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"Indonesia is a diverse country with uneven resource endowment across its provinces. This study examines the effects of human capital investment policies on the promotion of more equitable income growth across provinces. First, the rate of return to education is estimated for each province using the 1976 and 1989 Indonesian National Labor Force Surveys (SAKERNAS). Then, regional economic indicators are used to explain differences in the rates of return to education among provinces and to develop and test hypotheses regarding the contribution of investment in education to personal income growth in different regions in Indonesia.The study finds large differences in the rates of return to education among provinces with the highest rates of return in the poorest provinces. A model of segmented regional labor markets is advanced to explain why wage differences across provinces may exist. The estimates suggest that labor market segmentation was more pronounced for un- or low-educated workers because inter-provincial differences in wages were greater among this group than among more educated workers. Education may reduce regional labor market segmentation. More educated workers may be better able to compete for jobs in other provinces, and therefore more mobile, because they possess the needed language and market skills.Thus, it appears that education not only enhances personal (and national) income, but also promotes greater equity across provinces. Equitable investment in education across provinces is compatible with both equity and efficiency goals in regional economic development."

"Desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia dewasa ini diharapkan dapat menjadi jawaban untuk meningkatkan kapasitas dan kinerja perekonomian wilayah dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi dan memberikan pelayanan publik yang lebih baik bagi masyarakat. Namun, hal ini menjadi perdebatan seiring hasil penelitian- penelitian yang beberapa diantaranya menunjukkan hasil yang bertentangan di beberapa negara atau wilayah. Untuk menjawab pola pengaruh penerapan desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia, thesis ini melakukan analisis empiris pengaruh pelaksanaan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pembangunan ekonomi wilayah dan untuk mengidentifikasi dampaknya merujuk pada efisiensi ekonomi, keadilan fiskal horisontal, dan efek spillover pertumbuhan ekonomi regional. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan data panel 33 provinsi di Indonesia rentang periode 2005-2012 yang didasarkan pada model Solow-Swan, yang mengasumsikan bahwa hubungan antara output ekonomi, tenaga kerja dan modal dengan skala hasil konstan dan mengurangi kembali ke setiap masukan dan adanya peningkatan teknologi. Dalam hal ini teknologi kembali diasumsikan sebagai fungsi yang dipengaruhi oleh variabel eksogen terkait dan desentralisasi fiskal. Pembangunan ekonomi dalam thesis ini diungkapkan dengan Growth Model dan Level Model. Growth model menjelaskan pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah menggunakan derajat desentralisasi fiskal dan pertumbuhan / proxy variabel penjelas lainnya secara normatif. Sedangkan Level Model mengidentifikasi model yang didasarkan dari Growth Model dengan perubahan variabel yang tidak dibentuk dalam kerangka pertumbuhan variabel-variabelnya tetapi pada tingkat nilai variabel tersebut yang dinormalisasikan menggunakan logaritma. Terkait desentralisasi fiscal, tingkat desentralisasi fiskal diwakili oleh rasio total belanja pemerintah daerah dan pendapatan terhadap total belanja dan pendapatan pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah. Dan terkait efek spillover pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah, analisa spasial yaitu Local Index Spatial Analysis (LISA) diterapkan untuk melihat koefisien regresi atas ruang (Anselin, 1995). Dalam analisis ini variabel seperti PDRB dan beberapa variabel dummy diperkenalkan untuk mengukur autokorelasi spasial terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi.

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Fiscal decentralization is offered as a way to accelerate the performance of each province?s economic capability to encourage economic growth and better public services for their people. However, this approach is still a debate. Previous studies show a contradictory result on the effect of fiscal decentralization in various countries and regions. This thesis performs empirical analysis of influences of fiscal decentralization on regional economic development to see the implementation of fiscal decentralization on developing country like Indonesia and to figure out the effects on traditional economic goals including economic efficiency, horizontal fiscal equity, and spillover effects of regional economic growth.

The study is conducted using panel data of 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2005 to 2012 and the model is basically based on the Solow-Swan Model, assuming a relation between economic output and labour and capital with constant returns to scale and diminish returns to each input and the existence of technology improvement, which is assumed as a function of other exogenous variables and fiscal decentralization. The economic development in this thesis is expressed by a growth model and a level model. The growth model explains regional economic growth using the degree of fiscal decentralization and the growth/proxy of other explanatory variables.

The level model regresses the level of province's GRDP on the degree of fiscal decentralization and the level or proxy of other explanatory variables. The degree of fiscal decentralization is represented by the ratio of total local government expenditure and revenue to the total expenditure and revenue of central government and local government. Regarding the spatial spillover effect, Local Index Spatial Analysis (LISA) is introduced to see the regression coefficients over space (Anselin, 1995). In this analysis variables such as GRDP and some dummy variables are introduced to measure the spatial autocorrelation with respect to economic growth."

"Undang-undang 22/0 dan 25/99 telab merubah pola hubungan pusat-daerah di Indoensia dari pola sentralistik menjadi desentralisis yang efektif berlaku sejak bulan Januari 2001. Lebih jauh pemerintah juga mengeluarkan Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) yang mengatur lebih detail tentang kewajiban dan kewenangan daerah, hutang daerah dan hal lainnya, selain beberapa sektor penting seperti sistem peradilan, agama, keamanan dan hal lain yang masih dibawah tanggung jawab dan kewenangan pemerintah pusat.Konsekuensi langsung dari perubahan ini adalah pemerintah harus mengatur pemerataan dan sustainabilitas anggaran antar daerah. Mengingat karakteristik antar daerah sangat bervariasi dalam hal kandungan sumber daya alam, dan sumber daya manusia, dan juga selepas krisis yang menerpa Indonesia, maka permasalahan yang dihadapi pemerintah pusat dalam menjalankan proses desentralisasi ini, menjadi tidak ringan.Satu hal yang jelas, implementasi proses desentralisasi ini, akan mengurangi penerimaan pemerintah pusat secara langsung sementara agenda peningkatan kesejahteraan, penurunan kesenjangan dan upaya peningkatan pertumbuhan lintas wilayah, sudah didepan mata."

"Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dampak desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi regional di Sumatera, Indonesia. Digunakan tiga model regresi untuk menganalisa data panel lima indikator utama desentralisasi fiskal periode 2007-2013 yaitu: OLS, Fixed Effect Model dan Random Effect Model. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini merupakan data sekunder yang bersumber dari Badan Pusat Dtatistik (BPS) dan Direktorat Jenderal Perimbangan Keuangan Kementrian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. Temuan empiris penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tiga indikator berupa pendapatan daerah, pengeluaran daerah dan jumlah penduduk memiliki dampak negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, sementara tingkat pendidikan dan tingkat serapan tenaga kerja berkorelasi positif terhdap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Sumatera, Indonesia.

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This paper analyzes the impact of fiscal decentralization on regional economic growth in Sumatera, Indonesia. Within the framework of an OLS, Fixed Effect Model and Random Effect Model was employed in this thesis on a set of dynamic panel data models with latent variables over a period 2007- 2013. Two indicators of fiscal decentralization, local revenue, and local expenditure were used to measure impact of fiscal decentralization in Sumatera. Data for this study comes from secondary sources; BPS and DJAPK ministry of Finance Republic of Indonesia. The empirical finding of this study suggests that two fiscal decentralization indicators and number of population have a negative significant impact on regional economic growth. However, number of education and employment rate are positively correlated with economic growth. Finally, there is a little consensus on the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth in Sumatera, Indonesia."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis efek dari kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap beberapa indicator ekonomi seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi dan tingkat kesenjangan ekonomi di Indonesia. Secara teori desentralisasi fiskal dapat menyebabkan pertumbuhan ekonomi karena kebijakan tersebut menciptakan suatu efisiensi dengan cara mendekatkan pemerintah kepada masyarakat (Musgrave, 1959). Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa selain memberikan efek langsung, desentralisasi fiskal juga dapat memberikan efek tidak langsung terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui indikator ekonomi lain seperti tingkat kesenjangan ekonomi. Terdapat beberapa indikator yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur desentralisasi fiskal, seperti yang dijelaskan oleh IMF dalam dokumen 'Government Financial Statistics' (2001), dan penelitian ini menggunakan salah satu indicator tersebut dalam mengukur tingkat desentralisasi fiskal yaitu tingkat desentralisasi fiskal berdasarkan total penerimaan provinsi dibagi dengan total produk domestik bruto provinsi tersebut. Dan dalam rangka melakukan test 'robust' terhadap hasil pengukuran, penelitian ini juga menggunakan indikator lain dari desentralisasi fiskal dalam dokumen IMF tersebut yaitu tingkat desentralisasi fiskal berdasarkan total pengeluaran provinsi dibagi dengan total produk domestik bruto provinsi tersebut. Penelitian ini akan melakukan analisis terhadap efek dari desentralisasi fiskal di 33 provinsi di Indonesia dari tahun 2004 hingga 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis data panel dan metode 'Seemingly Unrelated Regression' (SUR) dalam proses analisis untuk mengakomodasi efek tidak langsung yang diberikan oleh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui tingkat kesenjangan. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa desentralisasi fiskal terbukti memiliki efek yang cukup signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa Efek langsung dari desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi adalah negatif, namun efek tidak langsung dari desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui penurunan tingkat kesenjangan ekonomi adalah positif, dan apabila dianalisis lebih lanjut, total efek yang diberikan oleh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi secara langsung dan tidak langsung adalah positif.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of fiscal decentralization policy on regional economic indicators such as economic growth and inequality in Indonesia. Theoretically, fiscal decentralization can lead to economic growth because it creates efficiency by bringing government closer to the public (Musgrave, 1959). This study argues that besides directly affect economic growth, fiscal decentralization also indirectly affects economic growth through other economic indicators such economic inequality. There are several indicators can be used to measure fiscal decentralization as explained by IMF Government Financial Statistics (2001), this study uses one of them, which is fiscal decentralization as a total provincial revenue as a share of GDP as fiscal decentralization measurement, and for robustness test, this study uses the other indicator measurement from the IMF which is fiscal decentralization as a total provincial expenditure as a share of GDP. Furthermore, this study analyzes the effect of fiscal decentralization across 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2004 to 2013. This study uses panel data and seemingly unrelated regression method in the analysis to accommodate the indirect effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth through inequality. The result shows that fiscal decentralization does have a significant relationship with economic growth directly and indirectly through inequality level. The direct effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth is negative, but the positive effect of fiscal decentralization in reducing inequality levels indirectly improves economic growth, which makes the actual total effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth is positive. Relevance to Development Studies Fiscal decentralization was first implemented in Indonesia in 2001, and after more than a decade, this policy should have given positive impact to Indonesian economy. If it does not have positive impact on the economy then Government of Indonesia should discover what went wrong with this policy. Because of that reason, this study try to analyze do the fiscal decentralization policy in Indonesia can improve their economic growth and reduce inequality level across provinces after more than years of implementation. Improving economic growth means creating more wealth for people and by reducing inequality all people can experience the effect equally. One of the purposes of Development Studies is to improve and create equal welfare for the people especially in the poor and developing countries. Because of that reason, this study is very relevance to development studies because it analyzes the impact of fiscal decentralization policy in Indonesia in improving economic growth and creating economic equality across provinces to improve their people wealth. "

"Indonesia currently adopts a new decentralization policy. In the past, central government had been the major role of regional and cities development. With the new policy, central government has transferred its role in developing cities and regions to the local governments. This policy adopts two complimentary laws. Law No.22/1999, which is basically the devolution policy, has been accompanied by Law No.25/1999, which basically is the fiscal decentralization policy. Both laws reflect that decentralization policy in Indonesia has adopted the concept of "money follows functions".Before the implementation of decentralization policy, the government of cities had been benefited from many facilities built by central government on the city area. With the decentralization policy, it is expected that a reduced role of central government will have a significant impact on the growth of cities in Indonesia. The policy has three major fiscal instruments; a block grant funding, a specific grant and revenue sharing. The block grant funding is considered as the most important instruments of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia. About 80 percent of financial transfer from central to local governments will be in the block grant type of transfer. In the past, the use of transfers was determined by central government specifically. Therefore, the role of block grant was very minimal. With the new fiscal decentralization scheme, the benefits of cities from central government investments are expected to decrease. Therefore, there is a question to what extend the cities will be sustainable in the decentralization era.This paper attempts to answer the impacts of current fiscal decentralization policy on the growth of the cities. The first objective of the paper is to evaluate the current intergovernmental tranfers and their impact to cities revenues. Secondly, by utilizing a regional macroeconometric model, this paper also elaborates the implication of the transfers to the city growth and interregional disparity in Indonesia."

"AbstrakThe development policy in Maluku Province cannot separate from the small islands that dominate the areas. Its central potentials are in the field of fisheries, agriculture, and mining. This research aims to analyze the potentials of the leading sector and to formulate policy priorities for regional development in Maluku Province. The research used in this research is Location Quotient (LQ), Growth-Ratio Model (MRP), Overlay, SWOT and Analytic Network Process (ANP). The results showed that in Maluku Province there are eight economic categories that have base sectors. The result of Growth-Ratio Model (MRP) shows that the sector with the highest average the ratio of growth in the study area (RPs) is mining and quarrying sector. Furthermore, Overlay analysis shows that government administration, defense, social security sectors are obliged to contribute to and the highest growth. The result of SWOT-ANP shows that policy priority in regional development is the acceleration of infrastructure development."

"Desentralisasi fiskal yang dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2001 telah membawa perubahan yang besar bagi tata kelola keuangan publik di Indonesia. Penelitian ini mencoba melihat pengaruh pelaksanaan desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia terhadap ukuran pemerintah daerah provinsi [rasio antara pengeluaran pemerintah daerah provinsi (konsolidasi provinsi dan kabupaten kota) terhadap PDRB provinsi]. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan hipotesis yang dikemukakan oleh Brennan dan Buchanan (1980) dan Wallis dan Oates (1988) mengenai pengaruh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap ukuran pemerintah daerah.Selain melihat pengaruh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap ukuran pemerintah daerah provinsi, penelitian ini juga mencoba melihat pengaruh ukuran pemerintah daerah provinsi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah provinsi. Hal tersebut mengacu pada hipotesis yang dikemukakan oleh Armey (1995), bahwa ukuran pemerintah juga berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan model ekonometrika data panel untuk data dari 26 provinsi di Indonesia pada tahun 1995-2013.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia berpengaruh positif terhadap ukuran pemerintah daerah provinsi. Ukuran pemerintah daerah provinsi juga berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah provinsi. Namun, penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa ukuran optimal dari pemerintah daerah provinsi yang memaksimumkan pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah provinsi belum/tidak terjadi di Indonesia berdasarkan data yang digunakan.

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Fiscal decentralization which has been doing since 2001 brought massive transformation for the governance of the public finance in Indonesia. This research aimed to observe the effect of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia on provincial government size [ratio between provincial government expenditure (consolidation between province and district, city) on GDRP of province]. It was based on hypothesis by Brennan & Buchanan (1980) and Wallis & Oates (1988) about the effect of fiscal decentralization on subnational government size.

In addition to observing the effect of fiscal decentralization on provincial government size, this research also aimed to observe the effect of provincial government size on the regional economic growth. It based on hypothesis stated by Armey (1995) that government size is related to economic growth. Method of the research was econometric panel data modelling for data of 26 provinces in Indonesia from 1995 to 2013.

Result showed that fiscal decentralization in Indonesia had positive effect on provincial government size. Provincial government size also positively affected regional economic growth. However, this study showed that optimal size of provincial government in order to maximize regional economic growth had not or did not occur in Indonesia based on data used."

"Booming and prosperity. Joyful expectation of the future. And, suddenly, a crash, a dramatic crash. All were lost in such a short time. They were so unprepared for this event. Then, those who had used to talk about poverty, but did not really experience the poverty itself, were forced to get the feeling of much relative deprivation. They had not fallen to under poverty line, and, indeed, they might be still in a much higher economic situation than the poverty line; but their prospect had been very bleak. It was like the feeling of riding a roller coaster, but without knowing the end of the fast descending journey. They were, to mention a few, the academicians, politicians, bureaucrats, business people, people in NGOs and joui nalists. They had the political power, and some were involved in decision making to help the "poor" people."