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"ABSTRAKIn this paper we present a model in which individuals act in their own best interest, to explain many behaviors associated with cigarette addiction. There are two key features of the model. First, there is an explicit representation of the withdrawal effects experienced when smokers attempt to quit smoking. Second, there is explicit recognition that the negative effects of smoking generally appear late in an individual's life. Among the things we use the model to explain are: (1) how individuals can become trapped in their decision to smoke; (2) the conditions under which cold-turkey quitting and gradual quitting may occur; and (3) a reason for the existence of quit-smoking treatments."

"expatriate training in Japan demonstrate interesting differences between Japanese companies and multinational companies. in this paper, the influence of cultural values with a focus on individualism and collectivism is used to explain the cuase underlying these differences. the following aspects of expatriate training are covered in this paper. 1) attitudes of HR and participants toward intercultural training. 2) individual vs. group programs. 3) spouse included or not. 4) youth programs offered. 5) profile of typical participants. 6) overall training program goals. 7) participant goals and objectives for the training. 8) pre-program assessment. 9) pre-program contact with participants. 10) program materials and delivery styles. 11) participation style of the participants during the training. 12) post-program feedback and evaluation by participants. in order to design, market, and deliver corporate expatriate training in Japan, we need to understand and manage the individualism--collectivism value differences between Japanese companies and multinational companies."