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"Matrices of International Trade model shows world equilibrium and the inter-linkage among countries through trade. This approach enable us to decompose trade multiplier into direct import requirement, indirect import requirement, internal and external propagation as components of total trade multiplier. We also can run growth simulation to identify the distribution of trade gain as previously applied by Miyazawa, Hewings and other authors. Using trade flow data from 178 countries, and focusing on the big five ASEAN, we conform the most important role of Singapore and Malaysia in this region. We also find the role of United States and Japan as biggest and most important trading partner. Unsurprisingly, growth simulation shows unequal trade gain distribution between ASEAN countries and their trading partner."

"Studi ini hendak menganalisa dampak dan kebijakan harga energi Indonesia terhadap perekonomian kota Jakarta; khususnya terhadap pendapatan rumah tangga miskin. Studi ini juga berusaha memformulasikan kebijakan regional yang penting bagi Jakarta untuk menurunkan dampak negative dan kebijakan energi nasional ini terhadap pendapatan rumah tangga miskin. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, dibangun sebuah model CGE (computable general equilibrium) regional. Model ini merupakan model CGE pertama di Indonesia yang dikembangkan untuk sebuah kota."

"Economic growth give some hope on labor absorbtion in economic sectors. It can be seen from trends after crisis that unemployement is rising overtime. This study tends to look on structural impact of growth in industrial and trade sector to labor absorption in Indonesia. The result is labor absorption projection in economic sectors within 2003-2007"

"World Trade Organization (WTO) adalah kepanjangan dari GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), dan mulai berdiri 1 Januari 1995. Karena itu semua tujuan, prinsip perdagangan dunia dan hasil-hasil perundingan Putaran-Putaran perdagangan di bawah GATT, di mana yang terakhir adalah Putaran Uruguay, menjadi bagian dan mengikat bagi WTO. Namun WTO adalah badan yang sama sekali berbeda dengan GATT. Dalam GATT dahulu tidak ada negara anggota, tetapi negara peserta adalah contacting party dari GATT, dalam arti bahwa suatu negara peserta hanya terikat dengan peraturan-peraturan tertentu saja yang ditanda-tanganinya dan tidak terikat dengan semua peraturan yang ada dalam GATT. Sementara dalam WTO, semua negara peserta adalah anggota dan semua kesepakatan yang ada dalam WTO tanpa kecuali mengikat bagi semua anggota dan ada sanksi hukumnya (legally binding) bila terjadi pelanggaran. Kedudukan hukum WTO jauh Iebih kuat, karena selain ditanda-tangani oleh Menteri Perdagangan masing-masing negara peserta, isi kesepakatan Putaran Uruguay dan pendirian WTO jugs harus diratifikasi oleh parlemen negara anggota masing-masing, artinya diperkuat oleh persetujuan wakil-wakil rakyat. Demikianpun, DPR Indonesia telah memberikan persetujuannya pada tanggal 2 November 1994. "

"Pembentukan suatu currency union adalah tahap terakhir dari langkah kebijakan menuju integrasi regional. Currency union biasa didefinisikan sebagai suatu area di mana mata uang tunggal beredar. Perdebatan mengenai adopsi dari common currency oleh negara-negara anggota ASEAN mulai bermunculan terutama sejak terjadinya krisis Asia 1997 dan setelah Euro menjadi kenyataan pada awal tahun 1999 dan tetap bertahan dengan baik sampai sekarang. Keinginan untuk membentuk currency union di Asia Timur dan ASEAN juga dipicu oleh semakin meningkatnya integrasi dalam perdagangan melalui ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). Hal-hal tersebut melatarbelakangi penulis untuk mengadakan penelitian mengenai kemungkinan pembentukan currency union di ASEAN. Penelitian mengenai currency union pada umumnya dibagi menjadi tiga bagian besar, yaitu : kemungkinan pembentukan dilihat dari beberapa prasyarat pembentukan currency union (properti dari Optimum Currency Area), penghitungan Indeks Optimum Currency Area (OCA Index), dan endogeneitas dari indikator OCA. Paper ini akan memfokuskan pada studi empiris mengenai OCA index dan endogeneitas dari prasyarat pembentukan currency union.lndikator-indikator OCA dapat menjadi endogen terhadap variabel-variabel lain. Hal ini disebut sebagai endogeneitas dari indikator-indikator prasyarat pembentukan currency union. Asymmetric shocks sebagai salah satu indikator OCA endogen terhadap variabel perdagangan. Menurut Frankel dan Rose (1998), semakin tinggi level bilateral trade maka semakin besar korelasi siklus bisnis antar negara dan semakin kecil ketidaksimetrisan antar negara dalam menghadapi guncangan (shocks). Menurut Fidrmuc (2001), konvergensi siklus bisnis terjadi melalui jalur intra industry trade. Dengan menggunakan Structural VAR dan Kalman Filter akan diteliti mengenai endogeneitas dari asymmetric shocks di ASEAN terhadap variabel perdagangan. Kalman Filter akan digunakan untuk menghitung time varying correlation coefficient antara negara-negara anggota ASEAN. Filter ini menggambarkan bagaimana time path dari parameter model. "

"From January 1, 2001, when new autonomy laws were implemented, lndonesia began to move toward decentralization of what had been a highly decentralized. This policy adopts two complimentary laws. Law No.22/1999, which basically the devolution policy, has been accompanied by La No.25/1999, which basically reflect that decentralization policy in Indonesia has adopted the concept of ?money follows function?.Law No.25/1999 describe the fiscal decentralization process that will create a new intergovernmental transfer scheme between the central government and local government. Some of items in the law were really new ones such as the natural resources revenue sharing, income tax sharing, general allocation fund (OAF) and specifics allocation fund (SAF). The policies oftax and natural resource revenue sharing can result in fiscal imbalance among regions. Tax and natural resources revenue sharing will benefit only to urbanized and natural resources rich regions Because of it, Central Government created General Allocation Funds. This fund has block grant characteristic and will be given to regions by fiscal gap conception. The purpose is to equalize fiscal capacity among regions that in turn also can reduce disparity among them.The Simultaneous Macro Econometric Model is made for analyzing the fiscal decentralization impact to economic growth and region disparity. The policy simulation in this model used transfer fund from central government such as Tax Revenue Sharing, Natural Resource Revenue Sharing and General Allocation Fund. The simulation is carried out to see the optimality of various possible existing policies. The optimality is measured by evaluating the high rate of economic growth and low disparity."

"AbstractAnalysis of Indonesian EMP and Four ASEAN Countries During CrisisContagion effect or domino eect which causes spreading economic crisis from one country to another also occurred in Indonesia in 1997 and 2008. The effect was identified by Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) index which measures economic pressure faced by a country on the exchange market through foreign exchange rate changes and foreign exchange reserves. The results of EMP analysis in Indonesia and four ASEAN countries using VAR method show that EMP contribution of four ASEAN countries in 2008 was larger than that of 1997. Moreover, the 1997 crisis in Indonesia spread from Thailand, while the 2008 crisis spread from Singapore.AbstrakContagion Effect atau efek domino yang merupakan salah satu penyebab menjalarnya krisis ekonomi dari suatu negara ke negara lain juga terjadi di Indonesia tahun 1997 dan 2008. Efek tersebut diidentifikasi dari indeks Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) yaitu ukuran tekanan ekonomi yang dihadapi suatu negara pada pasar valuta asing melalui perubahan nilai tukar dan cadangan devisa. Hasil analisis EMP Indonesia dan empat negara ASEAN menggunakan metode VAR menunjukkan kontribusi EMP empat negara ASEAN dalam menjelaskan EMP Indonesia tahun 2008 lebih besar dibandingkan tahun 1997. Selain itu, krisis tahun 1997 di Indonesia menjalar dari Thailand, sedangkan krisis tahun 2008 menjalar dari Singapura."

"The study examines saving behavior in ASEAN 5+3 namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Japan, Cina, and Korea during 1991-2007 and its implication toward global imbalances. By using fixed effect panel data regression, this research shows that government spending, interest rate and inflation, financial development through private domestic credit and stock market capitalization along with the 1997 Asian crisis significantly affect the saving behavior. As a result, a macroeconomic stability through interest rate and inflation, the reinforcement of financial development and crisis anticipation policy are required to support global rebalancing through global saving redistribution.

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Studi ini membahas perilaku tabungan negara-negara ASEAN 5+3, yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand, Filipina, Jepang, Cina, dan Korea, dan implikasinya terhadap ketidakseimbangan global. Dengan menggunakan regresi data panel fixed effect, kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa indikator skal belanja pemerintah, indikator makroekonomi suku bunga dan inflasi, indikator perkembangan berupa finansial kredit domestik swasta dan kapitalisasi pasar saham serta krisis Asia 1997 secara signifikan memengaruhi perilaku tabungan. Implikasinya adalah stabilitas makroekonomi melalui inflasi dan suku bunga serta pengembangan pasar finansial dan kebijakan antisipasi krisis diperlukan untuk mendorong penyeimbangan global kembali melalui redistribusi tabungan dunia."

"AbstractEconomic and political systems might have a great share in determining the speed of the economic growth in an economy. Majority of the researchs in the past relied on physical input accumulation in determining economic growth, without taking into account the contribution of institutional characteristics. This research is aimed to test the hypothesis that economic freedom and political system affect the economic growth. Using panel data method (pooled least square approach) in eight ASEAN countries during the period of 1997-2007 and based on a framework of Solow economic growth model, it is showed that the more free and efficient economy leads to faster economic growth, and political democracy can otherwise hinder economic growth. Economy can grow higher if public policies are directed to the creation of: a stable monetary conditions, a more efficient in intermediation of financial markets, appropriate public budget policy, straightforward and efficient regulations, corruption eradication, as well as lower taxes. Nevertheless the index of investment freedom and property rights are far away from the behaviors of existing theories and hypothesis, so further research is needed."

"Labor productivity could be direct measurement of human capital quality as it shows the amount of output that the labor can produce. McConnel and Brue (1995) define labor productivity as ratio between produced output and working hour at certain level of wage. Our research try to analyze the labor productivity on manufacture sector and its explanatory variables by applying cross section data of medium scale industries on 1996 in Indonesia. The estimation result shows the positive significance of education level, the more educated labor will yield higher productivity. We also try to internalize gender issue and we find the more female worker employed, the less productivity of labor force, and consequently will lowering the wage level. Those findings conform not only Human Capital theory by Nelson-Phelps (1966), Lucas (1998) and Aghion and Howitt (1998), but also conform the theory of wage discrimination based on gender as previously stated by Byron and Takahashi (1989) and Hansen and Wahlberg (1997)."