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"Latar Belakang: Sindroma Guillain-Barre merupakan kondisi kritis dengan kebutuhan energi meningkat sesuai dengan hiperkatabolisme sehingga meningkatkan risiko malnutrisi. Malnutrisi dapat mengurangi kemampuan otot diafragma, dan meningkatkan risiko infeksi yang akan memperberat kondisi sakit kritis. Terapi medik gizi bertujuan menyediakan substrat energi, mengurangi responss metabolik terhadap stres, memicu responss imun, serta mempertahankan massa bebas lemak. Metode: Serial kasus ini melaporkan empat pasien sakit kritis dengan sindroma Guillain-Barre berusia antara 21-58 tahun. Keempat pasien memiliki status gizi obes berdasarkan kriteria World Health Organization WHO Asia Pasifik. Terapi medik gizi diberikan sesuai pedoman pada keadaan sakit kritis dimulai dengan enteral dini dengan target 20-25 kkal/kg BB fase akut dan protein 1,2-2 g/kg BB. Pemberian nutrisi ditingkatkan bertahap sesuai klinis dan toleransi saluran cerna. Mikronutrien diberikan vitamin D3, B, C, seng. Hasil: Tiga pasien pulang dengan perbaikan kekuatan motorik dengan lama perawatan intensif yang bervariasi, sedangkan satu pasien masih dalam perawatan karena membutuhkan ventilasi mekanik. Kesimpulan: Terapi medik gizi adekuat menunjang proses penyembuhan penyakit dan memperbaiki kapasitas fungsional. "

"Latar belakang. Meningkatnya prevalensi obesitas diikuti pula dengan kejadian sakit kritis pada pasien obesitas. Obesitas merupakan suatu kondisi inflamasi kronis yang memengaruhi disregulasi respon imun dan meningkatkan risiko sepsis. Sepsis merupakan penyebab tersering perawatan di intensive care unit (ICU) dan berkaitan dengan tingginya mortalitas dan morbiditas. Terapi medik gizi yang adekuat diperlukan untuk menopang diregulasi metabolisme pada sakit kritis dan mencegah penurunan status gizi. Pasien obesitas dengan sepsis menunjukkan prognosis yang buruk pada kondisi hiperlaktatemia. Salah satu mikronutrien yang berperan dalam bersihan laktat adalah tiamin. Beberapa studi menunjukkan efek positif suplementasi tiamin pada penurunan kadar laktat dan mortalitas pada pasien sepsis.Kasus. Serial kasus ini memaparkan tiga pasien laki-laki dan satu pasien perempuan, berusia 33-68 tahun dengan status gizi obesitas, mengalami sakit kritis, dan sepsis. Seluruh pasien mendapatkan terapi medik gizi sejak fase akut sakit kritis. Pemberian energi dan protein sesuai dengan kondisi klinis dan toleransi pasien. Seluruh pasien mendapatkan suplementasi tiamin 2x100 mg per enteral yang dimulai pada 24 jam pertama pasca penegakkan diagnosis sepsis selama 7 hari.Hasil. Selama perawatan, asupan energi pasien kasus dapat mencapai 30 kkal/kgBB dan asupan protein mencapai 1,3–1,7 g/kgBB sesuai dengan fungsi ginjal pasien. Tiga pasien mengalami penurunan kadar laktat dan skor SOFA setelah 7 hari suplementasi tiamin. Ketiga pasien tersebut dapat melewati fase kritis di ICU dan pindah ke ruang perawatan biasa, sedangkan satu pasien mengalami peningkatan enzim transaminase dan peningkatan kadar laktat. Pasien tersebut mengalami 3 kali periode sepsis dan meninggal dunia saat perawatan sakit kritis.Kesimpulan. Suplementasi tiamin memberikan efek positif pada penurunan kadar laktat darah dan skor SOFA pada pasien sakit kritis dengan sepsis dan obesitas. Terapi medik gizi yang adekuat dapat menunjang luaran klinis dan kesintasan pada pasien sakit kritis dengan sepsis dan obesitas.

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Background. The prevalence of obesity is rising worldwide followed by the incidence of critical illness in obese patients. Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects dysregulation of immune response and increases the risk of sepsis. Sepsis is the most common cause of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Adequate medical nutrition therapy is required to support metabolism in the critically ill and prevent deterioration in nutritional status. Obese patients with sepsis and hyperlactatemia exhibit poor prognosis. One of the micronutrients that play a role in lactate clearance is thiamine. Several studies have shown a positive effect of thiamine supplementation on reducing lactate levels and mortality in septic patients.

Case. This case series described three male patients and one female patient, aged 33-68 years with obesity, critical illness, and sepsis. All patients obtained medical nutrition therapy ever since the acute phase of critical illness. Administration of energy and protein was adjusted to clinical conditions and patients` tolerance. All patients received thiamine supplementation 2x100 mg enteral starting in the first 24 hours after diagnosis of sepsis for 7-day period.

Result. During treatment, the energy dan protein intake of case patients attained 30 kcal/kgBW and 1.3–1.7 g/kgBW respectively, according to the patients' tolerance. Three patients had decrement of lactate levels and SOFA scores after 7 days of thiamine supplementation. The three patients were able to surpass the critical phase in the ICU and step down to ward. Meanwhile, one patient experienced an increment in transaminases enzymes and lactate levels. The patient had 3 periods of sepsis and died during critical care.

Conclusion. Thiamine supplementation exhibited positive impact on lactate levels and SOFA scores decrement in critically ill patients with sepsis and obesity. Adequate medical nutritional therapy could promote clinical outcomes and survival in critically ill patients with sepsis and obesity."

"Latar Belakang: Gagal napas merupakan suatu sindrom pada sistem pernapasan yang gagal dalam fungsi pertukaran gas, sehingga menyebabkan hipoksemia dan/atau hiperkapnia. Pasien dengan gagal napas sangat memerlukan penggunaan ventilator mekanik. Terdapat hubungan antara malnutrisi dengan gagal napas. Terapi medik gizi pasien sakit kritis berupa nutrisi enteral dini dapat menjadi strategi terapi yang dapat mengurangi ketergantungan pada ventilator, mengurangi komplikasi, menurunkan lama rawat di ICU dan meningkatkan keluaran klinis pasien.Metode: Serial kasus ini melaporkan empat pasien sakit kritis dengan gagal napas yang dirawat di ICU RSUPNCM. Terapi medik gizi diberikan sesuai pedoman pada sakit kritis. Nutrisi enteral dini diberikan dalam 48 jam perawatan di ICU. Tiga pasien dapat mencapai target energi 25-30 kkal/kg BB, dan minimal protein 1,2 g/kg BB, sedangkan 1 pasien dengan obes I hanya dapat mencapai energi <70% dari kebutuhan energi total dan protein 0,6 g/kg BB. Mikronutrien diberikan dalam makanan cair. Volume makanan cair yang diberikan disesuaikan dengan imbang cairan pasien setiap hari.Hasil: Pasien pada serial kasus ini berusia 44-67 tahun, semua adalah laki-laki. Satu pasien dengan status gizi malnutrisi ringan, 2 pasien berat badan normal dan 1 pasien dengan obes 1. Dua dari empat pasien termasuk gagal napas tipe I akibat gagal jantung kongestif dengan edema paru. Dua pasien lainnya termasuk gagal napas tipe II akibat fasitis nekrotikan. Seluruh pasien mendapatkan nutrisi enteral dalam 48 jam pertama perawatan. Satu pasien dengan malnutrisi ringan, dan hipoalbuminemia berat mengalami perawatan >21 hari karena sulit weaningventilator dan masuk sebagai chronically crtically ill sedangkan tiga lainnya dengan BB normal dan obes mengalami <21 hari perawatan.Kesimpulan: Status gizi memengaruhi lama pemakaian ventilator mekanik. Terapi medik gizi dapat diterapkan pada semua pasien sesuai dengan komorbid dan dapat mendukung perbaikan keluaran klinis pasien.

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Background: Respiratory failure is a respiratory system syndrome of inadequate gas exchange, resulting hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia. Respiratory failure patient needs mechanical ventilation as the main therapy. Malnutrition and respiratory failure are related. Early enteral nutrition is a therapeutic strategy that can reduce dependence on mechanical ventilation, complications, length of stay in ICU and improve clinical outcomes in critically ill respiratory failure patients.

Methode: This case series report four critically ill patients with respiratory failure from the ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Medical nutrition therapy is implemented according to the ESPEN clinical nutrition guideline in critically ill. Early enteral nutrition is given in 48 hours of ICU care. Three patients can reach the energy target of 25-30 kcal/kg ABW, and a minimum of 1.2 g/kg ABW protein, whereas 1 obese patient can only achieved <70% of estimated TEE and protein needs of 0.6 g/kg IBW. Micronutrients given within enteral formula. The volume of enteral nutrition is adjusted to patient's fluid balance every day.

Result: Patients were 44-67 years old, all males. One patient was with mild malnutrition, 2 patients were in normal weight and 1 patient was obese I. Two of them were diagnosed as respiratory failure type I due to congestive heart failure with pulmonary edema. The two others were respiratory failure type II due to necrotizing fasciitis. All patients received early enteral nutrition within 48 hours. One patient with malnutrition and severe hypoalbuminemia stayed for >21 days in ICU for mechanical ventilation need, and become a chronically crtically ill while others are <21 days.

Conclusion: Nutritional status affects mechanical ventilation dependence. Medical nutrition therapy can be applied to all patients according to their comorbidities and can improve clinical outcomes. "

"Cedera kepala merupakan penyebab utama kematian dan kecacatan pada populasi dunia berusia di bawah 45 tahun. Cedera kepala sedang (CKS) dan berat (CKB) biasanya memerlukan perawatan intensif dan pendekatan medis-bedah. Pasien dengan cedera kepala mengalami peningkatan laju metabolisme sehingga memerlukan tatalaksana medik gizi yang sesuai. Pemenuhan kebutuhan energi yang tidak adekuat dapat menyebabkan peningkatan angka morbiditas, risiko infeksi, dan komplikasi lainnya. Pemberian nutrisi enteral dini dalam kurun 24-48 jam setelah masuk Intensive Care Unit (ICU) dapat memperbaiki luaran klinis pasca cedera. Serial kasus ini bertujuan untuk melaporkan peran tatalaksana medik gizi pada status gizi, lama pemakaian ventilator, tingkat kesadaran dan kapasitas fungsional pada pasien kritis dengan CKS dan CKB. Empat pasien laki-laki dengan rentang usia 25-46 tahun diobservasi selama perawatan di ICU RS Cipto Mangunkusumo, dua pasien dengan diagnosis CKS dan sisanya dengan diagnosis CKB. Status gizi berdasarkan indeks massa tubuh, dua pasien memiliki berat badan (BB) normal, satu pasien BB lebih dan satu pasien obesitas II. Tingkat kesadaran berdasarkan skor Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) pasien pada saat masuk ICU adalah 6-11. Selama perawatan keempat pasien mendapat nutrisi enteral dini dan pemberian nutrisi ditingkatkan bertahap. Pada seluruh pasien, kebutuhan energi dapat dipenuhi sesuai target 25-30 kkal/kg BB. Kebutuhan makronutrien dapat dipenuhi sesuai target, yaitu protein 1,2-2 g/kg BB, lemak 20-30%, dan karbohidrat minimal 100 g/hari. Pada dua pasien dengan CKB, diberikan nutrien spesifik berupa glutamin sebesar 0,2 g/kgBB/hari dan mikronutrien berupa vitamin C, vitamin B kompleks, asam folat, dan seng. Hingga akhir pemantauan status gizi pada dua pasien CKS dapat dipertahankan, sedangkan dua pasien dengan CKB mengalami penurunan berat badan. Dua pasien CKS hanya menggunakan ventilator selama 4-5 hari, sedangkan dua pasien dengan CKB menggunakan ventilator lebih lama yaitu 12 dan 31 hari dengan disertai komorbiditas pneumotoraks dan ventilator-associated pneumonia. Tingkat kesadaran seluruh pasien mengalami perbaikan. Skor GCS pasien pada akhir perawatan di ICU adalah 7-15. Kapasitas fungsional berdasarkan Indeks Barthel juga mengalami perbaikan pada tiga pasien, yaitu dari ketergantungan total menjadi ketergantungan sedang atau berat. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tatalaksana medik gizi dapat berperan dalam mempertahankan status gizi, menurunkan lamanya pemakaian ventilator, memperbaiki tingkat kesadaran dan kapasitas fungsional pada pasien sakit kritis dengan CKB dan CKS. Tingkat keparahan cedera kepala dan komorbiditas dapat memengaruhi luaran klinis dan harus dipertimbangkan dalam memberi tatalaksana medik gizi.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the global population under 45 years old. Moderate and severe TBI usually require intensive care and a medical-surgical approach. Patients with TBI experience an increase in metabolic rate and therefore require appropriate medical nutrition therapy. Inadequate energy intake can cause an increase in morbidity, risk of infection, and other complications. Early enteral nutrition within 24-48 hours after ICU admission has been shown to improve clinical outcome.

This case series aims to report the role of medical nutrition therapy on nutritional status and clinical outcomes of critically ill patients with moderate and severe TBI. Four male patients aged 25-46 years were observed during their stay at the ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Based on body mass index, two patients were normoweight, one patient was overweight and one patient was class II obese. The Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of the patients on ICU admission were ranged 6-11.

Two of the four patients were classified as moderate TBI and the other two patients were as classified as severe TBI. On monitoring four patients received early enteral nutrition and the nutrition was gradually increased to reach the target of 25-30 kcal/kg body weight (BW). Enteral formula were targeted to achieve protein intake of 1.2-2 g/kgBW, fat intake of 20-30% of energy intake, and carbohydrate intake of at least 100 g/day. Two patients with severe TBI were given specific nutrients in the form of glutamine as much as 0.2 g/kgBW/day and micronutrients in the form of vitamin C, vitamin B complex, folic acid, and zinc. Two patients with moderate TBI received mechanical ventilation for 4 and 5 days, while two patients with severe TBI received mechanical ventilation for 12 and 31 days. In two patients with severe TBI, prolonged use of mechanical ventilation may be associated with the comorbidities of pneumothorax and ventilator-associated pneumonia.

At the end of monitoring, the levels of consciousness were improved in all patients. The patients GCS score at the end of treatment in the ICU were ranged 7-15. Functional capacity based on the Barthel Index also improved in three patients, from total dependence to moderate or severe dependence. Weight loss was experienced in two patients with severe TBI, possibly due to severe and prolonged catabolism in severe TBI. Patients with severe TBI may have higher energy requirements to maintain their nutritional status.

It can be concluded that medical nutrition therapy may play a role in improving the level of consciousness and functional capacity in critically ill patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury."

"Ileostomi merupakan tindakan pembedahan pembuatan lubang (stoma) antaraileum dan dinding abdomen, bertujuan untuk pengalihan feses. Ileostomi umumnyadibuat pada pasien yang menjalani penanganan kanker kolorektal, neoplasmastadium lanjut dengan infiltrasi usus halus, maupun peradangan saluran cerna.Ileostomi high output (produksi stoma ileum >1500 mL/hari) dapat menyebabkangangguan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit, maupun malnutrisi pada pasien. Saatini belum ada pedoman tata laksana nutrisi komprehensif untuk pasien ileostomihigh output. Serial kasus ini bertujuan untuk mendukung terapi, mengatasimalnutrisi, menunjang perbaikan klinis, sehingga dapat menurunkan morbiditasdan mortalitas pasien ileostomi high output. Empat pasien ileostomi high outputdengan rentang usia 42 hingga 50 tahun mendapatkan terapi medik gizi selamaperawatan di rumah sakit. Tiga kasus merupakan kasus kronik dengan keganasan,sementara satu kasus lainnya merupakan kasus akut yaitu adhesi dan perforasiakibat hernia femoralis strangulata. Keempat kasus tersebut merupakan ileostomihigh output onset awal, yaitu yang terjadi kurang dari tiga minggu pasca pembuatanstoma. Berdasarkan kriteria malnutrisi American Society for Parenteral andEnteral Nutrition (ASPEN), keempat pasien ini tergolong malnutrisi berat. Terapimedik gizi diberikan dengan prinsip pemberian makanan dan minuman porsi kecilnamun sering, restriksi cairan hipotonik, pemberian minuman berupa larutanelektrolit-glukosa, pemberian medikasi anti motilitas, serta koreksi cairan danelektrolit menurut kebutuhan dan kondisi klinis pasien. Target asupan energi danprotein pada keempat pasien dapat tercapai selama perawatan. Selama pemantauan,keempat pasien mengalami penurunan output ileostomi, serta perbaikankeseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit darah. Satu pasien mengalami perburukan klinisdan meninggal akibat sepsis pada hari perawatan ke-18. Tiga pasien pulang dengankondisi klinis perbaikan. Satu pasien mengalami peningkatan output ileostomi saatperawatan di rumah, kemudian dirawat kembali sepuluh hari setelah pulang karenakomplikasi anemia gravis dan ketidakseimbangan elektrolit, dan pada akhirnyameninggal. Terapi medik gizi dapat menurunkan produksi stoma, memperbaikikadar elektrolit darah, serta memperbaiki keseimbangan cairan pada pasienileostomi high output.

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Ileostomy is a surgical procedure to divert the ileum onto an artificial opening inthe abdominal wall, aimed for fecal diversion. Ileostomy is commonly created inpatients undergoing treatment for colorectal cancer, advanced neoplasms withintestinal infiltration, or gastrointestinal inflammation. High output ileostomy(stoma output >1500 mL per day) can cause imbalance of fluid and electrolytes,and malnutrition in patients. At present, there is no comprehensive nutritionmanagement guideline for high output ileostomy patients. This case series aimedto support therapy, prevent malnutrition, improve clinical condition, as well as toreduce the morbidity and mortality of high output ileostomy patients. Four highoutput ileostomy patients, with a range of age 42 to 50 years old received medicalnutrition therapy during their hospital stay. Three cases were chronic cases inmalignancy, while the other case was an acute case of adhesion and perforation dueto strangulated femoral hernia. All four cases were early onset high outputileostomy, occurring in three weeks after stoma creation. Based on the AmericanSociety for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) malnutrition criteria, thesefour patients were classified as severe malnutrition. Medical nutrition therapy wasadministered according to a set of principles: small frequent feeding and drinking,hypotonic fluid restriction, oral electrolyte-glucose solution administration, antimotilitymedication administration, as well as fluid and serum electrolytecorrection, according to patients' needs and clinical conditions. The target of energyand protein intake in all patients were achieved during hospital stay. During hospitalmonitoring, decreased ileostomy output as well as improvement in fluid andelectrolyte balance were observed in all patients. One patient clinically worsenedand died due to sepsis on the 18th day of hospital stay. Three patients showedimprovement in clinical condition and were discharged. One patient experienced anincrease in ileostomy output at home, and then readmitted ten days after hospitaldischarge due to severe anemia and electrolyte imbalance and subsequently died.Medical nutrition therapy may decrease output as well as improve fluid andelectrolyte balance in patients with high output ileostomy."

"Latar Belakang: Cedera tulang belakang dapat menyebabkan kelumpuhan kronis yang memengaruhi kebutuhan energi dan protein. Proses penyembuhan yang lama akibat trauma sistem saraf dan komplikasi akibat tirah baring lama berdampak pada penurunan angka harapan hidup dan kualitas hidup seseorang. Risiko malnutrisi akibat inaktivitas kronis dapat menyebabkan hilangnya massa otot yang juga berpengaruh pada status nutrisi. Terapi medik gizi bertujuan mengurangi respons metabolik, mempertahankan massa bebas lemak, dan mencegah komplikasi. Metode: Serial kasus ini melaporkan empat pasien sakit kritis dengan cedera tulang belakang yang memiliki karakteristik usia 29-58 tahun. Status gizi pasien saat admisi adalah berat badan BB normal. Terapi medik gizi yang diberikan menggunakan panduan sakit kritis. Pemberian nutrisi ditingkatkan bertahap sesuai klinis dan toleransi saluran cerna dengan target capaian 30 kkal/kg BB. Mikronutrien utama yang diberikan adalah vitamin B. Hasil: Dua pasien kasus pertama dan ketiga pulang dengan pemenuhan nutrisi sesuai rekomendasi dan dapat mengkonsumsi asupan melalui jalur oral. Dua pasien yang meninggal pasien kedua dan keempat, tata laksana nutrisi tidak mencapai target. Pasien kedua memiliki penyulit berupa atelektasis paru kanan, infeksi sekunder Pseudomonas aeroginosa dan Klebsiella pneumoniae, sedangkan pasien keempat memiliki penyulit berupa kontusio paru, infeksi Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Klebsiella pneumoniae. Kesimpulan: Terapi medik gizi yang adekuat mendukung kesembuhan pasien. Penyulit seperti infeksi sekunder atau komorbid lain dapat menjadi kendala keberhasilan tatalaksana nutrisi yang optimal.

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Background: Spinal cord injury causes chronic paralysis that affects energy and protein requirement. The long-term healing process due to nervous system trauma and complications caused by prolonged bed rest impact on decreasing life expectancy and quality of life. The risk of malnutrition due to chronic inactivity can lead to loss of muscle mass, that also affects nutritional status. The aims of medical nutrition therapy are to decrease metabolic response, maintain fat-free mass, and prevent complications. Methods: This case series reported four critically ill patients with spinal cord injury aged 29-58 years. All patients had normoweight. Medical nutrition therapy was given based on nutrition guidelines for critically ill patients. Nutrition was given in accordance with clinical and gastrointestinal tolerance, increased gradually up to 30 kcal/kg body weight. Micronutrient given was vitamin B. Results: Two patients the first and the third discharged with optimal nutrient intake given orally. Other two patients the second and the fourth had right atelectasis, secondary infecton of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebisella pneumoniae, the latter had pulmonary contusions and secondary infection as well. Conclusion: Adequate nutrition supports patient rsquo;s recovery. Comorbidty and infection can be obstacle to achieve optimal nutrition."

"[ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Intestinal failure (IF) merupakan masalah pascabedah denganoutcome yang buruk. Saat ini telah terdapat rekomendasi terapi gizi pada IFberdasarkan etiologinya, namun belum ada laporan serial kasus yang memaparkanaplikasinya.Presentasi Kasus: Pasien dalam serial kasus ini terdiri dari 3 perempuan dan 1laki-laki, berusia 21?42 tahun. Terhadap pasien ditegakkan diagnosis IF denganberbagai etiologi, yaitu 3 pasien dengan fistula enterokutan (FEK) dan 1 pasiendengan short bowel syndrome (SBS) end jejunostomy. Terapi gizi pada pasien IFberdasarkan etiologinya. Pada pasien FEK high output, kebutuhan energi 1,5?2kali resting energy requirement (RER) atau 37?45 kkal/kg BB/hari, protein 1,5?2g/kg BB/hari. Pada FEK low output kebutuhan energi 1?1,5 kali KEB (25?30kkal/kg BB/hari), protein 1?1,5 g/kg BB/hari. Pada pasien FEK yang mendapatterapi konservatif, didapat outcome peningkatan kadar albumin serum dan beratbadan, serta produksi fistel yang berkurang. Pasien FEK dengan persiapanrekonstruksi usus halus terdapat perbaikan keadaan umum dan peningkatan kadaralbumin serum. Pada pasien SBS, terkait kondisi pascabedah maka terapi gizisesuai rekomendasi Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS), dengankebutuhan energi 25?30 kkal/kg BB/hari dengan komposisi makronutrien yangseimbang. Pada pasien ini dilakukan distal feeding dan pengaturan laju tetesankimus untuk mencegah sindrom dumping. Pasien SBS didapat outcomepeningkatan kadar albumin dan berat badan selama masa perawatan. Kesimpulan: Terapi medik gizi klinik yang adekuat memberikan outcome yang baik pada pasien IF.ABSTRACT Background: Intestinal failure (IF) is a postoperative complication with poor

outcome. Nowadays, many of nutritional management recommendations based on

etiologies of IF, but no report about those application.

Case Presentation: Three female and one male patients were included in this case

series, aged 21?42 years old. Nutritional needs in IF patients are determined by

their etiologies. IF in this case series caused by enterocutaneous fistula (ECF)

and short bowel syndrome (SBS). Nutritional needs on ECF patients depend on

their fistula production. In patients with high output ECF, energy requirement is

in 1.5?2 resting energy requirement (RER) or 37?45 kcal/kg BW/day, protein

1,5?2 g/kg BW/day. In low output ECF, energy requirement is 1?1.5 RER or 25?

30 kcal/kg BW/day hari, protein 1?1.5 g/kg BW/day. In ECF patients given

conservative therapy, serum albumin and body weight increased, while the fistula

production decreased. In patients with preoperative of intestine reconstruction

surgery, there were improvement in general condition with the increase of serum

albumin. In SBS patients, related to the postoperative condition, energy was given

according to Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) recommendation 25?30

kkal/kg BW/day with balance of macronutrient composition. In SBS end

jejunostomy patient the food was given through distal feeding with adjusted

chymus drip to prevent dumping syndrome. There were increased in serum

albumin and body weight of the patients.

Conclusion: Adequate support medical therapy of clinical nutrition in IF patients give good outcome. , Background: Intestinal failure (IF) is a postoperative complication with poor

outcome. Nowadays, many of nutritional management recommendations based on

etiologies of IF, but no report about those application.

Case Presentation: Three female and one male patients were included in this case

series, aged 21–42 years old. Nutritional needs in IF patients are determined by

their etiologies. IF in this case series caused by enterocutaneous fistula (ECF)

and short bowel syndrome (SBS). Nutritional needs on ECF patients depend on

their fistula production. In patients with high output ECF, energy requirement is

in 1.5–2 resting energy requirement (RER) or 37–45 kcal/kg BW/day, protein

1,5–2 g/kg BW/day. In low output ECF, energy requirement is 1–1.5 RER or 25–

30 kcal/kg BW/day hari, protein 1–1.5 g/kg BW/day. In ECF patients given

conservative therapy, serum albumin and body weight increased, while the fistula

production decreased. In patients with preoperative of intestine reconstruction

surgery, there were improvement in general condition with the increase of serum

albumin. In SBS patients, related to the postoperative condition, energy was given

according to Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) recommendation 25–30

kkal/kg BW/day with balance of macronutrient composition. In SBS end

jejunostomy patient the food was given through distal feeding with adjusted

chymus drip to prevent dumping syndrome. There were increased in serum

albumin and body weight of the patients.

Conclusion: Adequate support medical therapy of clinical nutrition in IF patients give good outcome. ]"