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"From the North African desert to the bloody stalemate in Italy, from the D-Day beaches to the freezing retreat during the Battle of the Bulge, a group of highly courageous correspondents covered the war against Nazi Germany. Based on a wealth of previously untapped sources, War Beat, Europe provides the first comprehensive account of what these reporters witnessed, what they were allowed to publish, and how their reports shaped the home fronts perception of some of the most pivotal battles in American history. In a dramatic and fast-paced narrative, the book moves from the inner councils of government, where Franklin D. Roosevelt and George Marshall held clear views about how much blood and gore Americans could stomach, to the command centers in London, Algiers, Naples, and Paris, where many reporters were stuck with the dreary task of reporting the war by communique. At the heart of the book is the epic journey of such reporters as Wes Gallagher and Don Whitehead of the Associated Press, Drew Middleton of the New York Times, Bill Stoneman of the Chicago Daily News, and John Thompson of the Chicago Tribune; of columnists like Ernie Pyle and Hal Boyle; and of photographers like Margaret Bourke-White and Robert Capa. These men and women risked their lives on countless occasions to report World War II to a grateful home-front audience."

"Disertasi ini berusaha mengungkapkan terjadinya komodifikasi pekerja media wartawan dalam industri media massa di era konvergensi. Peneliti mengembangkan kerangka pemikiran dari teori ekonomi politik komunikasi, yang pintu masuk pertamanya adalah komodifikasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma kritis dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode studi kasus. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa pertumbuhan Tempo dari sebuah majalah menjadi konglomerasi merupakan akumulasi kapital sesuai dengan tujuan kapitalis. Tempo terus mengembangkan bisnis dan inovasi untuk beradaptasi dengan perkembangan industri media serta teknologi media baru, termasuk dengan penerapan konvergensi media dan konvergensi redaksi. Dalam pelipatgandaan kapital dan pelaksanakan konvergensi redaksi itu terjadi komodifikasi pekerja wartawan lewat penambahan jam kerja, upah rendah, kejar target, tugas ganda, kewajiban permasaran dan adaptasi. Bentuk komodifikasi yang terjadi adalah eksploitasi tubuh, eksploitasi ekonomi, eksploitasi waktu luang, dan eksploitasi kemampuan. Wartawan menerima eksploitasi itu sebagai kewajaran bagi profesinya karena adanya proses mistifikasi, alienasi, naturalisasi, dan reifikasi.

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This dissertation seeks to reveal the occurrence of commodification of media workers journalists in media industry in the convergence age. The researcher developed a framework of political economic of communication theory, whose first entrance is commodification. This research uses a critical paradigm with qualitative approach and case study method. This study reveals that the growth of Tempo from a magazine into a conglomeration is an accumulation of capital in accordance with capitalist objectives. Tempo continues to develop business and innovation to adapt the development of media industry and new media technology, including with the application of media convergence dan editorial convergence. In the multiplication of capital and the execution of editorial convergence, there is a commodification of workers journalists through the addition of working hours, low wages, pursuit of targets, double duties, marketing obligation and adaptation. The forms of commodification that occur are exploitation of the body, economic exploitation, leisure exploitation, and exploitation of ability. Journalists accept the exploitation as fairness for the profession because of the process of mystification, alienation, naturalization, and reification."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai tindak pidana menghalangi hak pers untuk mencari, memperoleh, dan menyebarluaskan gagasan atau informasi sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 18 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers dalam kaitannya dengan kekerasan terhadap wartawan. Beberapa hal yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah ruang lingkup Pasal 18 ayat ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers dalam kaitannya dengan kekerasan terhadap wartawan, dan penerapan pasal tersebut dalam putusan hakim atas kasus kekerasan terhadap wartawan. Selanjutnya pembahasan dilengkapi dengan rekomendasi mengenai bagaimana seharusnya penyelesaian kasus kekerasan terhadap wartawan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan dan dilengkapi dengan wawancara narasumber yang bersifat yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menghasilkan data deskriptif analitis. Dari penelitian ini, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa dalam yang termasuk lingkup Pasal 18 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers adalah segala tindakan yang berakibat pada terhalangnya hak pers untuk mencari, memperoleh, dan menyebarluaskan gagasan atau informasi, termasuk di dalamnya kekerasan terhadap wartawan pada saat proses peliputan. Dalam penerapannya, belum ada kesamaan penafsiran dari aparat penegak hukum mengenai lingkup pasal ini sehingga variasi penggunaan peraturan antara KUHP dan UU Pers masih banyak terjadi. Untuk mengatasi kasus kekerasan terhadap wartawan perlu ditingkatkan kesadaran atas pentingnya kebebasan pers pada seluruh kalangan.

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This thesis discusses about the criminal act of violating journalists’ rights to seek for, gain, and spread ideas or information as ruled in Article 18 Sub. (1) Pres Act 1999 in its association with violence against journalists. Several points to be discussed in this study include the scope of in Article 18 Sub. (1) Pres Act 1999 in its association with violence against journalists, as well as its implementation on judges’ decisions on the cases of violence against journalists. The discussion is enriched with the recommendations for solving the cases of violence against journalists in Indonesia. The study uses literature review added by juridical-normative interviews with a qualitative approach that results in descriptive-analytical data.

This study concludes that those which are included in Article 18 Sub. (1) Pres Act 1999 are any acts that creates barriers for press rights to seek for, gain, and spread knowledge or information, inclusive of violence against journalists during the process of news-gathering. There is still no mutual commentary among law-enforcing institutions about the scope of this article; therefore, there are differences among criminal code (KUHP) and press act in terms of its usage. The awareness of the importance of freedom of press needs to be increased in order to solve the cases of violence against journalists."

"Background of this research is the interest to journalist's rampant attitude by tolerating "thank you envelope" where the often poorly-paid reporter is passed an envelope of money after an interview or media conference in exchange for for favorable coverage. Whilst Jumalist Ethical Code of Pers Council (Dewan Pers, Pasal 6) is strickly prohibit journalist for receaving money from sources. This attitude could cause a very serious problem to our democracy. Inspite of playing their role as the fourth pilar of democracy, journalist-with this attitude shift to be the fourth parasites to democracy together with corruption, colution and nepotism.Mass media companies contribute to this situation by tolerating their journalist to receive money from their source. Only view mass media companies punish their journalist who is found to receive money from their source.This case study is using qualitative approach in data gathering and analyzing methode. Data is collected mainly by conducting structural, non-structural and indepth interviews to subjects of research, who are categorized as follow: 1. journalist of 4 (four) different mass media; 2.. officer in one of state insitution"X", and; 3. staff from different sections on the institution. Subject of interview are limited to journalist, the member and staffs in state institution "X° during March to May 2006. supporting data is gathered through observation to the relation between subjects around the house during first semester of the year 2006.Result of the study, at first, gives a background picture of the rampant attitude among journalist. The picture is about a complexity of journalist life, like the low payment they received from their mass media company, the mass media bussines competion which in turn put mass media companies to fight against each other to gain income from advertisement and lose application of journalist ethical code. These three factors have put journalist in situations to "innovate" their strategy in survival or increasing their wealth.From this study, also found a patern of systemic interactions, which involves journalist and promoter for state institution "X". in most case, they give service in popularity promotion for individual the member of state institution "X", news brokers or providePublic service relation" for the sections of state institution °X", information seller to the member of state institution °X" and even black mailing. This situation should be a signal for mass media companies to increase salary for their journalists. Discourse for increasing salary fot journalist to Rp. 3 millions at least which is introduced by AJI (aliansi Jurnalis Independen), should be appreciated by mass media companies. At the same time, ethic code should also be conducted strictly.A progressive action could be taken by Pers Council (Dewan Pers) - if willing to do so - is to name to public mass media and journalist who tolerate money from source. If mass media had contribute to democracy in this country by publishing black/dirty politiciants, it should also be possible and fair to compaign against mass media companies by publishing names of mass media companies who tolerate money from sources."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai produk media liability insurance yang dipercaya dapat menjadi salah satu bentuk perlindungan kebebasan pers bagi jurnalis di Indonesia. Permasalahan dalam skripsi menitikberatkan pada fakta semakin maraknya gugatan yang ditujukan kepada jurnalis karena pemberitaan yang dibuatnya, yang membuat profesi jurnalis tergolong high risk. Penulisan skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana produk ini mampu memberikan perlindungan atas gugatan terhadap jurnalis, bentuk pengalihan risiko, dan hubungan hukum yang terkandung di dalamnya, serta membandingkan keberlakuannya di Amerika Serikat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif dengan tipe penelitian deskriptif analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa media liability insurance memberikan perlindungan non-litigasi berupa ganti kerugian terhadap pihak ketiga yang dirugikan oleh tertanggung, dengan opsi ruang lingkup pertanggungan yang bervariasi sesuai dengan kebutuhan tertanggung selama hal tersebut tidak dikecualikan untuk dipertanggungkan. Penelitian menunjukan bahwa keberlakuan media liability insurance membawa dampak positif bagi kebebasan pers bagi jurnalis di Amerika Serikat, sehingga Penulis menyarankan agar produk ini segera diterapkan di Indonesia karena mampu menjadi solusi yang baik untuk meningkatkan perlindungan dan kesejahteraan calon tertanggung jurnalis serta kebebasan pers di Indonesia.

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This thesis examines the media liability insurance product, which is thought to be a form of press freedom protection for journalists in Indonesia. The issue in this thesis is that more and more lawsuits are being filed against journalists as a result of the news they publish, classifying the journalist profession as high risk. The goal of this thesis is to determine how this product can protect journalists from lawsuits, the form of risk transfer, and the legal relationships contained therein, as well as to compare its validity in the United States. This research was written using a normative juridical research method with descriptive analytical research. The findings indicate that media liability insurance provides non-litigation protection in the form of compensation for third parties harmed by the insured, with options for the scope of coverage varying according to the insured's needs as long as it is not excluded from being insured. According to research, the use of media liability insurance has a positive impact on press freedom for journalists in the United States; therefore, the author recommends that this product be implemented immediately in Indonesia because it can be a good solution to improve the protection and welfare of prospective insured journalists as well as press freedom in Indonesia."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bermaksud melihat proses produksi berita di Koran Temposebagai arena media yang diintegrasikan dengan pemikiran Bourdieu melaluistrategi distinction dan akumulasi kepemilikan kapital oleh aktor politik. Strategitersebut sebagai konsepsi yang melanggengkan praktek dominasi aktor sekaligussebagai politik-pencitraan. Fokus penelitian ini merupakan usaha untukmemahami bagaimana proses produksi berita melalui konstruksi distingsi DahlanIskan dan bagaimana ideologi media dalam proses tersebut. Analisis wacana kritisdan juga in-depth interview digunakan sebagai metode untuk memperoleh datatentang praktek simbolisasi melalui kapital simbolik, demikian pun distinction,dalam proses konstruksi praktek dominasi Dahlan Iskan atas pejabat negaralainnya, sebagai pejabat negara yang berbeda dan nyeleneh. Tesis inimenunjukkan bahwa akumulasi kepemilikan kapital melalui faktor relasi sosialdan kapital sombolik melalui distinction Dahlan menjadi praktek wacana danusaha legitimasi bahwa Dahlan merupakan pejabat negara yang merakyat denganmaksud politik-pencitraan. Kemudian masyarakat memahaminya sebagai suatutindak-laku yang tidak lazim dan hal itu menjadi nilai berita. Wacana tersebutsejatinya merupakan doxa yang diciptakan oleh Dahlan untuk membentuk suatudominasi atas yang lain. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa teks berita distinctionDahlan merupakan bentuk strategi kekuasaan dalam melanggengkan dominasiyang terselubung bagi sang aktor melalui penampilan nyata atau presentasi politikyang dikonstruksi oleh Koran Tempo yang didasari oleh relasi sosial dankepemilikan kapital simbolik Dahlan Iskan. Serta, ideologi pragmatis KoranTempo atas pemberitaan melalui strategi eksploitasi tindakan Dahlan yang tidaklazim sehingga menarik khalayak media untuk membacanya. Ideologi tersebutsejatinya menumbuh-kembangkan praktek bisnis media, sekaligus secara tidaklangsung melanggengkan kekuasaan sang aktor Dahlan Iskan melalui simbolisasiteks berita.

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ABSTRACTThis research aims to get the process of news production in the KoranTempo Daily as journalistic field which is integrated in Bourdieu‟s thought byconcept of distinction and with the accumulation for actor‟s own capitals of stateofficial or political professional. The strategy of distinction is the conception thathas preserved the domination of political actor, due to the political presentation oras political-imaging. It becomes the content of media which is bias to self-interestof media. For Shoemaker and Reese, it is affected by journalists, routines ofmedia, organization form from media, extra media and ideology of media. Themotives of this study make serious efforts to understand the process of newsproduction by means of the construction on distinction of Dahlan Iskan and toexplain ideology of Koran Tempo on its process. Critical Discourse Analysis ofFairclough and in-depth interview which both of them are used as methods forgetting data about practice of symbolization by way of its process on hisdistinction. Dahlan is the state official having the different doings or nyeleneh,and dissimilar political professionals with the others. This thesis indicates theaccumulation for actor‟s capitals through the factor of social relation and symboliccapital by means of Dahlan‟s distinction to be discourse practices and to attain acertain aim the legitimation that Dahlan is the state official who is to be close tothe people, and with it make image of politics. The community has understood itas a different action in which already-made-explicit doings of the other politicalprofessionals and it is to be trending topic of news. Indeed, Discourse of Dahlan‟sdistinction for strategy of politic is doxa, is created by Dahlan to shapedomination on the others. In conclusion, it refers to text of Dahlan‟s distinction asthe strategy of dominance within making covert practice of him, by way ofpolitical presentation constructed by Koran Tempo, which is based by his owncapital of symbolic and of social relation with Koran Tempo. Along with thepragmatic module of Koran Tempo for reporting news by the strategy ofexploitation to Dahlan‟s action which is not usually from the others, with theresult that it interests public to consume it. That ideology gives the form ofbusiness practice for Koran Tempo, at one below it makes dominance of Dahlanby social capital as the asset of relation and symbolization within text."