuk penelitian ini bersifat yuridis-normatif dengan tipologi deskriptif analitis yang didukung oleh studi bahan pustaka dan wawancara sebagai alat pengumpul data. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa BIT Indonesia dan Singapura tahun 2018 dirumuskan secara lebih terperinci dan jelas dan memasukan banyak safeguard di dalamnya. Selain itu, BIT diketahui tidak memiliki dampak langsung untuk mendorong nilai investasi asing di Indonesia, tetapi kehadiran BIT tetap diperlukan untuk memberikan perlindungan dan meningkatkan kepercayaan investor Singapura, mendorong pembentukan iklim peraturan yang baik, dan pelengkap instrumen hukum perlindungan investasi. Saran yang dapat diberikan adalah Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal dalam merumuskan perjanjian investasi internasional kedepannya tetap mempertahankan rumusan perjanjian investasi yang jelas dan rinci demi menghindari penafsiran yang berbeda antara host state dengan penanam modal.

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Bilateral Investment Treaty (“BIT”) between Indonesia and Singapore that was signed in 2005 was discontinued by the Government of Indonesia in 2016 because the Government of Indonesia elected to renegotiate a new BIT. In 2018, the Government of Indonesia and the Government of Singapore successfully agreed on a new BIT with new and different provisions. This research tries to do a comparative analysis on the BIT Indonesia and Singapore 2005 and BIT Indonesia and Singapore 2018. This research also looks to determine the impact of BIT on foreign direct investment. The research method of this thesis is juridical-normative with a descriptive research approach through literature review and desk study, and key informant interviews as a tool for collecting data. This research concludes that BIT Indonesia and Singapore 2018 was formulated with more details, containing explicit clauses and safeguards. This thesis also argues that BIT does not have any direct impact on increasing foreign direct investment in Indonesia. Nevertheless, the presence of BIT is still necessary and effective to provide protection of investment and increase investor confidence, encourage the creation of favourable regulatory climate, and complement other legal instruments for investment protection. In the future, the Indonesian Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) should seek to establish international investment agreements that maintain

a clear and detailed clause of investment agreements in order to avoid different interpretations between the host state and investors."

"Pada skripsi ini dibahas mengenai konsep perlindungan investor di dalam Perjanjian Bilateral Investasi (Bilateral Investment Treaty/BIT) dan definisi seputar investasi dan penanaman modal asing merujuk kepada pengertian secara global dan definisinya sesuai dengan perundang-undangan Indonesia. Selain itu, di dalam skripsi ini akan diberikan pula definisi seputar BIT dengan menyertakan contoh BIT Inggris-Indonesia sebagai kajian utama dan dua buah kasus arbitrase internasional terkait penanaman modal asal Inggris di Indonesia, yaitu kasus Churchill Mining Plc melawan Pemerintah Indonesia dan kasus Rafat Ali Rizvi melawan Pemerintah Indonesia. Dua buah kasus ini kemudian dibandingkan dan dijadikan patokan bagi Penulis untuk menentukan sejauh mana BIT Inggris- Indonesia dalam melindungi penanaman modal yang dilakukan oleh penanam modal asal Inggris.

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The main discussion of this thesis is the concept of investor protection in the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) and the global definition of foreign investment and its definition referring to Indonesian Law. This definition of BIT will be provided in this thesis with also a study of BIT between UK and Indonesia, and two cases related to British investment in Indonesia as examples. These cases are the dispute between Churchill Mining Plc and The Government of Indonesia and Rafat Ali Rizvi and The Government of Indonesia. These two cases will be compared and used as a benchmark for the Author to determine the extent to which the UK-Indonesia BIT protection protects the investment made by UK investors."