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"This article examines the dynamic of poor women identities in Boyolali through their knowledge on needs, ways to meet needs, means of expressing interest, and how local leaders facilitating aspirations of the poor. There is knowledge diversity and pattern of political action among the women in encountering poverty-related hardship in the daily lives. This study emphasizes the need to understand diversity of poor women to elaborate women, household and the poverty issues."

""Dengan tersedianya data etnografi suku-suku bangsa tersebut di atas, tahap awal daripemanfaatannya bagi Pembangunan Nasional dapat memperoleh momentumnya, meskipun dimensi, ciri-ciri khusus dan dinamikanya masing-masing masih harus diteliti dan diungkapkan. Pembangunan Nasional Indonesia melalui berbagai GBHN, Repelita dan RPJM, dan selanjutnya kelak RPJP, dilaksanakan meliputi seluruh penjuru Tanah Air Indonesia, baik Pembangunan Sektoral maupun Pembangunan Daerah. Pembangunan Nasional pada hakekatnya identik dengan Pembangunan Daerah, dalam artian Pembangunan Nasional dilaksanakan di daerah-daerah. Dalam era Otonomi Daerah saat ini, Pembangunan Daerah dalam rangka Pembangunan Nasional memperoleh ciri baru, yaitu Daerah Membangun untuk mengisi Pembangunan Nasional.""

"Indonesia is a multicultural society consisting of more than 500 ethnic groups, cultures, and various religious beliefs. They are united as a nation by the national state system of Indonesia. The Indonesian state was built by the founding fathers on the basis of the ideology of 'Unity in Diversity' (Bhinneka Tunggal Ika). During the Soeharto regime, it was turned into a state based on militarism, violence, totalitarianism, and was centered in the hands of the powerful elites. In line with the violence, militarism and totalitarianism, there has been an active use of primordialism (ethnicity and Islamic religion as the political tools). In this article the author presents the essence of Indonesia's multiculturalism and its potentials to unite and break up as a nation, as well as solutions on how to take care and maintain a democratic multiculturalism."

"Pada hemat kami, sirik pada orang Bugis-Makassar, kalau itu masih benar potensial untuk dapat menemukan reorientasi dan transformasi ke dalam interpretasi yang dapat menekapi etos kebudayaan nasional Pancasila, yang segenap unsur-unsurnya merupakan darah-daging pribadi sirik, maka sirik itu niscaya dapat menjadi daya dorong yang kuat bagi pembinaan kebudayaan Indonesia."

"Sebagai bab penyimpulan, maka ia pun berupaya memberikan penajaman atas masalah-masalah masa kini To-Kaili, yang akan mengantarkannya ke masa depan, atau hari esok."

"From the 1860's up to the 1940's, German missionaries under the leadership of Dr. I.L.Nommensen succeeded in converting many of the Batak Toba to Christianity, and along with the Dutch colonial government developed a Western education system in the Batak homeland. Following this, educational improvement among the Batak Toba helped foster the development of Christianity and the Church. As a further development, the Church has extended its reach from matters of personal life to the collective life of the Batak Toba. While introducing new values to the people, the Church seeks to eradicate traditional cultural values that are not in accord with its own, such as the gondang sabangunan and tortor (the ceremonial music and dance of the Batak Toba) and a number of ritual ceremonies. The Church's desire is today reflected in the book Hukum Siasat Gereja, which deals with the norms of Christian social life. Several articles in the book place restrict the musical activity of Christian Batak Toba, especially the performance of gondang sabangunan and tortor in the context of ritual ceremonies. Through an ethno historical approach, this article examines change in the functions and dynamics of gondang sabangunan and tortor performances among the Christian Batak Toba of North Sumatera. The study covers the period between the 1860's and the 1990's. Aside from discussing a number of social and cultural factors that have led to changes in the function of the ceremonial music and dance, several rulings on the performance of gondang sabangunan and tortor in the Hukum Siasat Gereja will also be discussed. The purpose of this last discussion is to show the extend of the Church's influence in the context of this change. The article also provides a discussion on the response of the Christian Batak Toba toward these rulings."

"In this article, the author describes the ethnography of the Bugis-Makassar, the largest inhabitants in South Sulawesi. His description includes: the historical background, their social stratification, kinship system, traditional political structure, and folklore. How the Bugis-Makassar elite groups are developed and how their social structure influenced by such development is also discussed by the author. Based on the historical evidences it is revealed that identification of the elite groups which is underlined by nobility, emerged in 15th century. In the period of Dutch colonization, composition of the elite groups changed into: pangreh-praja (government administration official) which subsequently emerged as a new elite group. In the era of independence, the position of elites were mostly occupied by the rulling class and well-educated persons. In the last section, the author explains the sirik an institution which refers to human dignity and self-respect - in relation to the conditioning of Indonesian national culture."

"This article was written in response to a challenge put forth by two non-anthropologists over the role of anthropologists in Indonesian national development. The challenge was made by the late Dr. Y.B. Mangunwijaya (Kompas 24 January 1996) and Dr. Benjamin Lumenta (Kompas 29 January 1996). In fact, a response was given by Prof. Parsudi Suparlan (Kompas3 February 1996) and the author (Republika 2 May 1996). Also related to the matter is an article by Prof. S. Budhisantoso (Republika 24 May 1996).This article is an extension of the author's own article that appeared in Republika of May2, 1996. He finds that his ideas on the role of anthropologists in national development could not be covered adequately in the brief newspaper article, and requires an extended and serious discussion-even more so since the present articles touches upon the anthropological education system in Indonesia, specifically at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Indonesia. Thus, the article brings forth three main points, that is the role of anthropologists in Indonesia, the development of the anthropological education system in Indonesia, and Indonesian development."

"The author looks into the problem of violent conflict and shows it links to a number of factors which include industrialization; crime; social, economic and political pressure; police violence and social entropy. Population pressures have led to environmental scarcity, leaving some groups with no ability to compete for resources. The larger part of the population lacks capital, as well as strategies for acquiring needed resources. These conditions invite violent conflict, as the less fortunate turn to violent action to survive. The problem is made worse by an industrialization without ethics, whereby the absence of guidelines for healthy competition increases the gap between capital holders and the larger population. At present, many of the conflicts that arise are attributed to social disequilibrium, and not to the rise in demand for basic needs. The author argues that a totally equilibrium state does not and cannot exist, even in hunter and gatherer societies that are purported to be egalitarian. Therefore, he suggests that what is needed are social institution that can guaranteed social justice, political democracy and cultural freedom instead."

"In this article the author looks into social conflict and alternative solutions to the problem. He begins by discussing the merits of a conflict model in viewing society, as expounded by Dahrendorf, Bailey and others. The author argues that, in contrast, the New Order Regime of Indonesia followed a model of equilibrium, characteristic of most pseudo-democratic or authoritarian states. With an emphasis on gotong royong. uniformity, balance and harmony, any move toward individuality or anti-stability was seen as having no function in the maintenance of the system. Holding to this latter model, any view deviating from official policy was removed. Different views could only be expressed by those with power, who were in fact those in power. By setting the rules of the game, their own views were never seen as a form of deviation. This led to the emergence of conflict between various groups, whereby some were stripped of their identities, dignity and/or material resources in the interest of the state or more powerful groups. Conflicts between ethnic groups present a special problem, because any attack on the group is seen as an attack on the individual, and vice versa. The author suggests that with a conflict model, differences are a given, and conflicts give rise to competition where there exist rules for competition that are fair and well-enforced. These rules must be enforced by an impartial police. However, the incorporation of the police into the Indonesian military for the past 32 years has placed emphasis on the use of military tactics for resolving conflict. In fact, one solution to the problem of conflict is the presence of one institution or organization that can be trusted and depended upon by all parties involved; and this should be the police."