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"The spreading of islam has changed the world civilization since its early presence. It can be seen from many islamic heritages that left in the centre of several islamic countries between sixth to nineteenth centuries, when islam, almost ruled the whole of the world. Spain was known as a country or city where islam achieved its golden age. Almost all of islamic heritages in Spain were kept as its original and alhambra was one of it. Alhambra was said as a legendary palace around eleventh century and it has a big influence both west and east poetry. Not only that, alhambra was said as a great palace ever in the world at that time and inspired several monument in the west later. It shows that islamic architecture brought several impacts to the west and this article tried to reveal several impacts from the existence of the last islamic heritage in Spain, which is no others, Alhambra. "

"Disertasi ini membahas representasi Islam di media massa Spanyol dipandang dari Cultural Studies. Tujuannya adalah untuk melihat apakah ideologi orientalis direproduksi, ditentang atau ditolak oleh media massa yang diteliti melalui strategi-strategi wacana yang dikembangkan. Selanjutnya, diteliti pula kondisi sosio historis yang melatar belakangi representasi Islam dalam media massa Spanyol. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan metodologi semiotik dan analisis wacana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi perang makna (struggle for meaning) di antara media-media massa yang diteliti dan bahwa berkat kemajuan dalam teknologi informasi dan demokratisasi wacana-wacana yang diproduksi yang berkaitan dengan Islam tidak selalu mencerminkan ideologi yang diusung oleh media massa. Wacana-wacana orientalis yang dijumpai dalam kasus Spanyol dipengaruhi juga oleh ideologi lainnya yang bahkan lebih dominan, yakni ideologi la Reconquista.

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This dissertation discusses representation of Islam by Spanish media from Cultural Studies perspective. The goal is to see whether Orientalist ideology is reproduced, rejected or challenged through discourse strategies. Furthermore, socio historical background of the mass media representations of Islam in Spain is also examined. This qualitative research adopts semiotic and discourse analysis methodology. The results suggest that there is struggle for meaning in Spanish media's articles and that thanks to advances of information technology and democratization, discourses regarding Islam do not necessarily reflect media's ideology. Orientalist discourses found in the case of Spain is influenced also by other ideology which is even more dominant: la Reconquista ideology."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi politik hijau pemerintah Italia, Portugal, dan Spanyol dalam penurunan emisi karbon. Dua perspektif digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu teori sustainability Nasrin R. Khalili, dan teori politik hijau Robert E. Goodin. Kedua teori tersebut akan digunakan untuk menjelaskan hubungan antara variabel politik hijau dalam perannya mempengaruhi strategi ketiga negara dalam menurunkan emisi karbon. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif penelitian ini menggunakan sumber data sekunder yang berasal dari dokumen resmi pemerintahan ketiga negara, jurnal, artikel, pemberitaan daring dan luring. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa strategi penekanan emisi karbon terjadi atas komitmen Uni Eropa yang mengupayakan implementasi kebijakan iklimnya. Selain itu, strategi yang dilakukan ketiga negara terjadi atas dampak perubahan iklim seperti penurunan hasil panen, dan peningkatan laut. Perbedaan strategi ketiga negara cenderung merujuk kepada kerugian akibat perubahan iklim, serta dinamika politik hijau yang terdapat di negaranya. Italia mengupayakan kota percontohan guna mitigasi Venesia, Portugal melakukan rencana jangka panjang untuk mengalihkan energi menjadi berkelanjutan, dan Spanyol cenderung mengoptimalisasi institusi. Terakhir, penelitian ini menemukan konsep Green Politics Sustainability yang menggabungkan politik hijau dengan keberlanjutan, sehingga implementasi strategi mampu memenuhi unsur keberlanjutan.

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This research aimed to understand Italy, Spain, and Portugal's green political strategy on carbon emission’s reduction. Two perspectives are being used for this research. The first one is sustainaibility theory Nasrin R. Khalili, and the Green Political Theory from Robert E. Goodin. Both of the theories are being used to connect the actors and goals of the countries on reduction of carbon emission. The method for this research is the Qualitative research method using sources from secondary sources. The sources originated from official documents from the government of those countries, articles, and offline and online news. This research finds that carbon emission’s reduction strategy was conducted upon commitment to European Union which attempt to implement its climate policies. Besides that, the strategies done by the three countries were based on the impacts of climate change, such as decreasing of harvest and crop, increasing of sea level. Difference of strategies between three countries referred to the harms of the climate change, also green political dynamics on the country. Italy attempted to create role city to mitigate Venice, Portugal attempted to implement long term strategy to achieve energy transition, and Spain attempted to optimalize institution. Lastly, this research finds that Green Politics Sustainability concept by combining green politics and sustainability, which enabling strategies to achieve its sustainability measure."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini mendeskripsikan tentang kekuasaan Abdurrahman bin Muawiyah di Spanyol pada 756_788. Peristiwa pembantaian keluarga Umayyah menjadi babak baru bagi Abdurrahman untuk tetap mempertahankan kekuasaan Umayyah. Spanyol menjadi tempat tujuannya untuk mempertahankan kekuasaan itu. Di Spanyol Abdurrahman menjadi pendiri Emirat Umayyah di Spanyol. Kekuasaan Abdurrahman diliputi oleh konflik-konflik yang terjadi dari dalam negeri maupun serangan dari luar negeri. Kebudayaan Arab juga mulai diperkenalkan dalam kurun waktu tersebut. Pada penulisan skripsi ini penulis menggunakan teori Miriam Budiardjo dan Ibnu Khaldun. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan sejarah yaitu melalui studi kasus dengan mendeskripsikan peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi dan in enganalisisnya.

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AbstractThis thesis is describing about the authority of Abdurrahman ibn Mu'awiya in Spain at 756-788. The massacre of the Umayyad family became a new chapter for Rahinan to retain the authority of the Umayyads. Spain became the goal to maintain that authority. In Spain Abdurrahman became the founder of the Umayyad Emirate in Spain. Abdurrahman power overwhelmed by the conflicts that occur from within the country as well as attacks from abroad. Arab culture was also introduced in this period. In writing this paper the author uses the theory of Miriam Budiardjo and Ibn Khaldun. The method used is a qualitative method approach to history is through a case study by describing the events that happened and analyze it."