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"Summary:Exploring theoretical foundations for the distribution of shared responsibility, this book provides a basis for the development of international law."

"Annexed to GA Resolution 56/​83 of 2001, the International Law Commission's Articles on Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts put the international law of responsibility on a sound footing. As Special Rapporteur for the second reading, James Crawford helped steer it to a successful conclusion. With this book, he provides a detailed analysis of the general law of international responsibility and the place of state responsibility in particular within that framework. It serves as a companion to The International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and is essential reading for scholars and practitioners concerned with issues of international responsibility, whether they arise in interstate relations, in the context of arbitration or litigation, or in bringing international claims."

""This collection of essays focusses on the following concepts: sovereignty (the unique, intangible and yet essential characteristic of States), statehood (what it means to be a State, and the process of acquiring or losing statehood) and State responsibility (the legal component of what being a State entails). The unifying theme is that they have always been and will in the future continue to form a crucial part of the foundations of public international law. While many publications focus on new actors in international law such as international organisations, individuals, companies, NGOs and even humanity as a whole, this book offers a timely, thought-provoking and innovative reappraisal of the core actors on the international stage: States. It includes reflections on the interactions between States and non-state actors and on how increasing participation by and recognition of the latter within international law has impacted upon the role and attributes of statehood"--"

"Nama : Sheila PurnomoProgram Studi : Magister Ilmu HukumJudul : Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi Terhadap Penerapan Prinsip Strict Liability Dalam Kasus Kerusakan Terumbu Karang Oleh Kapal MS Caledonian Sky Ditinjau Dari Hukum Lingkungan InternasionalDalam Strict liability seseorang bertanggung jawab kapanpun kerugian timbul. Hal ini berarti bahwa: Pertama, para korban dilepaskan dari beban berat untuk membuktikan adanya hubungan kausal antara kerugiannya dengan tindakan individual tergugat; Kedua, para ldquo;potential polluter rdquo; akan memperhatikan baik tingkat kehati-hatiannya level of care , maupun tingkat kegiatannya level of activity . Dua hal ini merupakan kelebihan strict liability. Konsep pertanggungjawaban mutlak juga dapat diberlakukan kepada badan hukum dan/atau perusahaan/korporasi dan/atau negara.Peneliti mengambil contoh kasus kerusakan lingkungan laut yang saat ini menarik perhatian adalah kerusakan terumbu karang di wilayah perairan Raja Ampat, Papua Barat yang disebabkan oleh kandasnya kapal pesiar Inggris MS Caledonian Sky yang dinakhodai oleh Kapten Keith Michael Taylor di perairan Raja Ampat, Papua Barat menyebabkan kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang seluas 18.882 m2. Latar belakang terjadinya kasus kandasnya kapal diperkirakan karena kelalaian nahkoda kapal, disamping itu juga, sistem tata keamanan kelautan Indonesia yang lemah menjadi faktor pemicu terjadinya kasus ini. Konsep pertanggungjawaban mutlak dapat diberlakukan kepada badan hukum dan/atau perusahaan/korporasi yang menaungi kapal pesiar MS Caledonian Sky atas kerusakan yang terjadi pada terumbu karang di wilayah perairan Raja Ampat. Penelitian tentang Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi Terhadap Penerapan Prinsip Strict Liability. Metode penelitian tesis ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Penelitian ini sebagian besar memanfaatkan dokumen-dokumen internasional dan sumber-sumber tertulis yang memuat informasi sekunder yang memuat mengenai pertanggungjawaban. Dalam ganti rugi yang dapat dimintakan ke perusahaan pemilik kapal inilah prinsip strict liability dapat diterapkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia sesuai dengan yang diatur dalam undang-undang lingkungan hidupnya. Kata Kunci : Korporasi, Tanggung Jawab, Caledonian Sky, Lingkungan

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ABSTRACTName Sheila PurnomoStudy Program Magister Ilmu HukumTitle Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi Terhadap Penerapan Prinsip Strict Liability Dalam Kasus Kerusakan Terumbu Karang Oleh Kapal MS Caledonian Sky Ditinjau Dari Hukum Lingkungan

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Internasional In Strict liability a person is responsible whenever losses arise. This means that First, the victims are released from a heavy burden to prove a causal relationship between their losses and the actions of the individual defendant Secondly, the potential polluters will pay attention to both their level of care, and their level of activity. These two things are excess strict liability. The concept of absolute liability can also be applied to legal entities and or companies corporations and or countries.Researchers take the case of marine environmental damage that is currently attracting attention is the destruction of coral reefs in the territorial waters of Raja Ampat, West Papua caused by the crash of British cruise ship MS Caledonian Sky who was captained by Captain Keith Michael Taylor in the waters of Raja Ampat, West Papua causing damage coral reef ecosystem of 18,882 m2. The background of the case of shipwreck is estimated due to negligence of the ship 39 s captain, besides that, the weak Indonesian marine security system becomes the trigger factor for this case.The concept of absolute liability can be applied to legal entities and or corporations that shelter MS Caledonian Sky cruises on damage to coral reefs in Raja Ampat waters. Research on Corporate Responsibilityiability Against Implementation of Strict Liability Principles. The method of this thesis research is normative law research.This research mostly draws on international documents and written sources containing secondary information that includes accountability. In the compensation that can be requested to the company owner of the ship is the principle of strict liability can be applied by the Indonesian government in accordance with those set in the laws of the environment. Key Word Corporate, Responsibility, Caledonian Sky, Environment "

"State responsibility in international law is considered one of the cornerstones of the field. For a long time it remained the exclusive responsibility system due to the primacy of States as subjects of international law. Its unique position has nonetheless been challenged by several developments both within and outside the international legal order, such as the rise of alternative responsibility ideas and practices, as well as globalization and its consequences. This book adopts a critical and holistic approach to the law of State responsibility and analyzes the functionality of the general rules of State responsibility in a changed international landscape characterized by the fragmentation of responsibility. It is argued that State responsibility is not equally relevant across the broad spectrum of international obligations, and that alternative constructions of responsibility, namely international criminal law and international liability, have increased in standing."

"ABSTRAKSeiring dengan berkembangnya hukum internasional, prinsip kedaulatan kini tidak lagi dipandang dapat memberikan impunitas kepada pemerintah negara untuk tidak memberikan perlindungan kepada hak asasi manusia penduduknya. Doktrin intervensi humaniter kemudian hadir namun masih banyak meresahkan komunitas internasional sebab hal tersebut dirasa melanggar hukum internasional. Berangkat dari gagasan tersebutlah doktrin responsibility to protect R2P hadir untuk memberikan justifikasi baru bagi komunitas internasional melalui Dewan Keamanan untuk melakukan intervensi kepada suatu negara yang telah nyata gagal melindungi penduduknya dari empat kejahatan, yakni genosida, kejahatan perang, pembersihan etnis, dan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Doktrin ini dengan intervensi militernya pada praktiknya telah diterapkan di Libya dan Pantai Gading, namun pada kenyataannya keberhasilan penerapan doktrin R2P tersebut belum kembali terulang pada kasus Suriah. Penelitian ini lantas mencoba untuk menganalisis kemungkinan penerapan doktrin R2P di Suriah berdasarkan kriteria penerapan doktrin R2P pada kasus-kasus terdahulu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis-normatif dengan data sekunder. Adapun penelitian ini kemudian menemukan bahwa kemungkinan penerapan doktrin R2P dengan intervensi militernya pada kasus perang sipil Suriah adalah sangat kecil oleh karena adanya faktor-faktor di luar kriteria doktrin R2P yang ternyata menjadi faktor penentu penerapan doktrin R2P. Pada akhirnya, penelitian ini menyarankan bahwa terlepas dari sulitnya penerapan doktrin R2P oleh Dewan Keamanan pada kasus Suriah dan juga kasus-kasus serupa lainnya di masa yang akan datang, hendaknya negara-negara tidak lantas mengambil tindakan sepihak untuk melaksanakan intervensi militer kepada negara lain namun tetap berpegang teguh untuk selalu mencoba menerapkan doktrin R2P dengan lebih baik lagi.

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ABSTRACTAs the international law develops, sovereignty now cannot be deemed as granting impunity for the government to not protect their citizens rsquo human rights. Humanitarian intervention doctrine then came but still lacks of support from the international community as it is deemed as a violation of international law. Departing from that, the responsibility to protect R2P doctrine came to serve as the new justification for international community through the United Nations Security Council to intervene in countries who manifestly fail to protect their citizens from four specific crimes, namely genocide, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. In practice, R2P doctrine with its military intervention had been implemented in Libya and C te d rsquo Ivoire, but the aforementioned success is still far from being implemented in Syria. This study thus seeks to analyze the possibility of implementing R2P in Syria based on the criteria used in the previous cases. The method used in this study is juridical normative by using secondary data. This study then found that the possibility to implement R2P with its military intervention in Syria is very little for there are other factors that do not fall to the doctrine rsquo s criteria but are determining factors to its implementation. At the end, this study advises that despite the difficulty to implement R2P through the Security Council in Syria, individual countries shall refrain from taking unilateral military intervention to deal with the case at hand and shall rather always try to strengthen the doctrine rsquo s implementation for the better. "

"The immunity or exemption enjoyed by States from legal proceedings before foreign national courts is a crucial area of international law. On the basis of an exhaustive analysis of judicial decisions, international treaties, national legislation, government statements, deliberations in international organisations as well as scholarly opinion, Xiaodong Yang traces the historical development of the relevant doctrine and practice, critically analyses the rationale for restrictive immunity and closely inspects such important exceptions to immunity as commercial transactions, contracts of employment, tortious liability, separate entities, the enforcement of judgments, waiver of immunity and the interplay between State immunity and human rights. The book draws a full picture of the law of State immunity as it currently stands and endeavours to provide useful information and guidance for practitioners, academics and students alike"