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"The Land Is Our History tells the story of indigenous legal activism at a critical juncture in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. In the late 1960s, indigenous activists protested policies of assimilation and the usurpation of their lands as a new mining boom took off, both of which radically threatened their collective identities. Often excluded from legal recourse in the past, indigenous leaders took their claims to settler law with remarkable results. For the first time, their distinctive histories were admitted into court as evidence of their rights. Examining how indigenous peoples opened up courts and commissions of inquiry between the early 1970s to the mid-1990s for the recognition of their rights, this book chronicles an extraordinary and overlooked history in which virtually disenfranchised peoples forced powerful settler democracies to reckon with their demands. Based in extensive archival research and interviews with leading participants, it brings to the fore complex and rich discussions among activists, lawyers, anthropologists, judges, and others in cases on remote frontiers about rights, history, and identity. The effects of these debates in far-flung communities were unexpectedly wide ranging. By asserting that they were the first peoples of the land, indigenous leaders made powerful settler governments negotiate with them about their distinct rights and status. Fracturing national myths and making new stories of origin necessary, indigenous peoples claims challenged settler societies to rethink their sense of belonging. Yet, in the process, indigenous claimants found their own identities becoming fixed by law to persisting ideas of authenticity."

"ABSTRACTSkripsi ini membahas mengenai hubungan kekuasaan antara pemerintah federaldengan pemerintah negara bagian Arizona terkait dengan kebijakan Support OurLaw Enforcement and Safe Our Neighborhood Act. Dalam penyelesaian tersebut,terlihatlah peranan Mahakmah Agung selaku pengadilan tertinggi untuk dapatmenengahi sengketa. Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah penelitian kualitatif. Untukmenjawab permasalahan dalam penelitian ini, digunakan pendekatan atau konsepjudicial restrain, di mana konsep tersebut mejelaskan interpretasi MahkamahAgung atas sesuatu hal yang bersumber dari Konstitusi. Temuan dalam penelitianini adalah bahwa konflik yang terjadi di antara pemerintah federal dan pemerintahnegara bagian Arizona disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan pandangan, sertakeputusan Mahkmah Agung yang di dasarkan atas supremacy clause KonstitusiAmerika Serikat, dalam menyelesaikan perselisihan tersebut.

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ABSTRACTThis undergraduate thesis examines the power relation between federalgovernment and the government of Arizona State related to dispute of “SupportOur Law Enforcement and Safe Our Neighborhood Act” policy. The SupremeCourt of The United States stepped in to settle the problem. The settlement by TheSupreme Court was mandated by the US Constitution. This study is a qualitativestudy. To answer the question that being asked in this thesis, the approach of“judicial restrain” is used. The finding of this study is that the conflict happenedbetween federal government and the government of Arizona state was caused bydifferent opinion of state and federal government. Beside that, this study alsofound that the Supreme Court decision was based on the “supremacy clause” ofthe United States’s Constitution."

"Penelitian ini mengkaji kode kultural di musik video `This Land` dan kaitannya dengan sejarah diskriminasi, penindasan, dan kekerasan rasial di Amerika menggunakan teori semiotika Roland Barthes dan representasi Stuart Hall. Menggunakan kedua teori tersebut, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa video musik “This Land” menguak akar settler colonialism dalam ideologi supremasi kulit putih yang melegitimasikan sistem penindasan terhadap orang kulit hitam dan orang kulit berwarna. Dengan demikian, video musik ini merepresentasikan isu rasisme kontemporer sebagai sebuah sistem yang bertahan sepanjang sejarah dan tetap direpresentasikan melalui simbol-simbol. Terakhir, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa `This Land` mendekonstruksi ideologi supremasi kulit putih dan wacana rasisme yang diwakilkan melalui simbol-simbol tersebut.

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This study examines the cultural codes linked to the history of racial discrimination, oppression, and violence in America in the music video of `This Land`, by applying Barthes` classification of codes and Hall`s theory of representation. The music video foregrounds American settler colonial roots of white supremacy ideology that legitimizes a system of oppression towards black people and colored people alike. As such, the music video represents racial issue in contemporary America as a system that persists throughout the history, and remains represented through symbols. Lastly, this study finds that “This Land” deconstructs and subverts the ideology of white supremacy and discourse of racism embodied in the symbols."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas Sumber Pencemaran Laut Berbasis Darat mulai dari pengaturannya dalam berbagai instrumen hukum internasional, pihak-pihak yang dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban, hingga bentuk pertanggungjawaban yang dapat dilakukan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam tesis ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif normatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik. International Law of the Sea memandang bahwa pencemaran laut yang bersumber dari darat terbatas pada aktivitas manusia di darat yang menyebabkan pencemaran laut, baik yang langsung dibuang ke laut, maupun yang bermuara ke laut. Berdasarkan teori akuntabilitas negara, tindakan suatu negara dapat dikatakan sebagai negara yang memiliki tanggung jawab internasional apabila negara yang bersangkutan telah memenuhi unsur tanggung jawab negara. Namun, meskipun UNCLOS adalah sumber utama hukum yang mengatur semua hal tentang lautan, ketentuannya mengenai tanggung jawab atas pencemaran lingkungan laut, harus dibaca dan dipahami bersama dengan Artikel Komisi Hukum Internasional tahun 2001 tentang Tanggung Jawab Negara untuk Tindakan yang Salah Secara Internasional. . Untuk mempertanggungjawabkan masalah ini dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga upaya yaitu dengan menggunakan atau membentuk regulasi, membentuk program atau badan khusus, dan menggunakan langkah-langkah lain yang terkait dengan upaya penanggulangan pencemaran laut. Penulis juga menyarankan agar ketiga bentuk pertanggungjawaban yang dibahas untuk mengatasi masalah ini belum cukup, harus dibarengi dengan kerjasama atau koordinasi antar negara dan internasional. Selain itu, penulis berpandangan bahwa bentuk-bentuk pertanggungjawaban yang dimaksud tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, melainkan harus saling mendukung bentuk usaha yang lain.ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the sources of land-based marine pollution starting from the regulation in various international legal instruments, the parties that can be held accountable, to the forms of accountability that can be carried out. The research method used in this thesis is normative juridical normative research using descriptive analytic method. The International Law of the Sea considers that marine pollution originating from land is limited to human activities on land which cause marine pollution, either directly discharged into the sea or which empties into the sea. Based on the state accountability theory, the actions of a state can be said to be a country that has international responsibility if the country concerned has fulfilled the element of state responsibility. However, although UNCLOS is the main source of laws governing all matters concerning the oceans, its provisions regarding responsibility for pollution of the marine environment, should be read and understood in conjunction with the International Law Commission Article 2001 on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrong Actions. . To account for this problem can be divided into three efforts, namely by using or forming regulations, forming special programs or agencies, and using other steps related to efforts to tackle marine pollution. The author also suggests that the three forms of accountability that are discussed to overcome this problem are not sufficient, it must be accompanied by cooperation or coordination between countries and internationally. In addition, the author is of the view that the forms of accountability in question cannot stand alone, but must mutually support other forms of business."