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"The growth and crystallization processes of the Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) phase typically rely on high-temperature sulfurization, which involves a harmful chalcogen-containing atmosphere. Together with the use of high-toxicity solvents, these processes could hinder the widespread adoption of this technology in the mass production of CZTS semiconductors for solar cell application. Thus, we studied the formation of CZTS films from ethanol-based precursors without the sulfurization step, fully employing the non-toxic solvent and avoiding the environmentally harmful sulfur-containing atmosphere. The certain addition of 2-mercaptopropionic acid led to the formation of a clear and stable sulfur-containing precursor. The precursors were successfully deposited onto soda lime glass by employing spin coater. CZTS crystallinity in the identified XRD patterns was vanishingly small in the case of eliminating the sulfurization process. Moreover, the carbon concentration and grain size of the resulting films were controlled by changing the time period of drying treatment during film fabrication. A drying time of 120 minutes, which demonstrated a CZTS grain size of ± 1 µm with a direct optical energy gap around 1.4 eV, was confirmed as the ideal condition. These results may provide a useful route toward environment-friendly strategies for the production of a CZTS semiconductor that is compatible with the absorber application in thin-film solar cells."

"The growth and crystallization processes of the Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) phase typically rely on high-temperature sulfurization, which involves a harmful chalcogen-containing atmosphere. Together with the use of high-toxicity solvents, these processes could hinder the widespread adoption of this technology in the mass production of CZTS semiconductors for solar cell application. Thus, we studied the formation of CZTS films from ethanol-based precursors without the sulfurization step, fully employing the non-toxic solvent and avoiding the environmentally harmful sulfur-containing atmosphere. The certain addition of 2-mercaptopropionic acid led to the formation of a clear and stable sulfur-containing precursor. The precursors were successfully deposited onto soda lime glass by employing spin coater. CZTS crystallinity in the identified XRD patterns was vanishingly small in the case of eliminating the sulfurization process. Moreover, the carbon concentration and grain size of the resulting films were controlled by changing the time period of drying treatment during film fabrication. A drying time of 120 minutes, which demonstrated a CZTS grain size of ± 1 µm with a direct optical energy gap around 1.4 eV, was confirmed as the ideal condition. These results may provide a useful route toward environment-friendly strategies for the production of a CZTS semiconductor that is compatible with the absorber application in thin-film solar cells."

"In this work, Myrmecodia pendans, or sarang semut, was successfully extracted as a potential organic inhibitor. Various concentrations of Myrmecodia pendans extract in 1 M H2SO4 solution were applied in the range of 100?500 mg/L for corrosion inhibition. Gas chromatography?mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) showed that the Myrmecodia pendans extracts contained a high-benzenediol compound with rich oxygen atom content, which played an important role in the inhibition process. The 300 mg/L Myrmecodia pendans extract had the highest effect, decreasing the rate of corrosion from 177.73 mpy to 47.4 mpy. This was attributed to the chemical compounds present in the Myrmecodia pendans extract on the surface of mild steel, which prohibited the corrosion rate"

"This paper describes thecase study of Semanggi intersection in Jakarta, a dynamic model of emissionreduction in the land transportation sector. The urban transportation system isa complex system with multiple variables, feedback loops, and is influenced bysocial, economic and environmental factors. The proposed model consists of twosubmodels: Vehicle Fleet and Emission Calculation. The model runs inPowersim Studio software using data from the Indonesia Japan EconomicPartnership Agreement, and the TrafficManagement Centre of the Indonesian National Police. The test was conducted by developing two scenarios:Business As Usual and Intention. The estimated results to beobtained using the first scenario in 2021 should be 1,113,398 units, while thesecond scenario is estimated to produce 850,733 units. We hypothesize that theIntentional Approach will have a more significant impact than the TechnicalApproach, which requires more investment. The Intentional Approach is designed to improve the intention ofprivate car users to switch to public transportation. The Technical Approach to the emission measurement of everyvehicle in a certain area is the data of vehicle emission which are usuallytaken to determine the current condition. This research will no doubthave a positive impact on emission reduction in Jakarta."

"The relative significance ofthe parallel middle body and stern form in the wake formation of single-screwlarge ships and their contribution to the ship?s viscous resistance are studied by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A10450-DWT tanker is considered by varying the ratio of theparallel-middle-body?s length to the ship?s length (Lmb/L) and by varying the shape of the stern form from aV-like to a U-like underwater stern transom section. In all the calculations,the principal dimension and the displacement of the ships are kept constant. Alarger value for the parallel-middle-body relative length (Lmb/L) of ships with the same stern form results in alarger drag coefficient but does not affect the nominal wake fractionsignificantly. A change in the shape of the underwater stern form,from a V-like to a U-like section, results in a much larger drag coefficientascribed to the much larger wake fraction. The stern form dominantly affectsthe nominal wake fraction and the ship?s viscous resistance compared to theparallel-middle-body relative length."

"The main objective of this paper is to review and examine the effects of the selected collision parameter values on the characteristics of collision energy in several ship collision scenarios. The benchmarking particulars were taken from the ship-to-ship collision case on Sunda Strait in 2014, while the collision process was modeled with non-linear simulations using the finite element (FE) method to determine the predicted damage and internal energy in the collision process. In the first phase, the verified model for the numerical simulation was built based on the benchmarks and other previous findings by researchers. The study of parameters during the collision process was performed in a later stage. The location of the target point in the vertical axis and the effect of the collision angle were the primary main focuses. The characteristics of damage and energy tendencies will be presented. One remarkable findings was that the structure of the car deck showed a better resistance and was more difficult to destroy than the other proposed locations. The angle position between the two objects during the impact process significantly contributed to the damage pattern on the side hull. The final results also indicated that the cross-section of the target point?s location influenced the observed parameters."

"FinFET (Fin Field-EffectTransistor) technology has recently seen a major increase in adoptionfor use in integrated circuits because of its high immunity to short channeleffects and its further ability to scaledown. Previously, a major research contribution was made to reduce the leakage current in theconventional bulk devices. So many different alternatives like bulk isolation and oxide isolation are all having some pros andcons. Here in this paper, we present a novel pile gate FinFET structure toreduce the leakage current, as compared with Bulk FinFET without using any pstop implant orisolation oxide as in theSilicon-on-Insulator (SOI). The major advantage of this type ofstructure is that there is no need of high substrate doping, a 100% reduction in therandom dopant fluctuation (RDF) and an increase in the ION/IOFFvalue. It can be very useful to improve the drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) at smallertechnological nodes. All the work is supported by 3D TCAD simulations, using Cogenda TCAD."

"Dehydration effects on gelatin films of the D96N mutant bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and wild-type BR were studied. Unlike the wild-type BR films, wherein dehydration to 12% humidity results in an approximate 200-fold increase in the lifetime of the M state, D96N BR films dehydrated to the same extent have been shown to exhibit only a 17-to-20-fold increase in the lifetime of the M state. Chemically-enhanced D96N BR films possess a total bleaching efficiency of the initial-to-M-state transition that is close to theoretical maximum (1.0) over a wide range of relative humidity (35 to 85%). This provides an additional benefit to the D96N BR films as a material for storage and retrieval of optical information."

"This book explains the philosophy of the polar encoding and decoding technique. Polar codes are one of the most recently discovered capacity-achieving channel codes. What sets them apart from other channel codes is the fact that polar codes are designed mathematically and their performance is mathematically proven.The book develops related fundamental concepts from information theory, such as entropy, mutual information, and channel capacity. It then explains the successive cancellation decoding logic and provides the necessary formulas, moving on to demonstrate the successive cancellation decoding operation with a tree structure. It also demonstrates the calculation of split channel capacities when polar codes are employed for binary erasure channels, and explains the mathematical formulation of successive cancellation decoding for polar codes. In closing, the book presents and proves the channel polarization theorem, before mathematically analyzing the performance of polar codes."