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"AbstractIndonesia has implemented a new policy of regional autonomy and fiscal decentralization for almost ten years. One of the objectives of this fiscal decentralization is to give the full autonomy to local governments in spending and managing their revenues. The local governments have the authority to explore and collect their own-source revenue ('Pendapatan Asli Daerah', or PAD), i.e. through the improvement of their tax effort. The objectives of this study are: (i) to describe the fiscal performance of districts and municipalities in Indonesia, both in the revenue as well as the expenditure sides, (ii) to analyze the effects of intergovernmental transfers (?dana perimbangan', or balancing fund from the central to regional governments) on regional tax efforts, and (iii) to identify the regional economic growth elasticity of intergovernmental transfers and own-source revenue. This study employs a panel data set of 336 districts and municipalities covering the whole area of Indonesia over the time period of 2001-2008. The results show a relatively low contribution of PAD to regional revenues, indicating high fiscal dependency of regional governments on the central government. Intergovernmental transfers positively effect tax efforts. The result of the elasticity analysis also indicates a positive role of the transfers as stimuli to economic growth."

"AbstractIndonesia has implemented a new policy of regional autonomy and fiscal decentralization for almost ten years. One of the objectives of this fiscal decentralization is to give the full autonomy to local governments in spending and managing their revenues. The local governments have the authority to explore and collect their own-source revenue ('Pendapatan Asli Daerah', or PAD), i.e. through the improvement of their tax effort. The objectives of this study are: (i) to describe the fiscal performance of districts and municipalities in Indonesia, both in the revenue as well as the expenditure sides, (ii) to analyze the effects of intergovernmental transfers (?dana perimbangan', or balancing fund from the central to regional governments) on regional tax efforts, and (iii) to identify the regional economic growth elasticity of intergovernmental transfers and own-source revenue. This study employs a panel data set of 336 districts and municipalities covering the whole area of Indonesia over the time period of 2001-2008. The results show a relatively low contribution of PAD to regional revenues, indicating high fiscal dependency of regional governments on the central government. Intergovernmental transfers positively effect tax efforts. The result of the elasticity analysis also indicates a positive role of the transfers as stimuli to economic growth."

"AbstractSalah satu aspek penting dari kebijakan desentralisasi skal adalah pelimpahan wewenang dan tanggungjawab pengelolaan dana publik ke pemerintah daerah, khususnya kota/kabupaten. Sesudah lebih dari sepu-luh tahun diimplementasikan, ketersediaan informasi dan data memungkinkan untuk melakukan evaluasisejauh mana dampaknya pada pembangunan ekonomi regional. Studi ini ingin mengetahui apakah kinerjapengelolaan keuangan daerah cukup efektif dalam penyediaan infrastruktur dasar dan apakah penyediaaninfrastruktur dasar secara efektif mengurangi angka kemiskinan. Dengan menggunakan metode data panel,studi ini mengonrmasi hubungan positif antara kinerja pengelolaan keuangan daerah dengan penyediaaninfrastruktur dasar (khususnya jalan dan listrik, namun tidak berlaku untuk air bersih). Adapun hubunganantara penyediaan infrastruktur dasar dengan angka kemiskinan, sesuai harapan, ternyata negatif. Temuanini memperkuat keyakinan perlunya mendorong lebih kuat lagi pembangunan infrastruktur dasar untukmengurangi angka kemiskinan."

"Fiscal decentralization can create eficiency and effectiveness to promote growth and change in economic structures as well as to reduce inequalities amongst regions. This study intends to find out whether the fiscal decentralization policies during 2001-2010 contribute to the shift of economic sectors and inequality rates amongst districts/municipalities in the Province of Central Sulawesi. By using econometrics of panel data, the study found that fiscal decentralization supports a shift in the economic sector where the role of primary sector gradually decreased and the secondary and tertiary sector tend to be increased since the implementation of regional autonomy. As a result, the fiscal decentralization creates an economic change in Central Sulawesi, while at the same time, can inevitably generates higher economic inequality amongst regencies/municipalities in the region.

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Desentralisasi skal dapat menciptakan esiensi dan efektivitas untuk mendorong pertumbuhan dan perubahan struktur ekonomi, serta mengurangi ketimpangan antardaerah. Studi ini ingin mengetahui pengaruh kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pergeseran sektor dan ketimpangan antarkabupaten/kota di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Dengan menggunakan metode ekonometrika melalui persamaan data panel pada periode tahun 2001-2010, studi ini menemukan bahwa kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal dapat mendorong pergeseran sektor, di mana peranan sektor primer kecenderungannya makin menurun, sehingga berakibat pada peningkatan peranan sektor sekunder dan tersier selama pelaksanaan otonomi daerah, dengan demikian kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal dapat menciptakan perubahan struktur ekonomi di Sulawesi Tengah. Kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal mendorong terjadinya peningkatan ketimpangan antara kabupaten/kota di Sulawesi Tengah selama periode studi."

"From January 1, 2001, when new autonomy laws were implemented, lndonesia began to move toward decentralization of what had been a highly decentralized. This policy adopts two complimentary laws. Law No.22/1999, which basically the devolution policy, has been accompanied by La No.25/1999, which basically reflect that decentralization policy in Indonesia has adopted the concept of ?money follows function?.Law No.25/1999 describe the fiscal decentralization process that will create a new intergovernmental transfer scheme between the central government and local government. Some of items in the law were really new ones such as the natural resources revenue sharing, income tax sharing, general allocation fund (OAF) and specifics allocation fund (SAF). The policies oftax and natural resource revenue sharing can result in fiscal imbalance among regions. Tax and natural resources revenue sharing will benefit only to urbanized and natural resources rich regions Because of it, Central Government created General Allocation Funds. This fund has block grant characteristic and will be given to regions by fiscal gap conception. The purpose is to equalize fiscal capacity among regions that in turn also can reduce disparity among them.The Simultaneous Macro Econometric Model is made for analyzing the fiscal decentralization impact to economic growth and region disparity. The policy simulation in this model used transfer fund from central government such as Tax Revenue Sharing, Natural Resource Revenue Sharing and General Allocation Fund. The simulation is carried out to see the optimality of various possible existing policies. The optimality is measured by evaluating the high rate of economic growth and low disparity."

"AbstractThis study aims at analyzing the dynamics of food security and the factors that influence food security in Eastern Indonesia. The methodology used is panel data tobit model of 190 districts/municipalities in the Eastern Indonesia from 2008 to 2010. Based on the classication of the food security degree, the majority of households in Eastern Indonesia are categorized as the vulnerable. Food security is affected by percentage of poor people, GRDP per capita, female illiteracy rate and average years of schooling. Based on the elasticity, education has the highest contribution in improving food security in the Eastern Indonesia.AbstrakStudi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika ketahanan pangan, serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ketahanan pangan di Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI). Ketahanan pangan dibagi tiga pilar, yaitu ketersediaan, aksesibilitas, dan pemanfaatan pangan. Metode yang digunakan adalah model tobit dengan data panel dari 190 kabupaten/kota di KTI Tahun 2008-2010. Berdasarkan klasikasi derajat ketahanan pangan, sebagian besar rumah tangga di KTI termasuk kategori rentan terhadap kerawanan pangan. Ketahanan pangan dipengaruhi oleh persentase penduduk miskin, PDRB per kapita, angka buta huruf perempuan, dan rata-rata lama sekolah. Berdasarkan nilai elastisitas, pendidikan memiliki pengaruh terbesar terhadap ketahanan pangan di KTI."

"This study tries to measure the optimum size of regional government (municipality/city) which will support the accomplishment of decentralization policy ?s objectives. The result of this study will conclude how the reformation pattern toward regional government in Indonesia should be done. The result of regressing translog and quadratic functions using cost per capita minimalization approach shows the existence of economy of scale from the size of municipality/city?s population. Using maximization approach, ¡t is also shown that Municipality/city government expenditure ¡s not efficient yet and has not supported the efforts to accomplish the desired development performance. With various regulations, the significant variable used in the measurement of optimum size is the number of population.The result of using minimization and maximization approaches show that the optimum size for municipality/city is not single (differ), between municipality and city, among each kind of per capita expenditure, and across tìme. Generally, the optimum and minimum size of population for municipality/city such that per capita expenditure can be minimized and such that Regional GDP per capita increases are approximately two million people. The reality of municipality/city?s size which in general is relatively small compared to the optimum and minimum measurement shows the inefficiency of municipality/city government expenditure, and its ineffectiveness to support the effort to enhance the welfare of society. Hence, territoty extension policy performed this far, is actually worsen the accomplishment of its main objective on conducting regional government and development."

"Tujuan desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia adalah untuk mengurangi kesenjangan pembangunan. Terkait dengan pembangunan pendidikan, salah satu masalah krusial adalah kesenjangan akses. Menggunakan data dari 440 database kabupaten kota selama 2005-2009, studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak desentralisasi fiskal dalam mengurangi disparitas akses pendidikan dasar. Dengan menggunakan fixed-effect model, hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) Pendidikan, DAK Non-Pendidikan, dan Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) memiliki dampak yang signikan dalam mengurangi disparitas akses pendidikan bersama dengan karakteristik kekayaan dan regional. Berbagai upaya tetap perlu dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan pemerataan akses pendidikan termasuk penguatan peran pemerintah provinsi dalam alokasi dan distribusi sumber daya pelayanan pendidikan dasar.

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The objective of fiscal decentralization objective in Indonesia is to reduce development disparities. Regarding education development, one crucial issue is access disparity. Using 440 sub provincial database during 2005-2009, this study is aim to analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization in reducing disparity of primary education access. Using fixed-effect model, the result showed that Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) for Education, DAK Non Education, and Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) have significant impact in reducing education access disparity along with the wealth and regional characteristics. Nonetheless efforts need to be done to optimize the equalization of education access including strengthening the provincial government role in resources allocation and distribution of basic education services."

"Akhir tahun 2005 yang lalu, telah genap lima lahun usia implementasi otonomi daerah dan desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia. Perubahan manajemen publik ini ditandai dengan adanya pengalihan kewenangan dan keuangan dari pemerintah pusat kepada pemerintah daerah dalam jumlah yang sangat signifìkan. Selama lima tahun ini, terjadi peningkatan cukup drastis dari porsi anggaran dalam APBN yang harus didaerahkan.Dari sisi keuangan daerah, aliran dana perimbangan ini relatif memiliki porsi yang sangat besar dalam APBD, khususnya APBD Kabupaten/Kota. Seiring dengan usaha pemerintahan daerah untuk meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah, dampak desentralisasi fiskal telah memperburuk iklim investasi dengan munculnya berbagai Peraturan Daerah yang cenderung distorsif terhadap perekonomian.Implementasi desentrasasi fiskal juga belum dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah kembali ke tingkat sebelum krisis ekonomi terjadi. Tingginya ketergantungan pemerintah daerah terhadap dana dan pemerintah pusat juga membawa implikasi pentingnya pemerintah pusat membuat formulasi alokasi dana perimbangan yang lebih sederhana, transparan, dan efektif. Selain itu, pemerintah pusat hendaknya juga memperhatikan masalah distribusi pendapatan antar daerah mengingat besarnya potensi ketimpangan pembangunan antar daerah"

"Dengan menggunakan data panel 505 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia selama periode pelaksanaan desentralisasi dari tahun 2001-2017, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji tentang indikasi konvergensi perekonomian antar daerah di Indonesia dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap konvergensi pendapatan perkapita antar daerah di Indonesia. Indikator desentralisasi fiskal menggunakan indikator pendapatan dan indikator belanja daerah. Indikator pendapatan daerah terdiri dari pendapatatan asli daerah, dana bagi hasil, dan dana transfer. Indikator belanja daerah fokus pada belanja sektor pendidikan, sektor kesehatan, dan sektor infrastruktur. Menggunakan analisa konvergensi statis, penelitian ini menemukan bukti bahwa terjadi konvergensi pendapatan perkapita antar kabupaten/kota di Indonesia. Analisa konvergensi dinamis dengan model absolute convergence dan conditional convergence. Hasil estimasi model absolute convergence menunjukkan terjadinya konvergensi pendapatan perkapita antar kabupaten/kota di Indonesia dengan tingkat konvergensi sebesar 7 persen. Sedangkan hasil estimasi model conditional convergence menghasilkan tingkat konvergensi sebesar 19 persen ketika tenaga kerja, investasi, angka partisipasi pendidikan, dan indikator desentralisasi fiskal disertakan dalam model."