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"ABSTRAKPerkawinan yang sah dilakukan menurut hukum agama dan kepercayaan serta dilakukan pencatatan menurut perundang-undangan. Pencatatan perkawinan dilakukan oleh pejabat pencatat perkawinan dan bentuk dari pencatatan tersebut adalah dikeluarkannya akta nikah akta perkawinan . Sebagai hasil dari keputusan tata usaha negara, akta nikah akta perkawinan dapat menjadi obyek sengketa pengadilan tata usaha negara. Akta nikah akta perkawinan jika ditinjau dari hukum perkawinan, bagi subyek yang melakukan perkawinan merupakan perbuatan hukum perdata, sedangkan menurut Pasal 2 huruf a Undang-Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 2004 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1986 diatur bahwa, ldquo;Tidak termasuk Keputusan Tata Usaha Negra menurut undang-undang ini Keputusan Hukum Perdata rdquo;. Tesis ini membahas mengenai bagaimana Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara memandang kedudukan anak dalam proses pembatalan akta perkawinan ibunya sedangkan dalam hukum perkawinan Indonesia yang diatur dalam pasal 23 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan, anak bukanlah pihak yang berhak membatalkan perkawinan, serta akan membahas pula akibat yang timbul dari pembatalan akta nikah akta perkawinan melalui pengadilan tata usaha negara. Tesis ini menggunakan penelitian hukum yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian untuk mengetahui sinkronisasi peraturan-peraturan hukum tentang pembatalan perkawinan yang dilakukan oleh anak melalui Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara yaitu dengan mempelajari, meneliti dan menganalisis masalah dengan menggunakan berbagai literature, baik berupa buku-buku, artikel, peraturan perundang-undangan, dokumen-dokumen dan yang lainnya.

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ABSTRACTA marriage is valid if it was conducted according to religion and belief laws and registered according to the regulations. Marriage registration done by marriage register officer and its registration is in the form of a marriage certificate marriage deed . As a result of State Administrative Decree, a marriage certificate marriage deed can be as an object of dispute in the administrative court. According to the marriage law, a marriage certificate marriage deed related to subject who was married constitutes as an act of civil law. While according to article 2 point a Law Number 9 of 2004 regarding Amendment of the Law Number 5 of 1986 is regulated that, ldquo Decree of Civil Law is not included in the scope of the State Administrative Decree according to this law rdquo . This thesis discussed about how Administrative Court considers a position of child in the process of their mother rsquo s marriage certificate revocation while in Indonesia marriage law as regulated in article 23 of the Law Number 1 of 1974, a child is not entitled to revoke a marriage and also discuss the consequences arising from revocation marriage certificate marriage deed through the administrative court. This thesis is using juridical normative i.e. the research to know synchronization about laws regulations regarding revocation of a marriage carried out by child through the administrative court and by studies, research and analyze problem using many literature, either in the form of books, articles, regulation, documents and other."

"ABSTRAKDalam perkawinan tidak terlepas dari keberadaan akta perkawinan. Akta perkawinan sebagai Keputusan TUN dapat dijadikan sebagai obyek gugatan di PTUN. Karena jika ditinjau dari pihak yang melakukan perkawinan adalah perbuatan hukum perdata. Dalam Pasal 2 huruf (a) Undang-undang Nomor 9 Tahun 2004 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1986 diatur bahwa, “Tidak termasuk Keputusan TUN menurut Undang-undang ini Keputusan hukum Perdata”. Skripsi ini membahas mengenai bagaimana batasan Keputusan TUN sebagai obyek gugatan di Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara. Pada dasarnya akta perkawinan bukan termasuk pengertian Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara dalam melakukan perbuatan hukum perdata, tetapi dalam rangka menerbitkan keputusan tata usaha negara yang berlaku secara publik, yaitu demi tercapainya tertib administrasi pernikahan bangsa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yaitu studi dokumen, yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer dan sekunder, serta didukung dengan wawancara kepada narasumber.

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ABSTRACTThe marriage things have not been apart from the deed of marriage existence. The deed of marriage as the decision of State Administrative Court verdict might becoming lawsuit in State Administrative Court, due to both of parties on marriage admitted as act of civil law. Article 2 Point (a) Regulation No. 9 of 2004 on Amandment of Regulation No. 5 of 1986 stipulated “The Civil Law descisions are not the scope of State Administrative Law decisions”. This research describes the limitation of State Administrative Court decisions a lawsuit in State Administrative Court. Based on discussion, the deed of marriage has not included the definition of State Administrative Court decision in acts of civil law, however in order to issue State Administrative Court decision in public, which achieving order Indonesia’s marriage administration. The research conducted document study method, which consist of primary and secondary legal materials and supported by interview to informants."

"Pembatalan perkawinan merupakan suatu tindakan Pengadilan berupa pengeluaran keputusan yang di dalamnya menyatakan bahwa suatu perkawinan batal atau tidak sah. UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan sebagaimana telah diubah dengan UU No. 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan telah memberikan pengaturan secara limitatif mengenai para pihak yang dapat mengajukan permohonan pembatalan perkawinan ke Pengadilan, tepatnya pada Pasal 23. Skripsi ini membahas mengenai suatu kasus pembatalan perkawinan yang diajukan oleh anak dari perkawinan pertama atas perkawinan kedua dari ayah yang pada analisisnya berfokus kepada apakah anak tersebut merupakan pihak yang berhak untuk mengajukan permohonan pembatalan perkawinan. Skripsi ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode penelitian studi kepustakaan dan wawancara. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, Penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa Majelis Hakim dalam Putusan No. 5/Pdt.G/2016/PT.PBR telah memutus perkara ini telah tepat dalam menafsirkan Pasal 23 UU Perkawinan yang mengatur mengenai para pihak yang dapat mengajukan permohonan pembatalan perkawinan.

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Annulment of marriage is an act of the Court in the form of issuance of a verdict in which it states that a marriage is null or void. Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage as amended by Law No. 16 of 2019 on Amendments to Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage has given a limitative arrangement regarding the parties that can propose a request for marriage annulment to the Court, precisely in Article 23. This thesis discusses a case of annulment of marriage proposed by a child from the first marriage to the second marriage of the father. In the analysis section, this thesis focuses on whether the child is included in the party entitled to propose marriage annulment request. The writing of this thesis uses literature-based research method and interview with legal practitioner. Based on research that has been done, the author can conclude that the Panel of Judges in Verdict Number: 5/PDT.G/2016/PT.PBR has decided on this case right by interpreting Article 23 of the Marriage Law which regulates the parties who can submit request for marriage annulment."

"Pasca berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 Tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan, kompetensi mengadili pengadilan tata usaha negara (PTUN) mengalami perluasan kompetensi absolut yang sangat signifikan. Kewenangan untuk mengadili objek sengketa tidak saja berupa keputusan tata usaha negara (KTUN) tetapi termasuk juga tindakan faktual badan dan/atau pejabat pemerintahan. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana implikasi perluasan kompetensi mengadili peradilan tata usaha negara pasca berlakunya UU AP dan bagaimana titik singgung kompetensi mengadili sengketa onrechtmatige overheidsdaad antara peradilan umum dengan peradilan tata usaha negara. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dengan mengkaji asas-asas hukum, peraturan perundang-undangan serta putusan pengadilan yang bersifat inkracht van gewijsde yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan hukum yang dibahas. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa implikasi perluasan kompetensi mengadili peradilan tata usaha negara terhadap perbuatan melanggar hukum oleh badan dan/atau pejabat pemerintahan (onrechtmatige overheidsdaad) pasca berlakunya UU AP adalah meliputi tindakan administrasi pemerintahan termasuk tindakan faktual yang dilakukan oleh badan dan/atau pejabat administrasi pemerintahan dan benang merah titik singgung kompetensi mengadili antara peradilan umum dengan peradilan tata usaha negara terhadap sengketa onrechtmatige overheidsdaad adalah walaupun suatu tindakan administrasi pemerintahan sama-sama dilakukan oleh subjek hukumnya badan dan/atau pejabat pemerintahan tetap harus dilihat terlebih dahulu sumber atau dasar dilakukannya tindakan administrasi pemerintahan tersebut.

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After the enactment of Law Number 30 of 2014 concerning Government Administration, the competence to adjudicate at the State Administrative Court (PTUN) experienced a very significant expansion of absolute competence. The authority to adjudicate the object of the dispute is not only in the form of state administrative decisions (KTUN) but also includes factual actions of government bodies and/or officials. The problem in this research is what are the implications of expanding the competence to adjudicate state administrative courts after the enactment of the AP Law and what are the points of contact for competence to adjudicate on-rechtmatige overheidsdaad disputes between the general court and the state administrative court. This type of research is normative juridical legal research by examining legal principles, statutory regulations and inkracht van gewijsde court decisions related to the legal issues discussed. The results of the research show that the implications of expanding the competency to adjudicate state administrative courts regarding unlawful acts by government bodies and/or officials (onrechtmatige overheidsdaad) after the enactment of the AP Law are to include government administration actions including factual actions carried out by government administration bodies and/or officials and The common thread that touches on the competency to adjudicate between the general judiciary and the state administrative judiciary regarding disputes on rechtmatige overheidsdaad is that even though a government administrative action is equally carried out by the legal subject, government bodies and/or officials must first look at the source or basis for carrying out the government administrative action."

"[ABSTRAKTerjadinya kasus perkara dalam Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Bandung Nomor 50/G/2013/PTUN-BDG dimana terdapat gugatan pembatalan sertifikat pengganti membuka beberapa fakta bahwa telah terjadi beberapa permasalahan hukum yang menjadi pokok permasalahan, yaitu adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang terjadi dalam proses pendaftaran tanah pertama kali yang menyebabkan sertifikat hak milik terbit tiga tahun setelah pemegang hak meninggal dunia, juga mengenai faktor-faktor mengapa sertifikat pengganti yang diterbitkan atas bidang tanah yang sama dibatalkan oleh Hakim Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara, penulis mengambil dari sisi pernyataan para pihak dan bukti yang dihadirkan dalam persidangan juga pertimbangan hakim. Penulis juga membahas mengenai penyelesaian yang dapat ditempuh oleh pihak ketiga dalam hal sertifikat pengganti tersebut dibatalkan. Berdasarkan hasil analisa diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa cacat administrasi dalam proses pendaftaran tanah yang telah terjadi tidak menyebabkan sertifikat tanah menjadi batal, karena proses pembatalan harus melalui gugatan di Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara, sedangkan proses penerbitan sertifikat pengganti harus melalui serangkaian pengecekan yang menyeluruh oleh pihak Kantor Pertanahan, tidak terpenuhinya prinsip kehati-hatian Badan Pertanahan Nasional dalam pengecekan, maka dapat terjadi akibat hukum yang dapat melibatkan pihak ketiga yang merasa dirugikan, dimana pihak ketiga dapat memilih alternatif penyelesaian dengan cara musyawarah, peradilan atau arbitrase.

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ABSTRACTThe occurrence of cases in Bandung State Administrative Court No. 50 / G / 2013 / PTUN-BDG where there is a replacement certificate lawsuit have unfold some facts that there have been some legal issues which the issues have been brought up as the main issues which are to determine the factors that occur in the process first land registration that causes property certificate issued three years after the rights holder dies, also of the factors why the replacement certificate issued on the same plot was canceled by the State Administrative Court judge, the author took from the statements of the parties and the evidence are presented in the trial judge also considered. The author also discusses the settlement can be reached by a third party in the event of a replacement certificate is canceled. Based on the analysis we concluded that the defect in the administration of land registration process that has occurred does not cause the land certificate is void, because the process of cancellation must go through a lawsuit in State Administrative Court, while the issuance of a replacement certificate must go through a series of thorough checks by the Land Office, non-fulfillment of the precautionary principle in the National Land Agency while checking process which can lead to legal consequences may involve third parties who feel aggrieved, in which a third party may choose an alternative solution by means of deliberation, a court or arbitration.;The occurrence of cases in Bandung State Administrative Court No. 50 / G / 2013 / PTUN-BDG where there is a replacement certificate lawsuit have unfold some facts that there have been some legal issues which the issues have been brought up as the main issues which are to determine the factors that occur in the process first land registration that causes property certificate issued three years after the rights holder dies, also of the factors why the replacement certificate issued on the same plot was canceled by the State Administrative Court judge, the author took from the statements of the parties and the evidence are presented in the trial judge also considered. The author also discusses the settlement can be reached by a third party in the event of a replacement certificate is canceled. Based on the analysis we concluded that the defect in the administration of land registration process that has occurred does not cause the land certificate is void, because the process of cancellation must go through a lawsuit in State Administrative Court, while the issuance of a replacement certificate must go through a series of thorough checks by the Land Office, non-fulfillment of the precautionary principle in the National Land Agency while checking process which can lead to legal consequences may involve third parties who feel aggrieved, in which a third party may choose an alternative solution by means of deliberation, a court or arbitration.;The occurrence of cases in Bandung State Administrative Court No. 50 / G / 2013 / PTUN-BDG where there is a replacement certificate lawsuit have unfold some facts that there have been some legal issues which the issues have been brought up as the main issues which are to determine the factors that occur in the process first land registration that causes property certificate issued three years after the rights holder dies, also of the factors why the replacement certificate issued on the same plot was canceled by the State Administrative Court judge, the author took from the statements of the parties and the evidence are presented in the trial judge also considered. The author also discusses the settlement can be reached by a third party in the event of a replacement certificate is canceled. Based on the analysis we concluded that the defect in the administration of land registration process that has occurred does not cause the land certificate is void, because the process of cancellation must go through a lawsuit in State Administrative Court, while the issuance of a replacement certificate must go through a series of thorough checks by the Land Office, non-fulfillment of the precautionary principle in the National Land Agency while checking process which can lead to legal consequences may involve third parties who feel aggrieved, in which a third party may choose an alternative solution by means of deliberation, a court or arbitration.;The occurrence of cases in Bandung State Administrative Court No. 50 / G / 2013 / PTUN-BDG where there is a replacement certificate lawsuit have unfold some facts that there have been some legal issues which the issues have been brought up as the main issues which are to determine the factors that occur in the process first land registration that causes property certificate issued three years after the rights holder dies, also of the factors why the replacement certificate issued on the same plot was canceled by the State Administrative Court judge, the author took from the statements of the parties and the evidence are presented in the trial judge also considered. The author also discusses the settlement can be reached by a third party in the event of a replacement certificate is canceled. Based on the analysis we concluded that the defect in the administration of land registration process that has occurred does not cause the land certificate is void, because the process of cancellation must go through a lawsuit in State Administrative Court, while the issuance of a replacement certificate must go through a series of thorough checks by the Land Office, non-fulfillment of the precautionary principle in the National Land Agency while checking process which can lead to legal consequences may involve third parties who feel aggrieved, in which a third party may choose an alternative solution by means of deliberation, a court or arbitration.;The occurrence of cases in Bandung State Administrative Court No. 50 / G / 2013 / PTUN-BDG where there is a replacement certificate lawsuit have unfold some facts that there have been some legal issues which the issues have been brought up as the main issues which are to determine the factors that occur in the process first land registration that causes property certificate issued three years after the rights holder dies, also of the factors why the replacement certificate issued on the same plot was canceled by the State Administrative Court judge, the author took from the statements of the parties and the evidence are presented in the trial judge also considered. The author also discusses the settlement can be reached by a third party in the event of a replacement certificate is canceled. Based on the analysis we concluded that the defect in the administration of land registration process that has occurred does not cause the land certificate is void, because the process of cancellation must go through a lawsuit in State Administrative Court, while the issuance of a replacement certificate must go through a series of thorough checks by the Land Office, non-fulfillment of the precautionary principle in the National Land Agency while checking process which can lead to legal consequences may involve third parties who feel aggrieved, in which a third party may choose an alternative solution by means of deliberation, a court or arbitration., The occurrence of cases in Bandung State Administrative Court No. 50 / G / 2013 / PTUN-BDG where there is a replacement certificate lawsuit have unfold some facts that there have been some legal issues which the issues have been brought up as the main issues which are to determine the factors that occur in the process first land registration that causes property certificate issued three years after the rights holder dies, also of the factors why the replacement certificate issued on the same plot was canceled by the State Administrative Court judge, the author took from the statements of the parties and the evidence are presented in the trial judge also considered. The author also discusses the settlement can be reached by a third party in the event of a replacement certificate is canceled. Based on the analysis we concluded that the defect in the administration of land registration process that has occurred does not cause the land certificate is void, because the process of cancellation must go through a lawsuit in State Administrative Court, while the issuance of a replacement certificate must go through a series of thorough checks by the Land Office, non-fulfillment of the precautionary principle in the National Land Agency while checking process which can lead to legal consequences may involve third parties who feel aggrieved, in which a third party may choose an alternative solution by means of deliberation, a court or arbitration.]"

"[ABSTRAK Tesis ini merupakan kajian yang hendak melihat konsep lembaga yangberwenang dalam sebuah proses peradilan. Relevansi antar lembaga sebagaimanadimaksud yaitu Komisi Informasi dan Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara adalahberwenang dalam proses penyelesaian sengketa keterbukaan informasi publik.tujuan daripada keterbukaan informasi publik adalah dalam rangka mengawalkebebasan informasi sebagai falsafah Hak Asasi Manusia dalam generasi ketiga.Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teori Hukum, teori Politik Hukum Nasional,Teori Pembagian Kekuasaan dan Kekuasaan Keempat, kerangka konsep yangdigunakan yaitu peradilan administrasi dalam perspektif politik hukum danKebebasan atas informasi sebagai HAM.Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa komisi informasi ditempatkanlayaknya peradilan tingkat pertama karena hasil dari putusan dapat dimintakanbanding kepada PTUN, dalam proses di PTUN menggunakan hukum acaratersendiri yang menempatkan PTUN sebagai peradilan Banding. atas hasilpenelitian maka terdapat suatu paradigma baru dalam sistem peradilan diIndonesia. Gagasan yang diambil dari penelitian adalah denganmengkonsolidasikan sistem penyelesaian sengketa informasi publik dalamperadilan khusus dibawah PTUN, Konsep demikian digunakan agar dapatmengawal dan memperkuat sistem hukum dan peradilan di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis is a study that about to the concept of authorized institutionsthe process of judicial. Relevance between institutions referred to the Commissionof Information and Administrative Court is competent in the process of disputepublic resolution disclosure. Objectives rather than public disclosure is in order toguard the freedom of information as the philosophy of human rights in thirdgeneration. in this research, using the theory of Law, Nationalism Legal policy,Separation of Power Theory and Powers Fourth (De Vierde Macht), theconceptual framework used is the administrative court in the political perspectiveand freedom of information as a human rights.Results of the research showed that the commission of information likefirst instance courts as a result of the decision can be appealed to theAdministrative Court. process in the Administrative Court uses its own procedurallaw which puts the Administrative Court of Appeals. on the results of theresearch, there is a new paradigm in the justice system in Indonesia. The ideafrom research by consolidating system public information of dispute resolution ina special court under the Administrative Court. Thus, the concept is used in orderto initiate and strengthen the legal and judicial system in Indonesia.;This thesis is a study that about to the concept of authorized institutionsthe process of judicial. Relevance between institutions referred to the Commissionof Information and Administrative Court is competent in the process of disputepublic resolution disclosure. Objectives rather than public disclosure is in order toguard the freedom of information as the philosophy of human rights in thirdgeneration. in this research, using the theory of Law, Nationalism Legal policy,Separation of Power Theory and Powers Fourth (De Vierde Macht), theconceptual framework used is the administrative court in the political perspectiveand freedom of information as a human rights.Results of the research showed that the commission of information likefirst instance courts as a result of the decision can be appealed to theAdministrative Court. process in the Administrative Court uses its own procedurallaw which puts the Administrative Court of Appeals. on the results of theresearch, there is a new paradigm in the justice system in Indonesia. The ideafrom research by consolidating system public information of dispute resolution ina special court under the Administrative Court. Thus, the concept is used in orderto initiate and strengthen the legal and judicial system in Indonesia.;This thesis is a study that about to the concept of authorized institutionsthe process of judicial. Relevance between institutions referred to the Commissionof Information and Administrative Court is competent in the process of disputepublic resolution disclosure. Objectives rather than public disclosure is in order toguard the freedom of information as the philosophy of human rights in thirdgeneration. in this research, using the theory of Law, Nationalism Legal policy,Separation of Power Theory and Powers Fourth (De Vierde Macht), theconceptual framework used is the administrative court in the political perspectiveand freedom of information as a human rights.Results of the research showed that the commission of information likefirst instance courts as a result of the decision can be appealed to theAdministrative Court. process in the Administrative Court uses its own procedurallaw which puts the Administrative Court of Appeals. on the results of theresearch, there is a new paradigm in the justice system in Indonesia. The ideafrom research by consolidating system public information of dispute resolution ina special court under the Administrative Court. Thus, the concept is used in orderto initiate and strengthen the legal and judicial system in Indonesia., This thesis is a study that about to the concept of authorized institutionsthe process of judicial. Relevance between institutions referred to the Commissionof Information and Administrative Court is competent in the process of disputepublic resolution disclosure. Objectives rather than public disclosure is in order toguard the freedom of information as the philosophy of human rights in thirdgeneration. in this research, using the theory of Law, Nationalism Legal policy,Separation of Power Theory and Powers Fourth (De Vierde Macht), theconceptual framework used is the administrative court in the political perspectiveand freedom of information as a human rights.Results of the research showed that the commission of information likefirst instance courts as a result of the decision can be appealed to theAdministrative Court. process in the Administrative Court uses its own procedurallaw which puts the Administrative Court of Appeals. on the results of theresearch, there is a new paradigm in the justice system in Indonesia. The ideafrom research by consolidating system public information of dispute resolution ina special court under the Administrative Court. Thus, the concept is used in orderto initiate and strengthen the legal and judicial system in Indonesia.]"

"UU Administrasi Pemerintahan telah melahirkan fiktif-positif sebagai suatu konsep tentang relasi dan komunikasi antara masyarakat dengan pemerintah, berdasarkan mana sikap diam pemerintah yang tidak menanggapi permohonan dari masyarakatnya dalam jangka waktu yang telah ditentukan, dianggap mengabulkan permohonan masyarakat tersebut. Namun demikian, keputusan yang dianggap dikabulkan berdasarkan fiktif-positif tersebut tidaklah lahir secara serta-merta, melainkan harus dimohonkan ke PTUN. Sebagai penelitian hukum normatif dengan tipologi penelitian preskriptif, penelitian ini mencoba menggali bagaimana hakim memeriksa permohonan fiktif-positif yang dapat terlihat dalam pertimbangan putusannya, dan bagaimana hakim seharusnya memberikan putusan terhadap permohonan fiktif-positif. Menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan menganalisis 57 (lima puluh tujuh) putusan permohonan fiktif-positif dari PTUN Jakarta selama periode tahun 2016 sampai dengan 2018, penelitian ini mendapatkan simpulan adanya 8 (delapan) unsur yang akan dipertimbangkan oleh hakim di PERATUN dalam memeriksa permohonan fiktif-positif. Hakim di PERATUN sebagai ujung tombak perwujudan tujuan hukum, harus diberikan kebebasan untuk mewujudkan keadilan dalam putusannya sebagaimana diamanatkan oleh SEMA 1/2017 dengan menerapkan pemikiran Gustav Radbruch untuk memprioritaskan keadilan sebagai tujuan hukum dalam memutus permohonan fiktif-positif yang diperiksanya (spannungverhaltnis). Namun demikian, kebebasan hakim untuk mewujudkan keadilan dalam memeriksa permohonan fiktif-positif dibatasi hanya untuk tindakan atau keputusan tata usaha negara yang memberikan hak kepada pemohonnya.

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Law on Government Administration has enacted fictious-approval as relation and communication concept between the citizens and the government, by not doing anything to a request submited by the citizen within determined period of time, will be considered as government`s approval to such request. However, governments approval by fictious-approval will not automaticly be held, it shall be requested to the Administrative Court. As a normative legal research with prescriptive research typologies, this reseach tries to explore how the judge in administrative court examine petition for fictious-approval which can be observed in their legal consideration of the verdict, and how should the judge give verdict on petition for fictious-approval. Using qualitative research methods by observing into 57 (fifty seven) verdicts on petition for fictious-approval issued by Jakarta Administrative Court from 2016 to 2018, this research concludes that there are 8 (eight) elements which be considered by judges in the Administrative Court in examining petition for fictious-approval. The judge in the Administrative Court as the center of investigation shall be given a freedom to persue justice in their decision as mandated by SEMA 1/2017 to apply Gustav Radbruchs principle in order to prioritize justice as a legal objective in every case which examined (spannungverhaltnis). However, the freedom of judges to ensure justice in examining petition of fictitious-positive shall also be limited to actions or state administrative decisions that give rights to the citizen."

"Pergeseran kompetensi absolut dari peradilan umum (PN) ke peradilan tata usaha negara (PTUN) dalam mengadili gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum oleh penguasa (Onrechtmatige Overheidsdaad/OOD) secara tiba-tiba berdasarkan Perma 2/2019 memunculkan 2 (dua) persoalan utama yakni perbedaan parameter penilai tindakan pemerintah dari segi hukum perdata dengan hukum administrasi negara dan pengurangan jangka waktu mengajukan gugatan dari 30 (tiga puluh) tahun menjadi 90 (sembilan puluh) hari. Penelitian ini berbentuk yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan terdapat perbedaan parameter penilai Gugatan OOD di PN dan PTUN, dimana PN menggunakan 4 parameter alternatif berupa pertentangan dengan 1) peraturan perundang-undangan; 2) hak subjektif; 3) kesusilaan; atau 4) kepatutan, sedangkan PTUN menggunakan 5 parameter alternatif berupa 1) peraturan; 2) AUPB; 3) kewenangan; 4) prosedur; atau 5) substansi. Idealnya, PTUN menyerap parameter PN mengenai bersifat melawan hukum agar tolak ukur pengujian di PTUN mencakup hukum tidak tertulis. Jangka waktu pengajuan Gugatan OOD ke PTUN terbatas 90 (sembilan puluh) hari sejak tindakan tersebut dilakukan dan diketahui, konsep ini tidak memberikan perlindungan hukum yang tepat bagi warga masyarakat. Idealnya, Gugatan OOD dapat diajukan kapanpun sejak muncul kerugian nyata atau kerugian potensial yang sangat dekat bagi warga masyarakat.

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The absolute competency-shifting in adjudicating a lawsuits against the law by authorities from the general court to the state administration court suddenly based on Supreme Court Regulation No. 2/2019 raises 2 (two) issues regarding differences in the parameters of evaluating government actions in terms of civil law with state administration law and a significant reduction in the time period for filing a lawsuit from 30 (thirty) years to 90 (ninety) days. This research takes the form of a normative juridical approach to the rule of law. This study concludes there are differences in the parameters of the OOD Claims between general and administrative court. PN uses 4 alternative parameters in the form of conflict against 1) law regulation; 2) other people subjective rights; 3) morality; or 4) propiety. Administrative court uses 5 alternative parameters in the form of 1) statutory regulations; 2) General Principle of Good Governance; 3) authority; 4) procedure; or 5) substance. Ideally, the Administrative Court absorbs parameter from the general court. The time period for filing an OOD Lawsuit to administrative court is limited to 90 (ninety) days from the time the action was taken and it is known, this concept does not provide proper legal protection for community members. Since the Administrative Lawsuit and the OOD Lawsuit have different loss characteristics, ideally, the expiration date of the OOD Lawsuit can be filed at any time since a real loss or potential loss is very close to the community members. "